Arbejdstid som regionskarakteristika ved landbrugsregionalisering

Rasmussen, R. O., 1974: Arbejdstid som regionskarakteristika ved landbrugsregionalisering. Geografisk Tidsskrift 73: 56–65. København, juni 1, 1974.

A method for the determination of agricultural regions based on the man-hours spend in each group of agricultural products is developed. A regionalization of the hungarian agriculture based on this method is carried out, and its assertion is compared with a traditional regionalization.     

The Tilling in a Village in Southern India

Raagaard, Svend, 1973: The Tilling in a Village in Souther India. Geoarafisk Tidsskrift 73: 66–81. Kabenhavn, juni 1, 1974

This study was carried out in a village in the southeastern part of the Karnataka state (former Mysore) near Bangalore, India. The primary purpose was to find the average energy developed by the draught-animals during the tilling process as well as the variations in this energy from time to time.     

Indonesia's energy transitions

This paper traces the energy transitions in Indonesia: from woodfuels to coal, spanning the period from the establishment of Dutch colonial rule to the 1950s; and from coal to oil, spanning the period from the 1950s to the oil crisis of 1973–1974. It then examines the role of oil in the energy mix of Indonesia, and discusses the reasons — high rates of domestic oil products consumption; the importance of oil as a foreign exchange earner — for the country to move away from oil dependency to alternative forms of energy to meet her domestic needs.     

Books,Atlases, & Maps Received

Abstract

R. Warwidk Armstrong, Editor and Project Director. ATLAS OF HAWAII. The University Press of Hawaii, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1973. 222 pages. Paper cover, $15.00.

Bernadine Bailey. GREENLAND IN PICTURES. Visual Geography Series, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1973. 64 pages. Paperback, $1.25.

Yi-Fu Tuan. TOPOPHILIA: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 260 pages. Cloth cover, $8.95, paper cover, $4.95.

Merrill M. Stuart. MASTER'S THESES IN GEOGRAPHY: AMERICAN AND CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES. Geographic and Area Study Publications, Tualatin, Oregon, 1973. 275 pages, Library bound $11.00, Paper back $7.00.

R. J. Johnston. SPATIAL STRUCTURES: Introducing the study of spatial systems in human geography. St. Martin's Press, New York, 7973. The Field of Geography. 137 pages. Cloth cover, $6.95.

Charles ReVelle, Penelope ReVelle. SOURCEBOOK ON THE ENVIRONMENT: The Scientific Perspective. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Mass. 02107, 1974. 332 pages. Paper back, N.P.

Raymond E. Crist, Charles M. Nissly. EAST FROM THE ANDES: Pioneer Settlements in the South American Heartland. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, 1974. 166 pages, Paper cover, $4.00.

Edited with an introduction by Louis H. Masotti and Jeffrey K. Hadden. SUBURBIA IN TRANSITION. New Viewpoints -A Division of Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, 1974. 345 pages. Paper back, $4.95.

Gordon Oosterman. THE PEOPLE: Three Indian Tribes of the Southwest. The National Union of Christian Schools, William 6. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1973. 117 pages. Paper, $2.45.

Spencer D. Parker. GHANA. Bellhaven House, Scarborough 707, Ontario, Canada, 1973. 96 pages. Paper, $3.95.

Chryssee MacCasler Perry Martin and Esmond Bradley Martin. QUEST FOR THE PAST: An Historical Guide to The Lamu Archipelago. Marketing and Publishing Ltd., 1973. 32 pages. Paper, N. P.     

Books,Atlases & Maps Received

Abstract

Derek Thompson and Joseph W. Wiedel and associates. AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ATLAS OF MARYLAND. University of Maryland, Occasional Papers in Geography, Number 3, Department of Geography, College Park, Maryland, 1974. 126 pages, paper cover. $5.00.

Peter Gould and Rodney White. MENTAL MAPS. Penguin Books Ltd., Baltimore, Maryland 1974. 204 pages, paper, $2.95.     

Books,Atlases & Maps Received

Abstract

Edited by Francis A. Slater and T. J. Hearn. FIELD TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY. Dept. of University Extension, University of Otago, 1972. 61 pages, no price.

