2012年马卡诺夫海盆与楚科奇深海平原浮游动物夏季的垂直分布及地理差异

利用2012年9月1—6日采自马卡诺夫海盆3个站位和楚科奇深海平原1个站位的分层浮游动物样品,研究了浮游动物在0—1 000 m水层的垂直分布以及地理差异。结果表明,浮游动物在上层分布密集而在深层比较稀少。4个站位在0—50 m、50—100 m和100—200 m水层的平均丰度分别为265.0、360.7和231.2 ind·m^-3,而在200—500 m和500—1 000 m的丰度只有64.4和36.9 ind·m^-3。在数量上占优势的种类中,植食性为主的拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)、北极哲水蚤(Calanus glacialis)和极北哲水蚤(Calanus hyperboreus)集中在200 m以浅的水层。虽然在200m以下杂食性种类矮小微哲水蚤(Microcalanus pygmaeus)、隆剑水蚤(Oncaea spp.)和细长长腹水蚤(Metridia longa)的丰度明显降低,但是占浮游动物总丰度的比例却明显更高。两个调查海区浮游动物种类组成相似,但是楚科奇深海平原大型桡足类极北哲水蚤的丰度较高,而小型桡足类丰度较低?垂直分布上差异主要在于500—1 000 m水层,马卡诺夫海盆站位丰度为22.7—92.6 ind·m^-3,而楚科奇深海平原只有1.6 ind·m^-3。深海区浮游动物丰度的地理差异说明生物泵的作用存在空间异质性。类似地理差异产生的原因在于楚科奇深海平原存在数量较多的极北哲水蚤,它们在春季融冰前就上升到表层摄食冰藻,显著降低了有机物的垂直通量。     

杭州湾滩涂河口桡足类群落丰度和生物量与水质参数的通径分析

2010年4月~2011年1月期间,在高潮位和中潮位下,分别对杭州湾南岸滩涂排水区和非排水区的5个断面进行桡足类丰度和生物量进行调查。结果表明,共发现15种河口桡足类,包括剑水蚤3种、哲水蚤5种和猛水蚤7种;第一优势种为汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii),第二优势种为四刺窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona tetraspina);研究区河口桡足类的平均丰度为15.3 ind./L,平均生物量为0.214 mg/L,主要分布在排水区的S3和S2采样断面。在春季采样日,滩涂水中的NO2—N和PO4—P营养盐通过浮游植物生物量影响桡足类群落,浮游植物生物量是河口桡足类丰度发展的决策因子和桡足类生物量波动的限制因子;在夏季采样日,水中的高浓度NH4—N通过NO2—N含量损害桡足类,成为桡足类丰度变化的限制因子;温排水通过减少海水溶解氧含量间接影响桡足类生长,成为桡足类生物量变化的限制因子;在秋季采样日,水中的Si O3—Si含量是桡足类丰度和生物量的决策因子。     

南极夏季南设得兰岛海域浮游动物群落垂直分布

浮游动物群落结构的垂直分布研究可以更好地了解其在海洋食物网物质能量循环中的作用。基于2012年1月中国第28次南极考察期间在西南极南设得兰岛海域4个站位Multinet网(200μm,0.5 m2)采集的浮游动物样品资料,运用多元统计方法对浮游动物群落垂直结构及与环境因子关系进行了分析,结果显示:浮游动物可划分为3个群落,群落1由采自上层水体(0—200 m)的样品组成,此群落平均丰度为31 782.02个·1 000 m-3,优势种为桡足类Oithona similis,Ctenocalanus citer,Oncaea curvata,Calanoides acutus,Calanus propinquus及南极大磷虾原蚤状幼体CⅠ-Ⅲ期个体;群落2主要由采自中层水(200—1 000 m)的样品构成,群落平均丰度为22 325.59个·1 000 m-3,其指示物种主要包括桡足类O.curvata,O.similis,Oithona frigida,C.citer,Aetideopsis minor,Bathycalanus bradyi,C.acutus,C.propinquus,Metridia gerlachei,介形类Alacia spp.及箭虫Eukrohnia hamata;群落3由采自较深层水(1 000—2 000 m)的样品组成,群落平均丰度为989.27个·1 000 m-3,其指示种为深水桡足类Bathycalanus bradyi。Bio-Env分析显示叶绿素a和盐度分别是对群落聚类起关键影响的单因子,水深、盐度和叶绿素a的组合则最好地解释了群落的划分。     

