应用遥感数据研究中国植被生态系统与气候的关系

应用1982-1994年NOAA/AVHRR的归一化植被指数（NDVI）资料和587个气象台站的数据对我国不同类型植被生态系统和气候的关系进行研究，首先将我国的植被类型划分为21类，在此基础上分别研究了不同时间尺度下我国不同区域，不同植被类型和气候的关系。结果表明：在多年平均状态下，植被生态系统NDVI水平主要受水分条件的影响；年内变化上，温度对植被生态系统季相变化化起着比降水略大的作用，年降水量造成了植被季相响应的差异，在年际变化上，分别研究了4个季节和整个生长期尺度上的关系，一般情形为温度和降水对植被的年际波动起着大致相反的作用，不同植被类型在不同的生长时期（季节）对气候的变化响应方式也不同，发现在植被的生长期，我国南方和北方的植被生态系统对温度和降水的响应方式相反；同时存在2个植被-气候敏感区，分别为我国北方的典型草原到森林的过渡区和云南中部部分区域。     

多源信息复合NOAA影像在大尺度景观制图中的应用——以中国东北区为例

以中国东北区为例,基于GIS和RS技术,探讨应用NOAA/AVHRR数据编制景观类型图过程中如何提高制图精度。采用多源信息复合NOAA/AVHRR影像分类方法,复合影像分为:1)数字地学综合影像,由年均降水、≥10℃活动积温和数字高程模型(DEM)叠加而成,主要考虑了植被受气候以及地形的影响;2)NOAA/AVHRR四季累加影像的第一主成分影像,在一定程度上去除了多波段NOAA数据冗余;3)NOAA/AVHRR四季NDVI累加值影像,突出了植被信息。将研究区景观(土地)类型进行二级划分,其中一级划分为6大类,二级划分为16类,结果与研究区实际情况基本相符,分类精度达70%。     

黄淮海平原耕地转移对植被碳储量的影响

应用GLO-PEM模型和1988年NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据,估算了黄淮海平原植被净初级生产力(NPP),并根据NPP和植被凋落物产生量计算了不同土地利用类型的植被碳密度。通过对1988年与2000年土地利用图的叠置分析,统计了耕地与其他土地利用类型之间的转移量,并估算了耕地转移对植被碳储量的影响。研究发现,耕地转移对植被碳储量变化的影响在不同区域与不同土地利用类型上存在显著差异。1988~2000年间,耕地转移导致全区植被碳储量下降了0.24%,其中耕地转为建设用地是植被碳储量减少的主要原因。这一研究结论为正确把握耕地转移对区域植被碳储量的影响,并据此制订碳汇管理措施具有重要的参考价值。     

基于RS和GIS的中国西北不同生态类型区生态环境时空变化研究

采用定性与定量相结合的方法,在遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,利用1982-2000年的空间分辩率为8 km×8 km的NDVI数据（由NOAA-AVHRR提供）和地面气象资料,联合分析西北不同生态类型区生态环境的变化过程,得出中国西北地区NDVI的年平均值及其历年变化曲线、NDVI年平均值分布图和每隔10 a的差值变化图。由此可以看出,生态环境变化时空特点明显:20世纪80年代生态环境的变化波动不大,90年代以来波动变化明显,而且从1998年以后生态环境总体呈下降趋势;不同生态类型区植被指数年际变化的驱动因子不同,黄土高原区植被指数年际变化与降水量的相关性显著,而青藏高原高寒区与气温的相关性显著,其他分区与降水量和气温的相关性都不显著;生态环境变化的地域差异性明显,西北不同生态类型区中生态环境由好到差依次是陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区、黄土高原区、青藏高原高寒区、干旱区。四个分区1990年比1982年生态环境有所提高,但干旱区退化面积较大,2000年与1990年相比,生态环境都出现不同程度的退化,其中,陕南-陇南湿润半湿润区退化面积最大,其次是黄土高原区。整体生态环境状况不佳,而且近年的退化应该引起重视。     