Ashley Kent, John Rolfe, Rosemary Dearden, Clive Rowe, Neville Greyner. 1 THE LOCAL FRAME-work. Oxford Geography Project. Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1974. 126 pages, paper cover. No price.

Ian R. Manners and Marvin W. Mikesell, (eds.), PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENT. Commission on College Geography, Association of American Geographers, Washington, D. C., Publication No. 13, 1974. 395 pages. Paper, $3.95.

D. S. Halacy, Jr. WHAT MAKES A COMPUTER WORK? An Atlantic Monthly Press Book, Little Brown &; Co., Boston, Mass., 1973. 64 pages, hard cover, no price.     

The Council At Work

Abstract

Cultural Geography On Topographic Maps. By Karl B. Raitz and John Fraser Hart. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1975. Pp. 139, $12.95.

Blacks In The United States: A Geographical Perspective. By George A. Davis and O. Fred Donaldson. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975. Pp. ix + 270, $5.95.

The Arctic. By Fred bruemmer. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1974. Pp. 224, $25.00.     

Ethanol Production Using Corn,Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower

Energy outputs from ethanol produced using corn, switchgrass, and wood biomass were each less than the respective fossil energy inputs. The same was true for producing biodiesel using soybeans and sunflower, however, the energy cost for producing soybean biodiesel was only slightly negative compared with ethanol production. Findings in terms of energy outputs compared with the energy inputs were: • Ethanol production using corn grain required 29% more fossil energy than the ethanol fuel produced. • Ethanol production using switchgrass required 50% more fossil energy than the ethanol fuel produced. • Ethanol production using wood biomass required 57% more fossil energy than the ethanol fuel produced. • Biodiesel production using soybean required 27% more fossil energy than the biodiesel fuel produced (Note, the energy yield from soy oil per hectare is far lower than the ethanol yield from corn). • Biodiesel production using sunflower required 118% more fossil energy than the biodiesel fuel produced.     

巴基斯坦能源发展演变特征分析

以巴基斯坦能源为研究对象,在对巴基斯坦各类能源发展情况进行概述的基础上,通过能源生产、能源消费和能源结构变化,总结了1971—2016年巴基斯坦能源发展演变特征。结果表明：巴基斯坦能源种类丰富,但本国能源生产不足,难以满足经济社会发展对能源需求,能源短缺现象严重,本国能源供需差额处于逐年扩大态势,供需差额平均年增加5.7%。巴基斯坦能源生产和消费结构以天然气占主导,其次为石油,水能、煤炭和核能以及新能源,各类能源生产结构占比分别为80:9:6:4:1:0.14;各类能源消费结构占比为49:33:9:6:2:1。巴基斯坦能源进口量日益增加,但随着本国能源大量开采,巴基斯坦对外依存度整体减弱,从1971年的75%下降至2016年的32%。     

A New Model for the Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Resources

A critical examination of Hubbert’s model proves that it does not account for several factors that have significantly influenced the production of petroleum and other fossil fuels. The effect of these factors comes into the price of the fossil fuels, and the latter has a significant influence on the demand and rate of production of energy resources as well as on the long-term rate of production growth at both the regional and global levels. Based on several observations of historical production data, a simple mathematical model is constructed and presented in this paper for the lifetime of a fossil fuel resource. The recent data of global petroleum and natural gas production show that a very important period in the life of energy resources is a period when the demand of these resources increases almost linearly. The linear part of the production curve makes the entire lifetime production of the resource asymmetric. Information on the total available quantity of a resource at any time and of the average slope during this linear period yields an estimate of the timescale, T ₂, when peak production is reached and depletion follows. The total available quantity of the energy resource is laden with significant uncertainty, which propagates in the estimates of the timescale of the peak production in any resource model. The time asymmetry of the current model leads to a delay of the timescale, when the onset of the resource production commences (e.g., peak oil). However, the rate of the resource production decline is significantly higher than that predicted by other models that use a symmetrical curve-fitting method.     

