黄土区沟谷发育与气候变化的关系(以洛川黄土塬区为例)

黄土区沟谷侵蚀与气候变化有密切关系。黄土是干冷气候环境中堆积的地质体,只有在干冷时期才是稳定的。气候变湿润时黄土区发生冲沟侵蚀。洛川黄土塬区20万年以来至少出现过五次明显的侵蚀时期,该区河流的侵蚀与堆积过程恰好和冲沟发育过程相反,但两者在时间上可以较好地对比。     

镇江下蜀黄土-古土壤序列磁化率特征与环境记录

将北方黄土研究中广泛应用的磁化率参数引入长江中下游下蜀黄土的研究,对镇江下蜀黄土古土壤序列进行了系统的质量磁化率采样测试。磁化率变化记录了中更世以来长江中下游地区经历了7~8次大的气候旋回变迁,与邻区风尘堆积及北方黄土高原具有一致性和相似性;下蜀黄土S₂以来磁化率记录可与深海氧同位素记录进行细节上的详细对比,首次在下蜀黄土记录中发现了对应于MIS中5a、5b、5c、5d和5e亚阶段的波动特征;对比揭示,近20多万年以来,下蜀黄土堆积区对全球古气候变化有着积极的响应。     

陕西扶风黄土台塬全新世成壤环境变化研究

通过对陕西扶风全新世黄土剖面的土壤学和地层学研究、磁化率、酸碱度和粒度测定分析, 揭示了周原地区全新世成壤环境演变过程。黄土剖面中的埋藏古土壤S₀形成于全新世大暖期的温湿环境中, 古土壤S₀中黄土夹层(L_x)的存在, 表明6000aBP前后季风气候发生转折, 在6000~5000aBP出现一个干旱阶段, 并使得全新世大暖期分裂成为两个主要的温湿阶段。大约从3100aBP开始, 受全球降温过程的影响, 季风气候朝向干旱化方向发展, 全新世大暖期的成壤作用被黄土堆积所取代。现代表土大约从1500aBP开始发育。     

陕西五里铺黄土微量元素组成与全新世气候不稳定性研究

通过对岐山黄土剖面Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Mn元素含量、磁化率及粒度的研究表明,这些元素含量变化实质是气候变化的直接结果,其含量高指示风化成壤作用强烈的湿润环境,含量低指示寒冷的干旱环境。揭示出黄土高原南部全新世气候在总体温暖的情况下有明显波动变化,在5000~6000 a BP出现一次明显气候干旱期,使全新世"大暖期"分裂形成两个主要的成壤期S₀¹和S₀²。在S₀¹、S₀²成壤时期仍存在次一级的气候变化事件。全新世时期该地区经历了黄土沉积(L_t)→古土壤发育(S₀²)→黄土覆盖(L₀²)→土壤再度发育(S₀¹)→黄土堆积及现代表土(L10)的发展演化阶段。     

An early Holocene erosion phase on the loess tablelands in the southern Loess Plateau of China

A Holocene loess profile to the west of Xi'an China was studied multi-disciplinarily to investigate the relationships between soil erosion and monsoonal climatic change. The proxy data obtained from this aeolian loess and palaeosol sequence indicate large-scale variations of climate in the southern Loess Plateau since the last glaciation. A rainwash bed, indicative of a wetter climate, excessive runoff and erosion on the loess tablelands, was identified relating to the early Holocene before the onset of the “climatic optimum”. This is synchronous with the early Holocene physiographic erosional stage identified in the valleys in North China. It means that severe erosion took place when the region was undergoing climatic amelioration during the early Holocene. The evidence presented in this paper shows that the erosion occurred as a regional response to a monsoonal climatic shift in the southern Loess Plateau. During the last glaciation, prior to the erosion phase, the land surface on the tablelands had been largely stable except for the rapid accumulation of aeolian dust and the resultant increase in its elevation. Relatively slow dust accumulation and intensive bio-pedogenesis responding to the Holocene “climatic optimum” followed the erosion phase. The loess tablelands were most vulnerable to erosion during the large-scale monsoonal climatic shift from dry-cold glacial to humid-warm post-glacial conditions in the southern Loess Plateau.     

