基于SAIL模型的多角度多光谱遥感叶面积指数反演

随着多角度传感器的陆续出现及植被遥感传输机理研究的深入,多角度遥感逐渐成为地表信息反演的热点问题.以SAIL冠层反射率模型为基础,通过联合多角度和多光谱数据,可以从物理机理角度进行植被叶面积指数(LAI)反演的应用研究.首先通过计算得到多角度多光谱遥感影像的角度信息,并经6S模型纠正后得到多光谱多角度植被冠层反射率数据.然后将PROSPECT模型模拟出的植被叶片反射率和透过率,以及多角度观测数据、LAI和其它实测数据输入SAIL模型,模拟得到了多角度多光谱冠层反射率,进而建立多角度多光谱冠层反射率与LAI的查找表.最后,将影像的多角度多光谱冠层反射率与查找表进行匹配,实现植被LAI的反演.最后对反演结果进行了验证和分析,结果表明反演精度较高,误差均在合理范围之内.     

基于多策略的极地遥感反演模型集成研究

极地遥感反演模型是极地研究的一种非常重要的工具.遥感反演模型对极地研究具有重要性,分析遥感反演模型的特点,以持续性、业务化、统一调用为目标,提出极地遥感反演模型集成应用架构.基于该集成方案,提出基于多策略的模型改造方法,并从三个方面详细论述模型的集成模式.基于可执行程序的模型改造方法对模型进行改造,采用应用端的模型集成...     

塔里木河源流山区径流模拟及不确定性研究

自然环境恶劣、站点稀少、观测困难是干旱区水文系统研究面临的基本问题。特殊的自然地理条件给水文过程带来了极大的复杂性和不确定性,也阻碍了干旱区水文过程和机理研究的发展。选取塔里木河源区开都河流域为研究区,采用分布式水文模型MIKE SHE模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程,将流域内气象、水文站点数据与遥感数据相结合,利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨等资料,模拟流域水文过程;在出山口径流数据的基础上对模型进行率定和验证;分析了模型中的不确定性的来源,探讨模型优化方法。结果表明,MIKE SHE模型能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,但精度仍有待提高;通过分析识别出了隐含于模型结构、输入及参数等3个方面的8种不确定性来源。     

基于卫星遥感数据的森林病虫害监测与评价

森林病虫害由于在森林资源中造成的重大破坏而被人们称为“不冒烟的火灾”,其对生态系统的研究具有重要意义。现有基于遥感数据的病虫害研究多集中在森林病虫害的监测、爆发原因以及发病区域内生产力的变化情况,而对于森林病虫害发生后森林中植被指数与叶面积指数之间的相关性的变化情况还相对较少,处于需要持续性深入探讨的阶段。以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚地区2002—2012年森林病虫害数据为基础,分析不同严重程度的病虫害对叶面积指数（LAI）与归一化植被指数（NDVI）和增强型植被指数（EVI）的影响。结果表明：① 受病虫害感染的像元在轻度（Light）、中度（Moderate）和重度（Severe）三个严重级别中,NDVI与LAI之间的相关性由弱变强,又由强变弱;② EVI与LAI之间的相关性,在轻度（Light）、中度（Moderate）和重度（Severe）三个严重级别的像元中则依次变强。这一研究将为今后利用遥感数据识别病虫害、评价生态系统影响提供基础。     

Modelling patterned ground distribution in Finnish Lapland: an integration of topographical, ground and remote sensing information

New data technologies and modelling methods have gained more attention in the field of periglacial geomorphology during the last decade. In this paper we present a new modelling approach that integrates topographical, ground and remote sensing information in predictive geomorphological mapping using generalized additive modelling (GAM) . First, we explored the roles of different environmental variable groups in determining the occurrence of non‐sorted and sorted patterned ground in a fell region of 100 km2 at the resolution of 1 ha in northern Finland. Second, we compared the predictive accuracy of ground‐topography‐ and remote‐sensing‐based models. The results indicate that non‐sorted patterned ground is more common at lower altitudes where the ground moisture and vegetation abundance is relatively high, whereas sorted patterned ground is dominant at higher altitudes with relatively high slope angle and sparse vegetation cover. All modelling results were from good to excellent in model evaluation data using the area under the curve (AUC) values, derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots. Generally, models built with remotely sensed data were better than ground‐topography‐based models and combination of all environmental variables improved the predictive ability of the models. This paper confirms the potential utility of remote sensing information for modelling patterned ground distribution in subarctic landscapes.     

Regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab of Indus Basin, Pakistan using finite element model (Feflow) and geoinformatics

A 3-D finite element model (Feflow) has been used for regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab in Indus Basin, Pakistan. The thematic layers of soils, landuse, hydrology, infrastructure and climate were developed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The numerical groundwater flow model is developed to configure the groundwater equipotential surface, hydraulic head gradient and estimation of the groundwater budget of the aquifer. Integration of GIS with groundwater modelling and satellite remote sensing capabilities has provided an efficient way of analysing and monitoring groundwater status and its associated land conditions. The Arcview GIS software is used as additive tool to develop supportive data for numerical groundwater modelling, integration and presentation of image processing and modelling results.
The groundwater behaviour of the regional model shows a gradual decline in watertable from year 1999 onward. The persistent dry condition and high withdrawal rates play an influential role in lowering down the groundwater levels. Different scenarios were developed to study the impact of extreme climatic conditions (drought/flood) and variable groundwater abstraction on the regional groundwater system. The results of the study provide useful information regarding the behaviour of aquifer in order to organize management schemes on local and regional basis to monitor future groundwater development in the area.     

Simulation of leaf area index and biomass at landscape scale

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper. The procedure was: (1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images; (2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated; (3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch, stem, root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated; (4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained. The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcInfo software. The method is also a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale. A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated. Analysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度叶面积指数和生物量的模拟

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper,The procedure was:(1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images;(2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated;(3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch ,stem ,root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated;(4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained.The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcoInfo software ,The method is laso a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale ,A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated ,Aalysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

The use of precipitation intensity in estimating gross primary production in four northern grasslands

Remote sensing is a useful tool for the estimation of gross primary production (GPP) in terrestrial ecosystems at regional to global scales. One limitation of remote sensing based GPP models is the inappropriate characterizing of precipitation impacts. In this study, we showed positive relationship between the monthly flux-measured GPP of four grasslands ecosystems and the precipitation intensity, which was calculated from dividing the monthly sums of precipitation by the half-hourly precipitation frequency. Suggested by this finding, two remote sensing based GPP models, i.e. the greenness and radiation model (GR) and the temperature and greenness (TG) model, were selected to test the potential of incorporating this precipitation intensity for the estimation of monthly GPP. A scaled precipitation intensity was proposed by normalizing a multi-year maximum precipitation intensity, considering its dynamical ranges across sites and regions. Results indicated that by adding of this scalar, the revised models can provide better monthly GPP estimates with average 10% improvements in precisions compared to their original outputs. A further analysis showed that such better performances of the revised models can be attributed to the positive relationship between precipitation intensity and the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR). However, no evident response has been observed on the light use efficiency (LUE), indicating the LUE and precipitation intensity relationship may differ across species and ecoregions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the potential use of precipitation intensity in the remote sensing based GPP models and it will be useful for the development of future models that can better predict GPP in the context of future precipitation regimes.     

遥感分景数据的剖分索引模型

随着空间技术和对地观测技术的飞速发展,海量遥感影像索引成为目前国内外学术界和应用部门面临的一大难题,地球剖分系统的产生为这一难题的解决开辟了新的途径。本文首先研究了遥感分景数据的特征和EMD全球剖分的特征,然后针对现有遥感影像数据索引方法的不足,提出了基于EMD剖分系统的三种索引模型:基于影像—面片映射关系的索引模型、基于EMD数据模型的索引和剖分数据标识索引模型,从三个不同的方面探讨了解决索引问题的方法和思路。并给出了利用遥感分景数据的剖分索引模型对线状对象和面状对象进行索引应用的实例。遥感分景数据的剖分索引模型的建立为遥感影像数据的高效存储和索引提供了一种有益的新思路。     

Snow research in Svalbard–an overview

This paper summarizes the most significant snow-related research that has been conducted in Svalbard. Most of the research has been performed during the 1990s and includes investigations of snow distribution, snow-melt, snow pack characteristics, remote sensing of snow and biological studies where snow conditions play an important role. For example, studies have shown regional trends with about 50% higher amounts of snow accumulation at the east coast of Spitsbergen compared to the west coast. Further, the accumulation rates are about twice as high in the south compared to the north. On average, the increase in accumulation with elevation is 97 mm water equivalents per 100 m increase in elevation. Several researchers reported melt rates, which are primarily driven by incoming short-wave radiation, in the range of 10-20 mm/day during spring. Maximum melt rates close to 70 mm/day have been measured. In addition to presenting an overview of research activities, we discuss new, unpublished results in areas where considerable progress is being made. These are i) modelling of snow distribution, ii) modelling of snowmelt runoff and iii) monitoring of snow coverage by satellite imagery. We also identify some weaknesses in current research activities. They are lacks of i) integration between various studies, ii) comparative studies with other Arctic regions, iii) applying local field studies in models that can be used to study larger areas of Svalbard and, finally, iv) using satellite remote sensing data for operational monitoring purposes.     

Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing of Arctic Sea Ice During Spring

This paper outlines the fundamental roles sea ice plays during the spring Arctic climate, and it demonstrates the use of passive microwave remote sensing in measuring climatically important sea ice variables during the spring transitional period. It discusses the theoretical concepts underlying passive microwave remote sensing of sea ice, and it summarizes the historical use of satellite microwave radiometry in the Arctic region. In addition, this paper discusses the derivation of climatically important sea ice variables, including sea ice extent, concentration, multiyear ice fraction, and snow melt onset, with additional comments on the precision and accuracy of the remote sensing estimates. It also discusses interannual trends in sea ice extent and presents interannual trends in snow melt onset dates. Finally, this paper provides a brief discussion on the future directions in passive microwave remote sensing of climatically important sea ice variables during the spring transitional period.     

多水平/尺度的驱动力变化与沙漠化之间的关系——以内蒙古乌审旗为例

沙漠化是土地退化形式之一,它是自然因素和人类活动相互作用的结果。本文以内蒙古乌审旗为研究区,在多种空间数据基础上,基于等级理论,使用多水平统计模型构建了从局地到区域的模型,揭示不同尺度的影响因素与该地区沙漠化的关系。对遥感影像的分析表明该地区1977—2007年沙漠化扩展的趋势减缓并逆转;多水平统计模型分析表明,多尺度的驱动因素可以解释该地区近30年的沙漠化变化,特别是政策因素对该地区沙漠化逆转影响较大。本研究可为乌审旗及类似地区沙漠化变化机理研究提供参考。     

应用遥感技术模拟净初级生产力的尺度效应研究进展

采用遥感技术估算地表植被净初级生产力(NPP),已经成为模拟NPP的主要发展方向。遥感技术以及数据处理能力的迅速发展和基于遥感观测生理生态理论研究的进展使大尺度生态系统格局和过程的定量、动态观测成为可能。多种卫星传感器提供了丰富的多尺度对地观测数据,从而形成了不同空间分辨率的影像数据层次体系,使得从定量遥感出发的NPP估算必然存在多尺度的问题。NPP遥感估算模型以不同分辨率的遥感数据(代表不同的研究尺度)作为输入参数时,得到的NPP模拟值差异明显。为了提高NPP的估算精度,需要充分认识不同分辨率的遥感数据对NPP估算结果的影响差异,即NPP的尺度效应问题。本文介绍了遥感尺度效应研究进展,多分辨率遥感数据监测NPP变化的多尺度研究进展,以及NPP估算尺度效应问题的研究进展。并分析了应用遥感技术研究NPP尺度效应的发展趋势。     

盐城湿地类型演化预测分析

以盐城湿地主要分布的三个县市:射阳、大丰和东台作为研究区,通过1988~2006年每隔6年的4期TM遥感影像,开展盐城湿地类型的动态变化分析,根据遥感影像解译结果,利用基于可拓物元模型的湿地演化元胞自动机(CA)模型和马尔可夫模型从空间和数据上进行湿地类型的变化预测。分析结果表明:(1)将基于可拓物元CA模型模拟预测结果与遥感分类结果进行逐个像元比较,计算得出相似程度达到 70%,因此基于可拓物元CA预测模型引入到湿地类型演化预测中是可行的。(2)基于可拓物元CA模型与马尔科夫模型的数值预测结果具有较高的相似度,表明研究区在2012年养殖场将成为盐城湿地最主要的湿地利用类型,预测结果分别达到了750.06km²和721.96km²,同时,耕地、居民用地、养殖场、米草面积总体呈增长趋势,滩地、芦苇、碱蓬和盐田呈剧烈减少趋势,米草逐渐占据优势物种,大面积的滩涂开发是盐城湿地类型变化最主要的原因。     

An exploration of direct and indirect drivers of herbivore reproductive performance in arid and semi arid rangelands by means of structural equation models

Climate variability affects both animal and plant populations. Understanding how this variability is modulated by topography, vegetation and population densities and how this impact on ungulate demography is an important step in order to forecast consequences of alternative management scenarios or the effects of climate change.Structural equation modeling (SEMs) is a tool particularly suited to this kind of situations, and allowed us to study the direct and indirect effects of climate, topography, structural and functional aspects of vegetation and population density upon reproductive performance of Patagonian sheep flocks, measured at paddock scale. The application of SEMs in conjunction with information criteria and related techniques for model selection, model averaging and multi-model inference revealed that despite considerable model uncertainty, those paddocks towards the East, with a greater spatial variability in July temperatures and greater primary production during fall-winter (estimated by remote sensing) showed greater lambing rates. Paddocks with higher proportion of meadows and with more intense forage consumption, were also associated with a better reproductive performance. Our results not only provide quantitative hypothesis about the controls at the landscape level of herbivore performance but also provide the basis to devise better management alternatives.     