干旱化背景下区域产业发展适应对策——以陕北榆林市为例

陕北榆林市既是我国重要的能源重化工基地, 又是生态环境极端脆弱的危急区。如何在气 候干旱化背景下围绕事关区域经济可持续发展的先导因素———水资源, 实现能源矿产资源可持 续开发, 保障基地的稳定发展是关系能源重化工基地生死存亡并危及国家能源安全的大事。本文 通过分析研究区气候变化及区域产业发展面临的各类问题, 提出应在科学发展观指导下, 以保护 性利用水资源为核心, 因地制宜地选用发展农业对策, 促进能源矿产资源合理开发。     

The temporal and spatial patterns and potential evaluation of China’s energy resources development

The issue of China’s energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China’s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China’s primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal’s, oil’s and natural gas’s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions, production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index (DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province’s energy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Generally speaking, China’s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China’s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of “concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to “T-shaped” pattern gradually since 1949. (2) The structure evolution of China’s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of “coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing” since 1949. (3) At the provincial scale, China’s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China’s energy production will evolve from “T-shaped” to “Π-shaped pattern”. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market.     

Factor analysis of trends in energy and metals production and consumption in developed and developing countries

This paper presents a methodology used to combine energy and mineral market variables between Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and Developed Countries (OECD) over the past 24 years (1966–1990). LDCs include all countries, except OECD and central planned economies (CIS) and other countries in Eastern Europe. This period permits a comprehensive view of the impact of the energy crisis and the changes in economic growth patterns, correlated with changes in trends of production and consumption of energy and metals in both country blocs. This complex relationship was evaluated by a factor model of consumption and production variables using the aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc industries. The following variables are used in the factor model: export dependence, geographic concentration of mining production, geographic concentration of refined demand, geographic concentration of refined production, import dependence, refined demand growth, stability of demand, income elasticity of refined demand, price stability, intensity of use, and intensity of energy. The model for all commodities shows that the factor scores projections for LDCs and OECD blocs depicted a clearly divergent trend after the two oil shocks (1973–1979), when the intensity of energy variable presents high loading in the factor. The results are in substantial agreement with findings that the demand for energy, as well as for metals, is growing more rapidly in LDCs than OECD.     

能源地缘政治与能源权力研究

围绕油气资源的权力博弈仍然是当今世界最主要的能源权力争夺,但不同时代的能源权力的属性有所不同,能源安全与能源战略内涵也有所不同。论文在系统梳理能源地缘政治基础上,提出了能源权力的概念,并从地缘政治格局、能源安全观、能源网络和全球能源治理4个方面进行了具体阐述。研究认为：① 以能源分布、产销空间变化及其规律性总结是传统能源地缘政治研究的核心,油气资源地理分布的不平衡性是能源权力产生的最直接因素。② 从石油危机时代到未来新能源时代,能源安全观的不同是影响国际能源地缘政治权力变化的重要因素。③ 能源的商品属性和地缘属性决定了能源贸易不仅是经济行为,其空间的流动与国际政治关系密切。生产与消费的分离使得油气二次分配过程中的贸易控制和通道控制对能源权力重构产生重要影响。④ 全球能源权力巨变和复杂错综的能源权力网络将引发全球能源治理体系的新秩序。权力的主体从国家、国际组织、跨国公司转变为全球能源网络中利益共同体,能源治理的主题从一国之利益走向了全球能源权力的再分配过程。展望未来,如何在理论上建构新时代的能源权力的理论体系,深化气候变化和新能源等因素影响下的世界能源权力的演变、地理空间与权力的相互依赖关系、权力秩序的重构及其效应、全球能源治理机制及其治理模式等研究,对科学认知和研判世界能源形势与能源战略的演化具有重要的意义,也是能源地缘政治学研究的重要方向性命题。     