普里兹湾的浮游动物群落生态研究Ⅰ:分布和结构

浮游动物群落研究在生态学研究中有承上启下的作用。本文选取不同的浮游动物种和不同的发育期作为分类依据 ,用聚类分析和分布分析的方法对南极普里兹湾海区浮游动物的群落结构进行了分析。普里兹湾海区夏季浮游动物群落可以划分为三种地理群落 :北部以纽鳃樽为特有种的被囊群落、中部磷虾群落和以晶磷虾为特有种的近岸群落。通过观察和指示种分析 ,结果表明 :被囊和磷虾群落之间的指示种依次是纽鳃樽、毛颚类幼体、巨锚哲水蚤和毛颚类成体 ;被囊和近岸群落之间的指示种依次为巨锚哲水蚤、毛颚类成体、戈氏长腹水蚤的晚期桡足幼体和虾的原蚤状幼体 ;在对磷虾和近岸群落的分析中晶磷虾是最明显的指示种 ,其次是磷虾的无节幼体和隆剑水蚤。     

普里兹湾的浮游动物群落生态研究Ⅰ:分布和结构

浮游动物群落研究在生态学研究中有承上启下的作用.本文选取不同的浮游动物种和不同的发育期作为分类依据,用聚类分析和分布分析的方法对南极普里兹湾海区浮游动物的群落结构进行了分析.普里兹湾海区夏季浮游动物群落可以划分为三种地理群落:北部以纽鳃樽为特有种的被囊群落、中部磷虾群落和以晶磷虾为特有种的近岸群落.通过观察和指示种分析,结果表明:被囊和磷虾群落之间的指示种依次是纽鳃樽、毛颚类幼体、巨锚哲水蚤和毛颚类成体;被囊和近岸群落之间的指示种依次为巨锚哲水蚤、毛颚类成体、戈氏长腹水蚤的晚期桡足幼体和虾的原蚤状幼体;在对磷虾和近岸群落的分析中晶磷虾是最明显的指示种,其次是磷虾的无节幼体和隆剑水蚤.     

广东孔江国家湿地公园浮游动物群落结构特征研究

为探明广东孔江国家湿地公园浮游动物群落结构与时空变化特征,采集孔江湿地公园浮游动物样品,并利用镜检法进行物种鉴定。结果表明:孔江国家湿地公园共检测到浮游动物49种,其中轮虫26种、枝角类10种、原生动物9种、桡足类4种。浮游动物密度为3.07～15.45 ind./L,平均为8.43 ind./L。浮游动物种类数夏季最多,冬季最少,春秋两季持平。入库溪流的平均物种数量和密度均小于库区。优势种共23种,台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)为孔江国家湿地公园的常年优势种,夏秋季各优势种的优势度差异不大,在秋冬季以甲壳动物中的枝角类和桡足类占主要优势。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.73～2.91,平均为2.51;Pielou均匀度指数为0.66～0.91,平均为0.84;Margalef丰富度指数为5.95～13.63,平均为10.03。孔江国家湿地公园水体浮游动物群落结构较稳定,富营养化程度较低,属于寡-中污型水体。     

2016/2017年度夏季南设得兰群岛海域浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2016/2017年度南设得兰群岛海域夏季航次的浮游动物数据以及环境因子数据,初步分析了浮游动物的群落组成、丰度、多样性以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示,调查海域共检测出24种浮游动物物种(类群),浮游动物群落总丰度为1095.51 ind·m^-3,主要由尖角似哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、南极大磷虾以及南极纽鳃樽等组成。表层温度是对浮游动物分布影响较强的环境因子之一,与上述的浮游动物优势物种的丰度均呈正相关。浮游动物的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数与表层温度呈负相关关系。南大洋西南极海域近些年的显著升温可能会促进夏季南设得兰群岛海域优势浮游动物的增长,进而导致群落的多样性及均匀度的下降。本研究将有利于深入探析南极磷虾重要渔区浮游动物的群落组成和优势物种分布,并从基底生态学参数的角度为探究磷虾渔场的形成提供数据。     