基于NOAA/AVHRR和Terra/MODIS数据的植被指数季节信息比较

依据云南省中部地区的气候系统和地形地貌的区域差异,选择西南山地和东部高原地区为对比区,应用ArcGIS 9.2点面结合分析了AVHRR-NDVI、MODIS-NDVI及MODIS-EVI 3种植被指数对植被季节性变化的敏感度.结果显示:MODIS-EVI在消除影响因素方面效果最好,其与植被覆盖度的线性关系得到明显改善,尤其是在高植被覆盖区表现良好,既避免了植被指数饱和问题的产生,又削弱了大气云雨、地形地貌及土壤背景的影响程度,为遥感定量研究陆地植被提供了数据保证,尤其是涉及有关植被季节性信息的研究.     

Estimation of the Spatial Variation in Evapotranspiration based on Landsat TM and NOAA Satellite Imagery

Søgaard, Henrik: Estimation of the Spatial Variation in Evapotranspiration based on Landsat TM and NOAA Satellite Imagery. Geografisk Tidsskrift 92: 80–85. Copenhagen 1992.

During the last decade, the use of satellite imagery for monitoring water and energy budgets has gained increasing interest. Based on ground reference data collected above a barley field located near Viborg in Jutland, the so-called simplified relationship between net radiation, temperature, and evapotranspiration was examined. It was found that the difference between evapotranspiration and net radiation depends on both the temperature difference between the surface and the air, and the surface roughness. The derived relationship was applied for monitoring evapotranspiration on the basis of surface temperature measured by the NOAA- satellites. This paper will present this study and examine the resolution problem caused by the field size being less in area than the 1 km by 1 km covered by a single NOAA picture element. For a selected day in July, this was done by comparing the NOAA data with Landsat TM-data which has a 120 m resolution in the thermal band.     

基于Sentinel-2时间序列数据及物候特征的棉花种植区提取

棉花是中国重要的经济作物,在新疆大面积种植。及时、准确获取棉花种植面积,对农业政策制定与农业经济发展有重要意义。以渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲棉花为主要研究对象,利用2018—2020年（1景/1月）36景哨兵2号（Sentinel-2）数据,构建归一化植被指数（Normalize difference vegetation index,NDVI）和红边归一化植被指数（Red edge normalize difference vegetation index,RENDVI₇₈₃）时序数据;采用Savitzky-Golay（S-G）滤波法对时序数据进行平滑、重构并提取11个物候特征;利用袋外误差法对11个物候特征进行特征优选;在此基础上利用重构后的时序数据（NDVI Fit）、（RENDVI₇₈₃ Fit）、物候特征（RENDVI₇₈₃ Ph）、物候特征优选组合构建6种不同的特征数据集,利用随机森林分类（RFC）方法分别进行分类和提取,并采用最大似然分类方法和支持向量机分类方法对分类效果进行验证。结果表明：（1） NDVI和RENDVI₇₈₃时序数据变化趋势较为一致,棉花在5月（苗期）到8月初（开花盛期）有明显的上升趋势,在8月末至9月（花铃期）达到峰值。相比NDVI,红边波段构成的RENDVI₇₈₃时序曲线峰值从0.7提高到0.9,棉花区分效果更佳。（2） 11个物候特征中拟合函数最大值、生长季长度、生长季振幅、生长季结束、生长季大积分和生长季小积分对分类的贡献性最大,重要性得分分别为1.43、1.40、1.23、1.16、1.02和1.01。（3） RFC方法对特征数据集（RENDVI₇₈₃ Fit+物候特征优选组合）分类精度最佳。总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.20%和0.92。（4） 研究区内棉花分类精度达到了91.02%,种植面积约为3424 km²,占研究区总面积的24.67%。     

Magnetic susceptibility of soil: an evaluation of conflicting theories using a national data set

Magnetic susceptibility values for topsoils across England arc combined with data for soil type, geochemistry and concentrations of magnetotactic bacteria in order to evaluate different theories for explaining soil magnetism. Strongly magnetic soils in unpolluted areas are found over weakly magnetic substrates and are dominated by ultrafine superparamagnetic grains. Magnetotactic bacteria are present in insufficient concentrations to account for strongly magnetic soils, and crop burning is discounted as a major factor. A small number of samples show high values associated with either airborne magnetic particulates from pollution or residual primary ferrimagnetic minerals from igneous substrates. The results are used to construct a new mechanism for the formation of secondary ferrimagnetic minerals that links abiological weathering and biological fermentation processes. The fundamental driving force in the mechanism is Fe supply, which may be linked to climate. Observed causative associations between climate and the magnetic susceptibility of loess-palaeosol sequences are supported by the findings.     

