中国土地利用多功能性度量(英文)

人类活动驱动着土地利用的时空变化,进而导致土地利用功能的变化。中国的土地利用具有高度的动态性,对全球可持续发展具有特别重要的意义。对于决策者来说,要准确预见一项发展政策对土地利用及其功能的复杂影响是非常困难的。本文构建了中国土地利用多功能性的度量框架模型,模拟了2010-2025年期间土地利用变化对国家退耕还林还草政策的响应,并确定了相应的土地利用功能的变化。结果表明,国家退耕还林还草政策显著影响着中国土地利用格局,其特征是随着林地面积的扩大,耕地和草地面积在不断减少。在所度量的所有土地利用功能中,经济功能、社会功能显著增强,调节功能略有增强,而环境净化功能、支持功能明显减弱。通过应用表明,本文构建的中国土地利用多功能性度量框架模型有助于各级政府评价土地利用政策的影响。     

Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

This paper focuses on several aspects of land use change in Russia during the 1990s with a particular focus on the environs of Moscow. These aspects include modes of farming, recreation, ownership of land, and concentric zones of outwardly declining land use intensity that resemble Von Thunen's economic landscape. These zones are given special attention. In contrast to other land use aspects, the analysis of which indeed reveals a fair amount of change bringing the environs of Russian cities one step closer to their Western counterparts, concentric agricultural land use patterns with outwardly declining productivity suggest continuity rather than change.     

Land cover changes during agrarian restructuring in Northeast China

During the last quarter of the 20th century the agrarian sector in China went through a series of reforms. Changes in government policy on land use led to extensive changes in land cover, culminating in the 1990s. These changes were detected from multi-temporal Landsat TM images of 1990, 1995 and 2000 for Northeast China. Overlay of the mapped land cover in ArcInfo showed that farmland and grassland decreased while water, built-up areas, and woodland increased. More than three-quarters of the detected changes occurred during 1990–1995. Farmland changed mainly to woodland, water, and built-up areas while woodland and grassland were converted chiefly to farmland. Spatially, the change from woodland to farmland adjoined the margin of natural forests while change in the opposite direction was restricted to the agropastoral west. Paradoxically, reclamation of grassland to farmland also took place in the agropastoral west. These conflicting changes were caused primarily by lack of stability and consistency in the government's land use policies.     

Land use dynamics in Lhasa area, Tibetan Plateau

Land use change is the result of the interplay between socioeconomic, institutional and environmental factors, and has important impacts on the functioning of socioeconomic and environmental systems with important tradeoffs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to global change impacts. Based on the results of the First Land Use Survey in Tibet Autonomous Region carried out in the late 1980s, land use map of Lhasa area in 1990 was compiled for the main agricultural area in Lhasa valley using aerial photos obtained in April, May and October 1991 and Landsat imagery in the late 1980s and 1991 as remotely sensed data sources. Using these remotely sensed data, the land use status of Lhasa area in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2000 were mapped through updating annual changes of cultivated land, artificial forest, grass planting, grassland restoration, and residential area and so on. Land use map for Lhasa area in 2007 was made using ALOS AVNIR-2 composite images acquired on October 24 and December 26, 2007 through updating changes of main land use types. According to land use status of Lhasa area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2007, the spatial and temporal land use dynamics in Lhasa area from 1990 to 2007 are further analyzed using GIS spatial models in this paper.     

拉萨地区土地利用动态分析(英文)

Land use change is the result of the interplay between socioeconomic, institutional and environmental factors, and has important impacts on the functioning of socioeconomic and environmental systems with important tradeoffs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to global change impacts. Based on the results of the First Land Use Survey in Tibet Autonomous Region carried out in the late 1980s, land use map of Lhasa area in 1990 was compiled for the main agricultural area in Lhasa valley using aerial photos obtained in April, May and October 1991 and Landsat imagery in the late 1980s and 1991 as remotely sensed data sources. Using these remotely sensed data, the land use status of Lhasa area in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2000 were mapped through updating annual changes of cultivated land, artificial forest, grass planting, grassland restoration, and residential area and so on. Land use map for Lhasa area in 2007 was made using ALOS AVNIR-2 composite images acquired on October 24 and December 26, 2007 through updating changes of main land use types. According to land use status of Lhasa area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2007, the spatial and temporal land use dynamics in Lhasa area from 1990 to 2007 are further analyzed using GIS spatial models in this paper.     