陕西北部榆林第四纪地层剖面的粒度分析与讨论

本文根据榆林剖面及其粒度分析结果,讨论了剖面中地层的沉积相、古气候和环境演化.     

中国黄土地环境研究的进展

概述了中国黄土气候旋回划分、气候变化周期、黄土地层气候划分与深海沉积氧同位素曲线的对比,传统第四纪冰期划分与黄土地层气候旋回差异的原因,介绍了红褐色古土壤演积层和古土壤类型研究的新成果,黄土形成与演变的新模型,评述了黄土古植被研究的新成果,黄土形成与演变的新模型,评述了黄土古植被研究的新进展和今后黄土环境研究的趋势。     

阿西克剖面记录的西天山地区黄土磁学性质及古气候意义初探

选取阿西克剖面作为研究对象,对伊犁地区末次间冰期以来的沉积的黄土地层的磁学特征进行分析。结果发现,伊犁地区黄土地层的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿,磁学性质受亚铁磁性的磁铁矿（和磁赤铁矿）控制;MD和PSD是地层中亚铁磁性矿物的主要磁畤状态,随着成壤强度增加,地层中的SP和SD颗粒相对含量逐渐增加;亚铁磁性矿物含量与地层并不完全对应。对磁学参数控制机制的分析表明,本剖面磁学性质受控因素比较复杂,磁性矿物含量主要受控于物源的磁学性质,成壤作用对地层中细粒磁性矿物含量具有很大影响,还原作用可能对底部古土壤层的磁学性质造成一定影响,但对整个剖面的磁学性质影响相对较小。     

西安地区第三层古土壤研究

野外观察发现,陕西西安地区的第三层古土壤是由3层构成的复合古土壤。通过对长安双竹村剖面及蓝田段家坡剖面的地层结构、磁化率、颗粒成分以及有机质含量的分析,可以把形成第三层古土壤的中更新世时段(330~272 ka B.P.)分为6个温湿、冷干阶段,构成为3个气候变化旋回。     

Modeling historical climate variability and slope stability

This study presents scenario models for historical variations of climate and slope stability. A model for historical annual patterns of temperature and rainfall was established on the basis of seasonal proxies. A process-based, spatio-temporal model for groundwater variations and slope stability was developed using the GIS environment of the software PCRaster. We applied the slope stability model to study the effects of the different climate scenarios on slope stability for three different hillslopes in the area around Bonn (Germany). The findings indicate three climatic phases with different annual temperature and precipitation patterns over the historic period. The modeling results show that a climatic scenario representing unstable conditions of a transition from the more humid Little Ice Age to dryer recent climate produces the highest slope instabilities. The intensity of this impact, however, varies with the sensitivity of the geomorphic system, i.e. local landforms and lithology, and cannot be generally related to the stability of a specific hillslope. More unstable areas are not necessarily more sensitive to climatic changes: the location of permeable layers (prone to groundwater rise) in relation to sensitive layers (lower strength) and higher gradients (higher stress) influences the sensitivity of a site with respect to climate changes. The presented method is capable of modeling landscape sensitivity to climate change with respect to groundwater-controlled landslides.     

黄土地层中正构烷烃记录古植被变化研究进展

有关黄土高原历史时期原生植被类型的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,也具有现实的指导意义。对黄土有机质稳定碳同位素的研究可以部分地重建过去的植被类型变化历史;并可探讨与此有关的气候、环境问题。作为一种分布于黄土地层中的分子化石,最近几年的研究显示了正构烷烃在古植被恢复等方面的作用,使其成为一种研究黄土古植被演化方面的新的代用指标,在恢复黄土地区古植被乃至生态环境恢复方面有广阔的应用前景。     

汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比

本文对汉江上游黄土的常量元素含量及相关地球化学参数CIA、Na/K、淋溶系数、退碱系数、残积系数等进行了系统分析。结果显示：① 汉江黄土的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,三者含量总和达767.3 g/kg;常量元素含量大小排序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO。风化成壤过程中Na、Ca、Mg、Si发生不同程度的迁移淋溶,而Fe、Al、K相对富集。② 其风化成壤强度呈现从马兰黄土L₁→过渡性黄土L_t→古土壤S₀逐渐升高、全新世黄土L₀又降低的规律,记录了该区域气候经历了末次冰期（55.0-15.0 ka BP）冷干、早全新世（15.0-8.5 ka BP）增温增湿、中全新世（8.5-3.1 ka BP）达到最暖湿,晚全新世（3.1-0.0 ka BP）降温变干的演变过程。③ 汉江黄土与洛川、巫山、下蜀黄土的元素组合特征高度一致,不同地区常量元素（CaO除外）含量十分接近且UCC标准化值变幅均小于0.25,这暗示了它们风化之初具有相似的风成沉积基础;但不同区域黄土的化学风化强度差异明显,大致呈现洛川黄土<汉江黄土<巫山黄土<下蜀黄土的趋势,与中国现代季风气候的空间变化规律相吻合,即不同地区黄土风化程度差异主要是东亚季风变化影响的结果。     

Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Late Pleistocene-Holocene morphosedimentary record in the Valsalada saline wetlands (Central Ebro Basin, NE Spain)

This work presents a palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentary sequence recorded in the Valsalada saline wetland system (Monegros, Central Ebro Basin). This morphosedimentary system developed on karstified, gypsiferous bedrock and was mainly fed by local saline groundwater. Based on geomorphological, sedimentological, palynological and radiocarbon data, three depositional units have been differentiated: 1) a lacustrine unit, which accumulated under cold/cool and humid environmental conditions at 41-40 kyr cal BP, 2) a fluvial unit that was deposited under arid climatic conditions with cold episodic periods from 14 to 3.5 kyr cal BP, and 3) an alluvial slope unit associated with arid climate with human influence during the Late Roman Period (1.5 kyr cal BP). The morphosedimentary evolution of the Valsalada system is strongly influenced by the geomorphic setting (small catchment with karstic depressions and low gradient slopes on gypsum), the hydrological availability (runoff and groundwater discharges) related to climate variability during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, and the human activities developed in the area during historical times. The response of the Valsalada system displays a low sensitivity to short-term climatic changes but responds to major long-term climatic conditions, improving the regional paleoenvironmental picture of the Late Quaternary in NE Spain.     

全新世气候适宜期黄土高原及黄土／沙漠过渡区年降水量的初步恢复

通过黄土高原及其临区１０４个地点地表土壤磁化率值与当地的现代多年平均降水量的回归分析，建立了磁化率与降水量的转换函数。在遍布黄土高原不同地区典型的全新世黄土－古土壤剖面磁化率测量的基础上，利用所建立的转换函数，初步恢复了全新世气候适宜期，黄土高原及黄土／沙漠过渡区年降水量的分布状况。     

西周沣镐遗址全新世土壤研究

根据西安西部西周沣镐遗址附近全新世土壤剖面磁化率、全铁、有机碳、Rb和Sr等指标的测定分析,揭示了与全新世环境变化相对应的成壤过程,阐明西周时代土壤和土地资源状况及人类耕作对成壤过程影响。认为全新世早期气候较温和干燥,风尘堆积速率降低,有一定生物风化成壤作用,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成壤;全新世中期气候温暖湿润,生物风化成壤作用大于风尘堆积作用,随着沉积和成壤继续,土壤层深厚,形成古土壤层(S₀);全新世晚期气候恶化,沙尘暴频繁发生,风尘堆积作用大于风化成壤作用,形成现代黄土层(L₀)覆盖了土壤(S₀),使之成为埋藏古土壤。西周时期(3000~2720a B.P.)气候干旱使环境资源恶化,土壤退化严重,当时的耕作层和古地面位于相当于黄土(L₀)下部、古土壤(S₀)顶界以上10cm的层位。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世气候不稳定性