Estimation of Surface Temperature and Rainfall in Ghana

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 76–85, 1997.

Daily Meteosat images for 1989 have been analysed for the purpose of mapping surface temperature and rainfall in Ghana. The images in the time-series are georeferenced and the maximum value composite (MVC) technique is applied to the temperature calibrated IR-channel images after a cloud screening of the images. The cloud covered areas are outlined and traced using the Meteosat visible channels. Stratiform clouds are detected using surface albedo while cumuliform clouds are detected based on a technique calculating the spatial variability within a 5 pixel by 5 pixel window around each point in the image. The cloud covered parts of the scene are then delimitated by comparing the normal albedo values and the spatial variance in albedo.

The paper then discusses how the outlined procedure can be applied in an environmental monitoring context. For each of the months June to November 1989 the mean monthly rainfall amounts at 35 meteorological stations are plotted against the mean surface temperature. It is found that apart from the month of June statistical significant linear relationships are obtained and that the scattering around the line is decreasing for increasing sampling length.     

基于三维四面体模型的西藏资源环境承载力综合评价

资源环境承载力定量评价与综合计量是资源环境承载力研究由分类走向综合的关键技术环节.本文从系统角度出发,提出了"人居环境适宜性分区——资源承载力限制性分类——社会经济发展适应性分等——资源环境承载力警示性分级"的资源环境承载力综合评价的研究思路与技术路线,构建了具有平衡态意义的资源环境承载力综合评价的三维四面体模型,对区...     

A rough set approach to the discovery of classification rules in spatial data

This paper proposes a novel rough set approach to discover classification rules in real‐valued spatial data in general and remotely sensed data in particular. A knowledge induction process is formulated to select optimal decision rules with a minimal set of features necessary and sufficient for a remote sensing classification task. The approach first converts a real‐valued or integer‐valued decision system into an interval‐valued information system. A knowledge induction procedure is then formulated to discover all classification rules hidden in the information system. Two real‐life applications are made to verify and substantiate the conceptual arguments. It demonstrates that the proposed approach can effectively discover in remotely sensed data the optimal spectral bands and optimal rule set for a classification task. It is also capable of unraveling critical spectral band(s) discerning certain classes. The framework paves the road for data mining in mixed spatial databases consisting of qualitative and quantitative data.     

Crossing natural and data set boundaries: coastal terrain modelling in the South-West Finnish Archipelago

Geographical information systems (GIS) are important tools in coastal research and management. Coastal GIS applications involve special challenges, because the coastal environment is a complex transitional system between the terrestrial and marine realms. Also acquisition methods and responsibilities for spatial data (and thus their properties) change at the shoreline. This article explores the consequences of this land-sea divide for coastal terrain modelling. We study how methods designed for terrestrial environments can be used to create integrated raster coastal terrain models (CTMs) from coarse elevation and depth data. We focus on shore slopes, because many particularities of coastal terrain and the data which describe it as well as the resulting problems are concentrated in the shore zone. Based on shorelines, terrestrial contours, depth contours and depth points, we used the ANUDEM algorithm to interpolate CTMs at different spatial resolutions, with and without drainage enforcement, for two test areas in a highly complex archipelago coast. Slope aspect and gradient rasters were derived from the CTMs using Horn's algorithm. Values were assigned from the slope rasters to thousands of points along the test areas' shorelines in different ways. Shore slope gradients and aspects were also calculated directly from the shorelines and contours. These modelled data were compared to each other and to field-measured shore profiles using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. As far as the coarse source data permitted, the interpolation and slope calculations delivered good results at fine spatial resolutions. Vector-based slope calculations were very sensitive to quality problems of the source data. Fine-resolution raster data were consequently found most suitable for describing shore slopes from coarse coastal terrain data. Terrestrial and marine parts of the CTMs were subject to different errors, and modelling methods and parameters had different consequences there. Thus, methods designed for terrestrial applications can be successfully used for coastal terrain modelling, but the choice of methods and parameters and the interpretation of modelling results require special attention to the differences of terrestrial and marine topography and data.     

