水泥加固红土的受力特性及其微结构特征

水泥加固红土的击实、剪切、压缩和渗透等受力特性及其微结构特征受到水泥加入比例和试样养护时间的影响。研究结果表明,水泥加固红土存在最佳击实制样时间,水泥加入越多,最大干密度越大、最优含水率越小。其抗剪强度和抗剪强度指标随水泥加入比例的增加和试样养护时间的延长逐渐增大,但增大的程度逐渐减慢,对粘聚力的影响大于对内摩擦角的影响;其压缩性和渗透性随水泥加入比例的增加和试样养护时间的延长显著减小,但减小的程度逐渐变缓;水泥加入比例的影响大于试样养护时间的影响。实质上,水泥的加入和试样的养护导致水泥加固红土呈现出包裹、填充和胶结的微结构特征,引起水泥加固红土的击实、剪切、压缩和渗透等力学特性的宏观变化。     

我国红土工程地质研究新进展及今后主要研究方向

通过大量的文献阅读,总结出了我国红土已有研究的主要进展,提出了今后的主要研究方向.我国红土研究取得的主要认识有以下几个方面：（1）湿热气候是红土形成的最主要的环境条件;（2）红土的形成是一个脱硅富铁铝的过程,高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石等粘土矿物是红土的主要组成物质;（3）团粒结构是红土的基本结构单元,它主要由粘土矿物通过静电引力、范德华引力连结或游离氧化物的胶结形成,具有很强的水稳定性和较高的力学强度;（4）红土是一种高分散度、低压缩性的区域性土,剖面上具有明显的力学分带性;（5）红土主要的工程地质问题是具有一定的胀缩性、底部常有软土和土洞分布、容易引起地基变形和地面塌陷.今后我国红土研究的主要方向是：红土形成年代和形成速率的研究、红土微结构定量化研究、红土剖面系统研究、红土的分区分类评价、红工测试技术的改进和开发、全国不同类型红土分布图的编制等.     

Mobility of Rare Earth Elements in Basalt‐Derived Laterite at the Bolaven Plateau,Southern Laos

Geochemical and geochronological studies were conducted on basalts and laterites from the Bolaven Plateau in southern Laos in order to evaluate the mobility and mineralization of REE, Y and Sc during laterization. The basalts are classified into three categories: (i) small volumetric alkali basalt (eruption age: 15.7 Ma), large volumetric olivine tholeiite (1.2 Ma) and quartz tholeiite with olivine tholeiite (younger than 0.5 ± 0.2 Ma). Formation of REE minerals during laterization result in mobilization and fractionation of REE and Y in laterite profiles. Occurrence of florencite‐(Ce) in a laterite profile derived from alkali basalt immobilizes REE (particularly LREE) and this leads the laterites to be enriched in LREE relative to the parent basalt. Few positive Ce anomalies in this profile suggest that florencite‐(Ce) [(Ce)Al₃(PO₄)₂(OH)₂] formation was followed by CeO₂ precipitation due to the change of redox condition. In tholeiite‐derived laterite profiles, florencite is not recognized and REE and Y tend to be depleted relative to the parent basalts with positive Ce anomalies. This is interpreted as scavenging REE³⁺ except for Ce⁴⁺ from the laterite profile in oxidizing conditions. Sc behaves similarly to Fe during laterization and it is more abundant in the tholeiitic laterite than that in the alkali basaltic laterite. Results of sequential extraction indicate that REE of the alkali basaltic laterite are contained in residual phase, which is dominantly florencite‐(Ce), but they are rarely present in ion‐adsorption phase. It is concluded that basaltic laterites have a low potential of REE resource in terms of low REE contents and a difficulty in REE extraction.     

广东西樵山MIS5a网纹红土常量元素分布及其气候意义

广东西樵剖面厚约9.6m,其中该剖面的MIS5a网纹红土"XQ41"厚约33cm,位于该剖面719~751cm深度。对MIS 5a网纹红土按1cm间隔采集,总共获得32个样品的常量元素分析结果。研究表明,化学风化指标SiO2/Al2O3、CIA、ba和CIW的分布范围和平均值都显示其在物质组成上具有总体上均一的特征;SiO2-ba、SiO2-CIW和SiO2/Al2O3-CIA散点图上则分别以大部分、几乎全部和全部地聚集于现代热带红土(砖红土)散点的分布范围。据此提出,西樵网纹红土主要形成于热带气候影响下的生物气候带。有意义的是,与西樵网纹红土相同时代的西樵邻近区域的碧寿洞和罗沙岩哺乳动物化石群,都含有指示热带气候的物种。这进一步表明,热带生物气候带与发育成熟的网纹红土存在着逻辑上的因果关系。这一研究结果,为MIS5a全球变化与中国低纬区域环境响应提出了一个新的认识问题的材料,相应地也为轨道变化与冰期间冰期旋回学说增添了一个新的内容。     