毛乌素沙地处于中国季风区的西北边缘,对气候变化敏感,是古气候演化和古环境变迁研究的理想场所。全新世气温回暖期,气候整体稳定但存在暖湿冷干的次级波动,不同类型沉积相组成的地层序列记录了全新世千年、百年尺度的气候不稳定性。对毛乌素沙地不同沉积序列的研究表明:(1)毛乌素沙地东南缘的沙漠/黄土边界带DLT、NB剖面粒度及Rb/Sr比值可作为气候变化的代用指标。>63 μm砂含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低,揭示东亚冬季风增强,风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候干冷;反之,东亚夏季风增强,降水增多,风化成壤程度加大,气候暖湿。(2)毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠/黄土边界带及低洼沟谷区年代概率密度函数的分析显示,全新世早期~8\^5 ka BP风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候表现为干冷;全新世中期8\^5 ka~3\^0 ka BP地势较高处古土壤广泛发育,地势低洼处发育湖沼相/泥炭层,但在6.0 ka BP左右存在气候转冷过程;全新世晚期3\^0 ka BP以来气候波动频繁。(3)毛乌素沙地气候变化与北大西洋冰筏冷事件、董哥洞石笋、季风边缘区湖泊、东部沙地等记录具有可对比性和相对一致性,反映出全新世千年和百年尺度上的气候变化主要受全球变化的影响,这对预测和模拟未来气候变化具有借鉴意义。     

查格勒布鲁剖面—晚更新世以来东亚季风进退的地层记录

本文着重分析了查格勒布鲁剖面沉积物的粒度特征和孢粉组合特征，结合（１４）Ｃ测年、古冰缘现象和沉积物化学元素的ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３分子比值变化规律指出，晚更新世以来巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区的气候条件随全球冰期气候的波动亦经历了由晚更新世早期的相对温湿阶段、晚更新世晚期尤其是末次盛冰期的干冷阶段向全新世温暖期的演化过程。东亚夏季风尾阎在晚更新世早期到达甚至越过本区影响到拐子湖一带，晚更新世晚期本区受冬季风的控制，全新世以来东亚夏季风尾闾又向本区推进，并于全新世大暖期对本区造成明显影响。     

西安白鹿塬黄土渗透性与含水条件

为查明黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件,对西安白鹿塬中更新世黄土与古土壤进行了10个层位30余个实验点的入渗实验、孔隙度、磁化率与CaCO₃含量的测定。结果表明,黄土层含水空间发育好,入渗率较大,利于构成含水层;黄土层与古土壤层入渗率与含水空间的差别主要是当时气候与成壤作用不同决定的。CaCO₃结核具有致密的结构,常常是非常好的隔水层。将任家坡剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,经常采用的三个经验公式中考斯加可夫能普遍适用于描述50万年来发育的黄土和古土壤层的入渗规律,计算结果为水文和农业部门应用黄土入渗经验公式提供了重要参考值。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

220 ka以来萨拉乌苏河流域地层磁化率与气候变化

 萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面磁化率变化结果表明:近220 ka来我国北方气候变化极不稳定,存在着不同尺度的频繁变化,特别是寒冷气候阶段变化尤为频繁,其中倒数第二次冰期存在5个气候旋回,末次冰期存在10个气候旋回。这些气候变化与深海氧同位素、极地冰芯反映的全球变化具有良好的对应关系,反映了该区气候变化与全球变化的一致性。控制本区气候变化的主要因素是全球冰量变化及太阳辐射影响的东亚季风变化。     

Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change: What Does the Record Reveal?

Tropical deforestation is widely believed to directly influence the climate at a number of scales. Yet while much has been written about the tropical forest-climate relationship, there is little empirical evidence showing if and how local and regional climates are modified by deforestation. This study presents the results of an analysis of deforestation and climate change in a rain forest in southern Mexico. Records from 18 climate stations in the Selva Lacandona of Chiapas, Mexico were examined and related to an analysis of deforestation based on Landsat images. The area surrounding some stations has been deforested since the stations were established, while the area surroundings others has remained forested. Strong climatic trends were generally evident at the deforested stations, including decreases in the average daily maximum temperature and temperature range. No precipitation changes were observed. A comparison of the results with microclimatic experiments and modeling studies suggests that the climatic impacts of deforestation are overgeneralized at the local scale. Landscape heterogeneity appears to influence the biophysical mechanisms linking tropical forests and climate, and should be explicitly represented in modeling studies.