20世纪以来土地利用研究综述

介绍和分析了土地利用和土地变化的研究进展，为开展土地利用变化研究提供借鉴。在20世纪90年代以前，土地利用研究主要围绕土地利用调查、土地资源评价、土地利用规划等开展。20世纪90年代以后，土地利用变化研究呈现综舍化研究的趋势。研究内容、研究理念发生了根本的变革，在研究方法与手段、驱动机理、地区案例研究等方面取得了系列的成果。     

干旱区绿洲城市土地利用效益研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

对绿洲城市土地利用效益进行评价和研究有助于衡量绿洲城市土地利用水平,实现绿洲城市土地的高效协调利用.选取典型干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐,利用多时相TM影像数据,对乌鲁木齐1990-2005年土地利用的基本特征进行分析,在此基础上采用综合指标评价法、灰色关联度和相关数学方法从土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益三方面对1990-2...     

Land use sustainability on the South-Eastern Amazon agricultural frontier: Recent progress and the challenges ahead

The recent decoupling of deforestation and soybean production has raised optimistic expectations towards enhanced land use sustainability in the South-Eastern Amazon agricultural frontier. Nonetheless, assessing land use sustainability implies not only the consideration of how agricultural activities affect natural ecosystems but also how they impact on society and how society can cope with them. We review some of the forthcoming challenges that the agricultural sector should address to confirm its significant progress towards land use sustainability. Firstly, we assess the recent efforts to adopt environmentally friendly practices with regard to the ongoing intensification process mainly based on double cropping systems. Secondly, while rapid agricultural development has brought major social advances, we evidence a recent trend towards a decoupling of soy production and the Human Development Index at municipality level. We then put this result into perspective considering that the trend towards agricultural intensification based on the use of large amounts of agrochemicals could lead to major health concerns which are still too rarely considered. Finally, we discuss how the recent efficient policies to contain deforestation in the Amazon can cause indirect land use changes in the Brazilian Cerrados and in African Savannas, thus potentially leading to an “illusion of preservation” at global scale. We conclude that new indicators involving social sciences are necessary to better address the complexity of land use sustainability on the still very dynamic agricultural frontier in the South-Eastern Amazon.     

土地利用/土地覆盖变化的研究方法

文章从LUCC计划研究的主要内容入手,探讨了其相应的研究方法,提出了我国LUCC研究的新思路：(1)从研究的空间尺度来看,应遵循“先局部、再整体;既分工、又合作”的研究思路;(2)从研究的时间尺度来看,应遵循“聚焦近期、兼顾历史、瞄准未来”的研究思路,用考古等研究方法重现5000多年来各个时期的土地利用与土地覆盖状况,建立与竺可桢先生建立的5000年以来的气候变化序列相匹配的LUCC变化序列;(3)从研究的技术手段来看,应注意多源信息的复合使用,重视新技术(尤其是3S技术的集成使用)的运用;(4)开展跨学科研究;(5)结合国家建设与发展需要开展研究;(6)加强理论集成研究。     

中国土地利用/覆被变化研究的现状与问题

土地利用 /覆被变化是全球变化的重要组成部分和原因 ,因而是全球变化领域中重要的研究方向之一。本文在评述了中国土地利用 /覆被变化研究的现状、取得的进展及存在问题的基础上 ,提出应把土地利用 /覆被变化研究的理论体系、不同空间尺度的土地利用 /覆被变化的动态模型、土地利用 /覆被变化与全球环境变化和可持续发展之间的关系作为重点加以研究 ,以提高中国土地利用 /覆被变化的研究水平。     