干湿循环下饱和红土不排水三轴试验研究

以云南红土为研究对象,考虑干湿循环次数、干湿循环幅度等影响因素,利用TSZ-2型全自动三轴仪,开展干湿循环下饱和红土的不排水三轴试验,研究干湿循环作用对饱和红土剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明:不固结不排水条件下,随干湿循环次数增加和干湿循环幅度增大,饱和红土的应变软化现象增强,应力-应变曲线的初始斜率、孔压峰值增大,剪切峰值、峰值轴向应变、黏聚力、内摩擦角减小;干湿循环次数的影响大于干湿循环幅度的影响。干湿循环下饱和红土剪切特性变化的实质在于红土与水之间的相互作用,包括脱湿过程中水的逃逸作用、红土颗粒的吸附作用、红土体的硬化作用及收缩作用和吸湿过程中水的楔入作用、润滑作用、软化作用及红土体的膨胀作用,干湿循环过程中上述作用不断加深加剧,严重损伤了红土体的微结构,最终改变了饱和红土的不排水剪切特性。     

分级循环荷载下原状红黏土动力特性试验研究

为研究循环荷载下原状红黏土路基的动力特性,采用SDT-20型动三轴仪对原状红黏土进行了分级循环动三轴试验,研究了围压、频率及动应力幅值对原状红黏土的动应力、动弹性模量-动应变（ E_d-ε_d）和动剪切模量-动剪切应变（ G_d-γ_d）关系曲线的影响规律。结果表明:原状红黏土的动应力-动应变关系曲线发展规律可采用Kondner模型进行描述;动应力随动应变先急剧增大后趋于平稳,并给出了急剧增加时动应变的取值范围,即0%～0.05%;分析了不同围压、振动频率下红黏土的动弹性模量及动剪切模量的变化规律,当动应变小于临界值时,红黏土动弹性模量随动应变的增大而增大;当动应变大于临界值时,红黏土材料动弹性模量随动应变的增大而减小,动剪切模量具有相同变化规律;结合红黏土的动力特性变化规律,利用围压对动弹性模量进行折减,在Darendeli模型的基础上建立了红黏土路基动弹性模量、动剪切模量的分段预测模型,经拟合验证,本文分段模型的适用性较好,可预测分级循环荷载下红黏土的动弹性模量-动应变（E_d-ε_d）和动剪切模量-动剪切应变（G_d-γ_d）关系曲线发展趋势。     

非饱和红土基质吸力与含水率及密度关系试验研究

非饱和土中存在的基质吸力对其性质有着十分重要的影响,而基质吸力又与土的含水率之间存在着密切的关系。为了探讨基质吸力与非饱和红土含水率和密度之间的关系,采用滤纸法在试验室进行了基质吸力的量测,得到了不同干密度下非饱和红土的土-水特征曲线,拟合出了该类非饱和红土土-水特征曲线公式。试验结果分析表明：在相同的干密度下,随着含水率的增加,基质吸力呈现出急剧减小的趋势。当含水率 <24 %时,这一变化规律特别明显。对参数 分析发现,在非饱和状态下基质吸力对红土强度的提高是有限的。通过分析不同干密度对基质吸力的影响规律得出,基质吸力在含水率较高时对密度状态的变化不敏感,而在含水率较低时对密度状态的变化比较敏感。     

游离氧化铁对红色粘土工程性质的影响

我国南方有许多含有大量游离氧化铁的红色粘土(砖红壤),它们是在湿、热成土条件下形成的,具有由成份和结构引起的特殊工程性质。它们往往含水量高,孔隙比大,但力学强度仍然较高,即存在所谓物理指标和力学参数似乎相互矛盾的现象。本文着重讨论游离氧化铁对砖红壤的工程性质(如强度、膨胀特性等)的影响。研究结果表明,土中的游离氧化铁的形成、淋失和结晶程度的不同,土的工程性质也各异;土的物理力学性质会随周围环境的物理化学因素变化而变化。     

Effect of Free Ferric Oxide on Engineering Properties of Laterite

In southern China, there are a great amount of red clay(laterite) which contains some free ferric oxide. Owing to its composition and microstructure developed under hot, wet soil-forming conditions, the clay has several special characteristics. Although the water content and void ratio of laterite are greater than similar clay soils, its strength is still higher than the others. There seems to be a contradiction between its physical parameters and mechanical properties. In this paper, the effect of free ferric oxide in laterite on its engineering properties, such as strength, swelling properties and others is discussed. The research result shows that special properties of laterite are the result of various conditions of formation, loss and crystallization degree of free ferric oxide, and its physical and mechanical properties will change with variation of physicochemical circumstance.     