天柱山黄山松群落特征及其环境功能评价

应用样方法,通过野外实地调查、数理统计,分析了天柱山黄山松群落特征和物种多样性;采用因子分析法、专家评价法和模糊评价方法,评价了天柱山黄山松群落环境功能及价值。结果表明:天柱山黄山松群落物种组成较复杂,科属分散,共有52科105属,区系成分多样,覆盖了9个种子植物科的分布区类型,具有明显的从北亚热带常绿阔叶林向暖温带落叶阔叶林过渡的特点;物种多样,乔木层、灌木层、草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.9814、2.3175、2.1077,但由于人类活动的影响,乔木层黄山松的相对密度和优势度较大,多样性指数相对较低;群落顺行演替,环境服务功能多样,保护价值较重要。     

Natural eco-environmental evaluation of eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using RS and GIS

The impact of interbasin water transfer on environment is very significant. The affected area of the west route scheme of the South to North Water Transfer Project in China (SNWT) is located in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where the altitude is high with frigid eco-environment. In this article,remote sensing and GIS are applied to analyze the natural environment and the natural environmentindex is established to express the natural conditions of the study area. After the natural environment index is divided into four grades and the features of each grade are analysed, some results are obtained for reference in environmental assessment of the west route of SNWT.     

Natural eco-environmental evaluation of eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using RS and GIS

The impact of interbasin water transfer on environment is very significant. The affected area of the west route scheme of the South to North Water Transfer Project in China (SNWT) is located in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where the altitude is high with frigid eco-environment. In this article, remote sensing and GIS are applied to analyze the natural environment and the natural environment index is established to express the natural conditions of the study area. After the natural environment index is divided into four grades and the features of each grade are analysed, some results are obtained for reference in environmental assessment of the west route of SNWT.     

武陵源水体环境质量现状分析及评价

武陵源自1992年被列为世界自然遗产以来,由于重开发、轻保护,其水体环境受到了明显影响,水体质量基本上呈现逐年下降的趋势。本文选取对水体环境质量影响较大的BOD5、COD、TN、TP、As、MnO4-作为评价因子,对武陵源主要水系金鞭溪和索溪沿途4个主要断面进行监测,并利用模糊综合评价法,进一步研究武陵源水体污染程度,探讨武陵源水体环境变化规律。评价结果显示:水绕四门、吴家峪口、紫草潭断面的水体质量级别为II级,老磨湾断面的水体质量级别为III级,评价结果与实际监测数据基本一致。在此基础上,有针对性地提出了水体环境质量改善措施,为提高世界自然遗产地武陵源水体环境质量提供科学依据。     

Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources of a West African trans-boundary river basin and its environmental consequences (Senegal River Basin)

The Senegal River Basin (SRB) is a shared watershed in West Africa which includes regions (the upper basin, valley, and delta), characterized by distinct environmental conditions. An important feature of the Senegal River flow volume historically was its inter- annual irregularity, which caused a major water resource constrain. This situation has been accentuated during the long-term drought (1969–1984) in the Sahel zone which highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. SRB is undergoing fundamental environmental, hydrologic, and socioeconomic transitions and represents a good illustration of sensitivity to climatic variations and opportunities for adaptation. This paper aims to study water resources systems under stress from climate variability and change in the Senegal River Basin. The results show (1) through the compilation of available data, information and knowledge (sedimentological, climatical, geological, environmental, archeological, etc.), the chronological consequences of climate change during the past millennium in West Africa, and also (2) an analysis of the recent impacts and vulnerability to climate change in the SRB and finally (3) the adaptation strategies in the SRB in order to identify and resolve problems associated with this water scarcity and to address the potential for guaranteed agricultural production in this narrow geographic area.     