土地整治与乡村振兴——土地利用多功能性视角

长期以来乡村土地利用功能的供需不平衡是造成乡村问题的主要原因之一。论文基于土地利用多功能性视角,以“供给—需求”“要素—结构—功能”为主线,阐释了农村土地整治与乡村振兴的互馈关系,探讨了如何通过农村土地整治实现乡村土地利用功能的供需平衡,进而促进乡村振兴。研究结果如下：① 综合土地整治是一种多功能的土地利用方式,是当前解决乡村问题、促进乡村振兴的重要手段,其本质是从以经济效益为主的生产主义向兼顾社会、经济、环境等的非生产主义的转变。② 乡村土地利用具有生产、生活、生态、文化等4种主要功能,满足乡村振兴在经济、社会、环境、文化等方面的需求,其中生产功能分为农业、商业、工业生产功能,生活功能分为居住、就业和公共服务功能。③ 农村土地整治沿整合土地利用要素、重组土地利用结构、优化土地利用功能的路径,从供给侧因地制宜地平衡乡村发展对土地利用多功能的需求。④ 今后,农村土地整治与乡村振兴的研究应该考虑不同空间尺度下土地整治对于乡村振兴的作用机制与模式,定量分析土地整治影响下土地利用的多功能供给以及不同类型乡村发展对土地利用功能的需求,从而为土地利用和乡村振兴规划的制定和实施提供科学依据。     

河西地区土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力研究

河西地区的土地利用／覆盖格局2000多年来发生了很大的变化。参考大量的数据与资料分析了河西地区土地利用覆盖变化的驱动力,结果表明,自然机制与人为机制同时改变着该地区的土地利用／覆盖状况,自然机制的驱动是缓慢的,长期的,而人为机制的驱动,尤其到了近现代,则是剧烈的,集中的,人口变化是驱动土地利用／覆盖变化的非常活跃的因素。     

从土地利用变化看陕西省生态环境的转变

土地利用／土地覆盖变化对区域乃至全球生态环境有着重要影响。从1991—2001年陕西省沙地、林地、牧革地及耕地等主要土地利用类型的动态变化等方面,分析陕西省生态环境的转变。结论是：在生态环境总体好转的同时,也存在着潜在的威胁,一方面好转,但同时又一方面退化。     

The Spatial Structure of Land Use from 1970–2000 in the Phoenix,Arizona, Metropolitan Area

This article explores the dimensions of rapid urbanization in the Phoenix Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) over the past thirty years with respect to land use change. We devote primary attention to developing an understanding of what land transformations took place, the extent to which they occurred, and where they occurred. Our findings indicate that 32 percent of the Phoenix SMSA changed between 1970 and 2000. More than half of the overall change was from agriculture to some form of urban land use, and although a large percentage of the region remains open desert the parcels of desert are increasingly fragmented. This has significant implications for urban ecology and biodiversity. The growth indicates that rather than a pattern that reflects the agglomeration effects of a polycentric metropolis, the central business district of the City of Phoenix dominates the region. This has implications with respect to employment patterns, traffic congestion, and urban air quality and climate.     

复杂性科学视角下的土地利用/覆被变化

土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)是当前全球变化研究的热点问题之一,它既是全球变化的重要原因之一,一定程度上又是全球变化的反映。土地利用／覆被变化和全球变化之间存在着极为复杂的反馈联系,片面的研究方法难以从整体上把握问题的本质。该文从复杂性科学的角度出发,分析土地利用/覆被变化的复杂性,认为驱动因素的多样性、系统要素作用的非线性和多方向性、时空异质性以及时空尺度多变性是土地利用／覆被变化复杂性的集中表现。实际研究中应注意把复杂性当作复杂性,通过定性与定量结合、微观研究与宏观研究结合等途径开展多学科综合研究,全面揭示土地利用/覆被变化问题的本质。     

土地利用转型--土地利用/覆被变化综合研究的新途径

该文简介弛土地利用转型这一新的土地利用／覆被变化（LUCC）综合研究途径，借鉴国外土地利用转型研究成果，结合我国国情，分析了在中国开展土地利用转型研究的局限性，并选取主要由于区域社会经济发展程度的差异而导致在同一时段内含有不同土地利用转型阶段的长江沿线样带为研究区，来开展中国的土地利用转型研究。     