Fertilizer Consumption and Energy Input for 16 Crops in the United States

Fertilizer use by U.S. agriculture has increased over the past few decades. The production and transportation of fertilizers (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; potassium, K) are energy intensive. In general, about a third of the total energy input to crop production goes to the production of fertilizers, one-third to mechanization, and one-third to other inputs including labor, transportation, pesticides, and electricity. For some crops, fertilizer is the largest proportion of total energy inputs. Energy required for the production and transportation of fertilizers, as a percentage of total energy input, was determined for 16 crops in the U.S. to be: 19–60% for seven grains, 10–41% for two oilseeds, 25% for potatoes, 12–30% for three vegetables, 2–23% for two fruits, and 3% for dry beans. The harvested-area weighted-average of the fraction of crop fertilizer energy to the total input energy was 28%. The current sources of fertilizers for U.S. agriculture are dependent on imports, availability of natural gas, or limited mineral resources. Given these dependencies plus the high energy costs for fertilizers, an integrated approach for their efficient and sustainable use is needed that will simultaneously maintain or increase crop yields and food quality while decreasing adverse impacts on the environment.     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The sediments of the Dongting Lake come from four channels (one of them was closed in 1959), connected with the Yangtze River, four tributaries (Lishui, Yuanjiang, Zishui and Xiangjiang) and local area, and some of them are transported into the Yangtze River in Chenglingji, which is located at the exit of the Dongting Lake, some of them deposit into drainage system in the lake region and the rest deposit into the lake. The annual mean sediment is 166,555x104 t, of which 80% come from the four channels, 18% from the four tributaries and 2% from local area, whereas 26% of the total sediments are transported into the Yangtze River and 74% deposited into the lake and the lake drainage system. Based on topographic maps of 1974, 1988 and 1998, and the spatial analysis method with geographic information system (GIS), changes in sediment deposition and erosion are studied in this paper. By overlay analysis of 1974 and 1988, 1988 and 1998, erosion and sediments deposition areas are defined. The main conclusions are: (1) sediment rate in the lake is larger than erosion rate from 1974 to 1998. The mean deposition in the lake is 0.43 m; (2) annual sediment deposition is the same between 1974-1988 and 1988-1998, but the annual volume of deposition and erosion of 1988-1998 is bigger than that in 1974-1988; (3) before the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, there will be 7.82x108 m3 of sediments deposited in the lake, which would make the lake silted up by 0.33 m; (4) in the lake, the deposition area is found in the north of the east Dongting Lake, the south-west of the south Dongting Lake, and the east of the west Dongting Lake; while the eroded area is in the south of the east Dongting Lake, the middle of the south Dongting Lake, the west of the west Dongting Lake, as well as Xiangjiang and Lishui river flood channels.     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

1978 年以来中国能源生产与消费时空差异特征

采用1978年以来近30年中国各地区的能源及经济数据．对中国能源生产、消费重心及GDP重心变化进行了测定。在此基础上分析了中国能源生产、消费与经济发展区域差异的动态变化及其相互关系。结果表明：①能源生产重心在逐步向西南方向移动．整个移动轨迹近似呈直线变化。揭示了中国能源生产在东西和南北方向上的差距有所减小．且东西方向差距减小的速度要比南北方向快。②能源消费重心也在向西南方向移动但波动较大．其中1998-2002年重心位置相对稳定．年度位置变化很小．说明各省区能源消费增长速度基本相同。③GDP重心在经度和纬度上均有一定的波动性。④中国能源生产与消费重心的演变轨迹既具有一些重要的共同特点,也存在明显的不同。通过与GDP重心的对比分析,各地区的经济发展水平与能源消费密切相关．说明中国GDP增长中能源成本较大。     

Convention Candids

Abstract

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY TODAY: A PORTRAIT OF A PLANET. By Robert J. Kolenkow et al. Del Mar, California: CRM Books, 1974. Pp. ix + 517, $13.95.

INQUIRY EXPERIENCES IN GEOGRAPHY (Annotated Teacher's Edition). By Lawrence W. Latour. Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Company, 1973. Pp. 156.     

基于投入产出技术的中国部门生产链平均能耗

温室气体导致全球气候异常变化是全球目前的热点问题,而能源消耗排放的CO2成为首要的温室气体。为理解产业结构对我国能源消耗及其碳排放的影响机制,本文创建了一个基于投入产出技术的AECPC模型,提出了平均能耗的概念。该模型从节能效果直接且易于调控的角度反映了不同层次的生产环节对部门生产链能耗的影响,它综合了直接能耗和完全能耗两种方法的优点。通过该模型对中国2005年各产业部门的测算,找出了9条不同能源产品平均能耗最大的生产链,这些生产链主要集中在传统的高能耗部门,但也包含一些其他部门,如自来水的生产与供应业部门。AECPC模型为产业转型对碳排放的影响提供了有力的分析指导工具。