基于多源数据的西藏东南部历史干旱监测与分析

干旱作为频发的全球性自然灾害之一,造成了严重的社会、经济和生态环境问题。以西藏主要耕作区为研究区,2001—2015年MODIS、TRMM和SRTM DEM数据为数据源,利用植被状态指数（VCI）、温度条件指数（TCI）和降水状态指数（PCI）〖WTBZ〗等模型参量,采用空间主成分分析方法构建区域干旱综合监测模型,对模型精度和可靠性进行检核验证,并以所建模型对研究区2001—2015年逐月干旱进行识别,采用地理时空分析方法对研究区干旱变化特征及趋势进行研究。结果表明,干旱综合监测指数（DCMI）能够较好地反映区域土壤相对湿度与标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）的变化,干旱综合监测模型具有较好的适用性;研究区全年干旱频率在空间分布上呈现出西高东低的特征,大部分地区干旱频率小于20%,约12.41%的区域干旱频率超过20%;从不同等级干旱发生频率来看,日喀则市为轻旱、中旱易发区,重旱易发区则集中于日喀则市和昌都市的中部及东部地区;区域月际干旱频率空间格局差异较大,全年干旱易发生于1、8、11月等月份,局部地区干旱易发月份存在差异;区域年内旱情变化趋势差异性较大,10月~次年9月,旱情加剧区域呈现出随月份变化由耕作区东部向西部逐渐转移的趋势。     

基于全球土地退化零增长监测体系构建的中国沙化土地监测体系及效果评估

土地荒漠化是非常重要的生态环境问题,而科学评价荒漠化治理和零增长目标是否实现的必要前提是具有完善统一的评价体系。为此,联合国防治荒漠化公约（UNCCD）提出了土地退化零增长（LDN）的概念和监测指标。防治土地退化是中国的重要生态目标,中国已开展了多次全国土地荒漠化和沙化监测工作。但是,如何将这些监测结果用于土地退化的评估实践,尚未见报道。因此,本研究针对中国四大沙地,利用3期全国荒漠化和沙化监测数据,与基于UNCCD框架体系下的土地退化零增长（LDN）指标进行对比分析,并基于土地沙化程度变化趋势提出了中国沙化土地退化指标体系（CSLDN）。结果表明：UNCCD所提出的LDN监测指标与中国的荒漠化监测数据总体精度为0.51,中国沙化土地监测指标与LDN指标具有宏观一致性。此外,经本地优化后的CSLDN指标克服了低植被盖度区域LDN对土地退化和恢复的评价不准确的问题,更准确刻画了精细尺度空间内的土地动态变化状况,对土地退化防治意义重大。     

基于时序Landsat的油区环境要素时空演变特征分析——以克拉玛依油区为例

戈壁荒漠区生态环境脆弱,工业化进程中的环境风险高,及时获取工业化进程中基础环境要素演变有助于监控潜在的环境风险。以克拉玛依油区为例,通过遥感获取更大区域的植被和陆表水分布时序特征,分析工业化进程中区域环境要素时空变化特征及其对周边区域环境的影响。利用1977-2016年Landsat和MSS数据,基于NDVI和湿度反演陆表植被和水域覆盖,通过回归分析和复现率获取植被和陆表水分布的时序特征,结合区域内月平均陆表温度和降水信息,分析环境要素时空演变趋势。结果表明：城镇工业区植被覆盖总体改善,存在局部的植被覆盖退化区;研究区内大区域植被覆盖呈明显持续改善,陆表水分布环境稳定,区域环境要素的时空演变表现出不同的阶段性特征;区域环境要素时空演变的空间分布格局体现与人类活动的高相关性,人类活动是区域内环境要素改变的重要影响因素。城镇工业化进程中局部的环境要素退化难以避免,合理规划人类活动,可以促进大区域环境与工业化进程的协调发展,遥感技术可以监测工业化进程与区域环境演变的相关性。