夏季白令海浮游动物的分布

本文报道了 1 999年夏季白令海中部浮游动物的分布特征。初步鉴定共有 90种浮游动物 ,它们分别隶属于北极、亚北极、大洋冷水和世界广温等四种生态类群 ,但以亚北极类群为主导 ,尤以太平洋亚北极外海广深种布氏真哲水蚤、羽哲水蚤、晶额哲水蚤和太平洋腹水蚤等占优势 ,呈现太平洋亚北极外海浮游动物的群落特征。在水平方向上 ,浮游动物总生物量 (均值为42 5 .4mg/m3)介于 70— 1 1 30mg/m3之间 ,呈现南侧高于北侧 ,周边高于中央的平面分布格局。在垂直方向上 ,5 0 0m以浅水域浮游动物总生物量日均值以 5 0— 0m层最高 ( 4 3% ) ,2 0 0— 1 0 0m层最低 ( 8.4% )。此外 ,在 1 0 0m以浅水层中浮游动物总生物量的垂直分布具显著的昼夜变化 ,高值层呈现白天下降、夜晚上升的分布节律 ,不同种群浮游动物分布的水层不尽相同 ,甚至同一种群不同发育阶段的个体分布的水层亦不同。     

西溪湿地浮游动物资源与管理对策

2017年5月和11月调查了西溪湿地的浮游动物资源,对湿地内浮游动物种类组成、时空分布、优势种和生物多样性进行了分析。共采集浮游动物17种(属),隶属于9科14属,其中轮虫类4科8种,占总种类数的47.06%,枝角类4科7种(占41.18%),桡足类1科1种(占5.88%),无节幼体(占5.88%)。春季浮游动物的密度与生物量普遍偏低;浮游动物多以轮虫类为优势种;浮游动物种类与生物多样性均偏低,群落结构不复杂。湿地生境的改变可能是造成浮游动物种类下降的主要原因,并提出了湿地管理建议。     

南极长城湾及其附近水域浮游动物的种类组成和数量变化

初步鉴定南极长城湾及其附近水域浮游动物 3 5种。南极种挠足类 Calanus propinquus、Calanoidesacutus、Metrdia gerlachei和南极磷虾幼体为调查区的优势种。结果表明 ,调查水域浮游动物种类单纯 ,符合南极水域浮游动物分布的一般规律。调查水域浮游动物总生物量和个体数量具明显的季节变化。夏季主要有 Calanioidisacatus和南极磷虾幼体组成 ,冬季主要有 Metr-dia gerlacher、Calanus propinquus、Oithon similis、O.frigda及南极磷虾幼体组成。挠足类拟成体的数量在各月份中占相当大的比例。水温是制约浮游动物生物量的重要因素。     

Horizontal distribution of calanoid copepods in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2008

The horizontal distribution of the epipelagic zooplankton communities in the western Arctic Ocean was studied during August–October 2008. Zooplankton abundance and biomass were higher in the Chukchi Sea, and ranged from 3,000 to 274,000 ind. m^?2 and 5–678 g WM m^?2, respectively. Copepods were the most dominant taxa and comprised 37?94% of zooplankton abundance. For calanoid copepods, 30 species belonging to 20 genera were identified. Based on the copepod abundance, their communities were classified into three groups using a cluster analysis. The horizontal distribution of each group was well synchronized with depth zones, defined here as Shelf, Slope and Basin. Neritic Pacific copepods were the dominant species in the Shelf zone. Arctic copepods were substantially greater in the Slope zone than the other regions. Mesopelagic copepods were greater in the Basin zone than the other regions. Stage compositions of large-sized Arctic copepods (Calanus glacialis and Metridia longa) were characterized by the dominance of late copepodid stages in the Basin. Both the abundance and stage compositions of large copepods corresponded well with Chl. a concentrations in each region, with high Chl. a in the Shelf and Slope supporting reproduction of copepods resulting in high abundance dominated by early copepodid stages.     