Fragmentation Patterns in Land Reform Settlements in the Brazilian Amazon

Direct action land reform (DALR) and settlement formation are new drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. However, until now no research has paid attention to fragmentation patterns and the social processes that lead to them. This article analyzes two types of settlements, spontaneous and social movement organization-led settlements. The study uses neutral landscape models (NLMs) to compare simulated landscapes with the real fragmentation patterns found in DALR settlements. In sequence, the article uses landscape metrics to analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics of fragmentation patterns in these two types of DALR settlements. Results showed that there are significant differences between real landscape patterns and simulated landscapes using NLMs. In other words, human interferences did play a significant role in shaping deforestation patches in DALR settlements. Our metric results revealed a process in which deforestation patch mean area, shape complexity, and physical connectedness increase over time.     

土地利用与生态文明:实证研究

生态文明建设的目标是实现人与自然的和谐共生。国土是生态文明建设的空间载体。土地利用的方式或行为反映土地资源集约节约利用水平,导致不同的生态环境效应,从而影响区域生态文明建设水平。本专辑"土地利用与生态文明"通过优选14篇代表性论文,从土地利用效率、土地生态演化、土地多功能权衡、土地生态系统服务和土地生态风险等方面,探讨了生态文明视域下的土地利用管理理论和方法,为形成生态文明的土地利用方式、行为和制度体系提供了实践参考。本专辑研究层次多样,文献覆盖村庄、县域、省域等多级研究尺度,山地、平原和丘陵等多种地貌类型,以及华东、华中、西北、长江经济带和日本等国内外土地利用典型地区;研究方法前沿实用,包括文献研究法、分形理论、定性比较分析、VAR模型、计量经济学方法等多学科研究方法;研究主题鲜明,聚焦当前土地利用过程中的热点话题与突出问题,对土地生态效率、空间行为特征、土地利用结构优化、生态风险评价等土地利用热点问题进行了深入探讨,其中既有对耕地撂荒、土地利用风险等当前迫切的土地利用问题的文献梳理与述评,也尝试对农村景观和生态系统的多功能进行权衡与协同分析,为破解生态文明视域下的土地利用问题提供了理论与实证依据。本专辑从现实与理念等全方面、多层次地反映了以生态文明理念指导土地利用的现实迫切性,并从方法和研究框架等方面提供了理论指导与技术支撑。最后,提出了未来生态文明视域下土地利用研究领域需重点关注的五大热点方向:土地利用结构的生态化管理、土地利用过程的生态演化机理、土地生态利用模式、土地生态安全格局预警与调控、土地利用行为的生态化管控。     

Population Pressure,Deforestation, and Land Degradation: A Case Study from the Dominican Republic

Population pressure, deforestation, and land degradation are major ecological concerns in developing countries. This research investigates causal linkages among interrelated physical and social processes in a case study conducted within the Plan Sierra resource management region of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. Results of bivariate regression analysis, based on a sample of 450 traditional hillslope farms, support a linear relationship between population pressure and deforestation at two spatial scales. However, the strength of the relationship between population pressure and forest cover change decreases over a twenty-year time frame. Results also confirm a positive relationship between deforestation and land degradation. This case study contributes to an understanding of the precise nature of these relationships at sub-national scales of analysis.     

The spatial-temporal changes of the land use/cover in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade

The research on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database, and using the Landsat TM and ETM data of 1990 and 2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade. The result shows that during the last ten years there were three land-use types that had changed remarkably. The cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of the total cultivated land. The built-up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. The conversion between land use types mostly happened among these three land-use types, especially frequently between cultivated land and water area. The land-use change speed of land-use type is different. Three cities experienced the greatest degree of land-use change among all the administrative districts, which means that the land use in these cities changed much quickly. The following changed area was the west and south of the Dongting Lake area. The slowest changed area is the north and east area.