湿地遥感监测研究现状与展望

全球湿地质量退化, 数量减少, 湿地资源面临巨大压力, 遥感技术在实时、动态监测其变 化方面扮演着一个重要的角色。本文湿地遥感监测主要侧重于基于遥感技术的湿地分类与识别, 从基于遥感监测的湿地分类系统、影像预处理、多分辨率(多空间分辨率、多光谱分辨率、多时相 分辨率)遥感影像数据源、湿地信息提取方法(人工目视解译和计算机自动解译)等方面的国内外 研究现状进行了系统的论述, 并指出目前湿地遥感监测存在3 点不足及其未来研究的6 个重点。     

Budyko方程和单作物系数法在区域蒸散发估算中的耦合及应用

实际蒸散发(ET)是水文循环的关键环节,分布式量化ET是区域水量平衡计算的重要内容。本文基于Budyko水热耦合方程推算单作物系数,在单作物系数和基于遥感方法的叶面积指数(LAI)之间进行统计回归,建立计算LAI的模式,实现Budyko方程进行区域ET估算的空间分辨率提升。洮河流域的范例研究证实了两种方法耦合在复杂地理-生态区间应用的合理性。本文为区域ET的分布式量化研究提供了一种新的思路。     

城市范围界定与标度律

标度律作为城市发展的重要规律之一,反映了城市经济活动产值、基础设施数量等要素随城市人口规模的变动情况,在城市研究领域引起了广泛讨论。但由于不同国家的城市统计数据对应的空间范围各不相同,导致标度律系数受城市边界范围选取影响很大。本文通过比较中、美两国统计数据对应的空间范围,并结合普查、城市统计年鉴和遥感数据,计算了不同空间范围对应的标度律系数。结果表明：① 不同空间尺度和数据源得到的标度律系数有较大差异。就空间尺度而言,市辖区比市域范围的数据更符合标度律模型,因为中国城市市域范围内还存在大量的非城市化地区,并不符合标度律模型的适用条件;就数据源而言,遥感数据比城市统计年鉴数据有更好的拟合优度;② 与美国城市相比,中国城市人口集聚带来的经济增长率更高（标度律系数更高）,市辖区人口每增加一倍,经济规模可增加122%,这一数字在美国是111%;而在家庭能源消耗（用水、用电）和土地利用方面,中国城市的效率更低;③ 从中国城市内部对比来看,大城市与中小城市在经济规模、土地利用方面的标度律（集聚效率）明显不同,人口集聚效应带来的大城市经济增长率、工资收入要远高于中小城市;能源消耗方面,中小城市比大城市更有效率。最后,本文还从建立更加有效的统计单元、传统统计数据与大数据结合、模型机制探索3个方面阐述了城市标度律未来可能的研究方向。     

黄河中游大尺度植被冠层截留降水模拟与分析

大尺度植被冠层截留降水定量模拟与分析是揭示气候变化和人类活动综合作用下区域水沙变化机制的重要研究内容。以黄河中游河口镇—潼关区间为研究区,耦合遥感等空间数据与植被冠层截留估算模型,利用地面监测站点降水数据、GLASS叶面积指数遥感数据和地理信息空间分析技术,定量模拟和分析了黄河中游20 世纪80 年代以来3 个典型年份的地表植被冠层截留降水及其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 20 世纪80 年代以来,特别是20 世纪末实施的生态修复政策,使得黄河中游叶面积指数显著提高,植被覆盖明显改善;（2） 20 世纪80 年代以来,黄河中游植被冠层截留降水发生了明显变化,1984 年、1995 年和2010 年研究区植被冠层截留降水量区域年平均值分别为19.57 mm、13.66 mm和22.68 mm,截留率分别为3.24%、3.32%和4.92%;（3） 黄河中游植被冠层截留降水特征及其变化受降水特征和地表植被状况共同影响,其中,降水量是决定植被冠层截留降水特征的控制性因素,而叶面积指数年际变化是影响植被冠层截留降水特征变化的主要因素。