楚科奇海浮冰区夏季短期颗粒有机物通量及其主要组分

中国首次北极科学考察期间 ,于 8月 2 0- 2 3日在楚科奇海浮冰区联合冰站实施了为期 4天的短期颗粒有机物通量研究。结果显示真光层的颗粒有机碳通量为 1 .582mgCm- 2 day- 1 ,2 2 0m深层为 1 .339mgCm- 2 day- 1 ,而相应的沉降颗粒物总通量分别高达 8.788和 1 0 .30 3mgm- 2 day- 1 。显示北极浮冰区的夏季融冰季节后期 ,颗粒有机碳通量的水平较低。与颗粒有机碳通量水平相似 ,生源硅和活性磷的通量水平也较低。对硅藻通量组份的分析表明 ,真光层沉降硅藻的优势种为Nitzschiacf.seriata、Naviculaglacialis和Melosirasp .,而 2 2 0m层则Lepto cylindrussp .占绝对优势 ,其丰度数量百分比均超过 70 %。硅藻碳通量的绝对值较低 ,为0 .1 0 7- 0 .1 1 3mgCm- 2 day- 1 。然而 ,真光层大型桡足类的碳估算值高达 1 0 8.67mgCm- 2day- 1 ,占浮游动物总碳量的 95 .3 % ,大型浮游动物的表观碳通量高于浮游植物碳通量 2- 3个数量级 ,显示楚科奇海夏季融冰期高浮游动物碳量、低浮游植物碳量的特点。但浮游动物表观碳量高的主要原因与浮游动物的昼夜垂直运动有关 ,却并非是实际向深层海洋传输的碳量     

Ctenophora in the Arctic: the abundance, distribution and predatory impact of the cydippid ctenophore Mertensia ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea

The Ctenophora Mertensia ovum and Beroe cucumis , collected using both conventional sampling gear and scuba divers, were studied in the Barents Sea east of Bjørnøya and North Norway in spring 1987 and summer 1988. Among the gelatinous zooplankton, Mertensia ovum was the most consistently abundant copepod predator.
Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the predation rate of M. ovum in various trophic regimes. This ctenophore can take prey varying in size from small copepods to amphipods and krill, but gut-content analyses from field-collected specimens as well as experimental results showed that the main food source for adults was large-sized copepods (e.g. Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, Metridia longa ). The robust tentacle arrray of M. ovum makes this species effective as a predator on large prey. The high potential predation rate of this ctenophore relative to its estimated metabolic cost of only 1.7% of the body energy content d⁻¹ suggests that M. ovum may be able to maintain a positive energy balance even in conditions of low prey abundance. It is suggested that a single exploitation of a zooplankton patch may provide energy for survival for a very long time.
The potential impact of M. ovum on Barents Sea copepod populations is estimated on the basis of the minimal observed average daily ration in experiments and from field data on gut contents. Using abundances of copepods for the area, and the actual predator biomass collected, it was estimated that an average of 0.7% of the copepod fauna per day could fall prey to this predator.     

加拿大海盆夏季冰区细菌和原生生物群落特性分析

采用表面荧光显微分析方法对2014年夏季中国第6次北极科学考察期间采集于加拿大海盆7个海冰站位的融池、冰芯和冰下海水样品进行了细菌和原生生物群落分析。结果表明,上述3类生境中的第一优势类群均为细菌(不包括ICE07站位出现水华融池的统计),分别占总生物量的42.8%、37.8%和50.7%;第二优势类群均为鞭毛虫,分别占总生物量的40.2%、34.3%和37.5%。包含细菌、鞭毛虫和纤毛虫在内的异养生物在总生物量中占有优势,显示微食物环在其中起着重要作用。在北冰洋夏季快速融冰的背景下,3类生境总体上缺少快速生长的条件,总生物量偏低。其中ICE07站位出现融池水华和冰表自养鞭毛藻高值,推测合适的藻种和营养盐的额外补充共同促成了该站位冰表(融池)藻华的形成。     

The progress in the study of Arctic pack ice ecology

The sea ice community plays an important role in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Because of the predicted environmental changes in the Arctic environment and specifically related to sea ice, the Arctic pack ice biota has received more attention in recent years using modern ice-breaking research vessels. Studies show that the Arctic pack ice contains a diverse biota and besides ice algae, the bacterial and protozoan biomasses can be high. Surprisingly high primary production values were observed in the pack ice of the central Arctic Ocean. Occasionally biomass maximum were discovered in the interior of the ice floes, a habitat that had been ignored in most Arctic studies. Many scientific questions, which deserve special attention, remained unsolved due to logistic limitations and the sea ice characteristics. Little is know about the pack ice community in the central Arctic Ocean. Almost no data exists from the pack ice zone for the winter season. Concerning the abundance of bacteria and protozoa, more studies are needed to understand the microbial network within the ice and its role in material and energy flows. The response of the sea ice biota to global change will impact the entire Arctic marine ecosystem and a long-term monitoring program is needed. The techniques, that are applied to study the sea ice biota and the sea ice ecology, should be improved.     

Prey composition and feeding rate of Sagitta elegans var. arctica (chaetognatha) in the Barents Sea in early summer

Sagitta elegans var. arctica , the dominant and locally abundant chaetognath in the Barents sea, was collected from the upper 50 m in Arctic water masses during an ice edge bloom in early summer 1983. In situ sampling was made along a transect at discrete depths with a 375 μm mesh net mounted on a plankton pump. Prey composition and feeding rate were estimated from gut content analyses on preserved specimens combined with data on digestion times from previous studies. No diel variations were found in feeding activity. The diet reflected the composition of available prey in the zooplankton and consisted mainly of nauplii, small copepods (early stages of Calanus, Pseudocalanus, Oithona ) and appendicularians. Prey usually occurred as a single item in the gut.
Mean prey body width related to chaetognath head width yielded a power curve, with a large amount of scatter, showing that chaetognaths in the Barents Sea can use a wide spectrum of prey sizes. Similarly, maximum prey body width was related to chaetognath head width as a power curve, reflecting the existence of an upper prey size limitation due to the chaetognath mouth size. The highest abundance of S. elegans (5 specimens m⁻³), and the most intense feeding activity, were found within or beneath the maximum zooplankton biomass. Further, distribution and feeding were affected by light intensity, salinity, and the population structure of 5. elegans var. arctica.
Estimated feeding rates ranged between 0.30 and 1.05 prey items per chaetognath day⁻¹. This corresponds to an ingestion of 8-54 μg AFDW day⁻¹, and a consumption of 0.08–0.22% of the zooplankton standing stock day⁻¹. From these rates, the calculated yearly ingestion by S. elegans var. arctica was 3% of the annually secondary production.     

2012年夏季北极浮冰生物群落结构及垂直分布特征研究

海冰生物群落是北极生态系统的重要组成部分,在北冰洋初级生产和碳循环中扮演着重要角色。本文利用荧光显微分析技术对2012年度夏季采集于北冰洋中心区的浮冰生物群落进行了分析,结果显示：柱总生物量平均为105.85±53.41 mgC •m^-2,其中细菌占生物量的47.2%,而后依次是硅藻（26.7%）,鞭毛虫（18.2%）,鞭毛藻（6.9%）和纤毛虫（1.0%）。最高纬站位（123°43.454′E 87°39.598′N）出现冰底鞭毛藻藻华现象,生物量可达329.6 μg C•L^-1,该站位生物群落处于硅藻藻华后期,海冰上层存在较大程度的融冰作用,底部冰芯营养盐N/P比较高,可能形成有利于鞭毛藻生长的小生境。与已有研究结果的对比表明,近年来夏季北极海冰的快速融化对浮冰生物群落结构产生了明显影响,异养类群生物量升高,细菌取代硅藻成为优势类群。