纳米氧化硅充填红黏土团粒内孔隙的收缩响应

红黏土易失水收缩开裂,不仅降低了其整体强度,还为雨水入渗提供了通道,加剧了其承载能力的弱化。因此,如何抑制红黏土收缩,成为解决问题的关键。纳米氧化硅颗粒尺寸极其细小,隶属纳米范畴。充分发挥纳米氧化硅的尺寸优势,以期纳米氧化硅微粒能够进入红黏土团粒内,抵抗红黏土的失水收缩行为。为此,选用不同干质量掺入比（纳米氧化硅:红黏土分别为0:100、2:100、3.5:100、5:100、6.5:100）,将纳米氧化硅混入红黏土后压实成型（干密度1.44 g/cm3和1.46 g/cm3）。比较压实红黏土-纳米氧化硅混合物的收缩特性与孔隙分布情况。试验发现,纳米氧化硅可以抑制红黏土的收缩行为;而且随着掺入量增加,其缩限值也逐渐提高。红黏土-纳米氧化硅混合物的表观形貌照片显示,纳米氧化硅掺量大于5%时,红黏土团粒内孔隙赋存有大量纳米氧化硅颗粒。同时,孔隙分布曲线还表明,分布于孔径0.03 ?m的孔隙明显减少,说明纳米氧化硅主要充填孔径大于0.03 ?m的孔隙。纳米氧化硅改善红黏土的收缩性属于物理方法,有别于石灰处治等化学方式,更具有环境友好的潜在优势。     

岩溶红土地基中的软土类型及其工程特性

根据岩溶红土地基软土的形成条件划分出了岩沟型、层间型及洞中型三种不同的软土类型,在此基础上,通过取样测试并结合前人已有成果,对不同类型软土的工程地质特性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)岩溶红土地基软土是一种与岩溶作用关系密切的特殊软土;(2)岩溶红土地基软土的天然含水量和压缩性均明显小而重度又普遍高于泻湖相软土;(3)60%的岩沟型残积软土其天然含水量均小于液限含水量;(4)岩溶红土地基软土的工程地质问题主要表现为地基不均匀沉陷、边坡失稳和诱发土洞塌陷等。基于岩溶红土地基软土形成条件及其工程地质性质比较特殊,建议把它叫作"岩溶软土",以示与其它成因软土相区别。     

Particle-size effects on dissolved arsenic adsorption to an Australian laterite

In this study, arsenic adsorption to an Australian laterite has been examined for a particle-size range between 38 μm and 25 mm. The results show that particle size influences both kinetic and equilibrium characteristics of arsenic adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption capacity increases from around 100 mg kg^?1 for laterite particles coarser than 4 mm, to around 160 mg kg^?1 for laterite particles between 75 μm and 4 mm, and to over 200 mg kg^?1 for laterite particles finer than 75 μm. The kinetic adsorption data can be fitted with the pseudo-second-order reaction model, in particular for finer particles where the film diffusion and/or surface reaction are important processes. The model-fitted rate constant remains steady for laterite particles coarser than 2 mm, increases moderately with particle size in the range between 75 μm and 2 mm, and increases dramatically for laterite particles finer than 75 μm. These arsenic adsorption behaviours can be explained by the relative importance of two particle-size-dependent processes: quick external-surface adsorption (more important for fine particles) and slow intraparticle adsorption (more important for coarse particles). Most of the external-surface adsorption completes in the first hour of the experiment. To apply the studied laterite for dissolved arsenic removal, it is recommended that fine particles, in particular finer than 75 μm, should be used if the contact time is the limitation, and that coarse particles, in particular 2–4 mm, should be used if sufficient contact time is available.     

Pisolitic laterite geochemistry in the golden grove massive sulphide district, Western Australia

The two known massive Cu-Zn sulphide deposits in the steeply dipping strata of the Golden Grove District of Western Australia — the Gossan Hill Deposit and Scuddles Prospect — both have a multi-element secondary geochemical dispersion halo in the pisolitic layer of laterite of probable Tertiary age. The Gossan Hill geochemical anomaly is about 1.5 × 2 km and has a Bi-Sn-Mo-In-Sb-As-Cu-Au association. Mean compositions of pisolitic laterite samples range from 4 to 18 times background, with maxima for Bi, Sn and Mo reaching 90 to 100 times background. Relief of Gossan Hill, which rises some 80 m above the laterite plain, would have favoured dispersion during lateritization. Nevertheless at Scuddles, where the laterite surface has only a gentle slope across strike, an anomaly in pisolitic laterite measures 1 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 km. The anomalous association, Bi-Sn-Mo-Sb-As, is similar to that at Gossan Hill; the mean contents in pisolitic laterite samples from the Scuddles anomaly range from 2.3 to 8 times background, with maxima for Bi being 12 times background.At Gossan Hill, individual pisolites and the concretionary skins contain gossan fragments and cassiterite, indicating mechanical dispersion during interitization. However, anomalous Cu, Zn and As in goethites of the concretionary skins of pisolites and nodules from the centre of the anomaly indicate that there has also been hydromorphic dispersion.The geochemical characteristics of pisolitic laterite samples have been represented by empirically derived additive indices based on up to eleven chalcophile elements. One index is suggested as a method to increase anomaly size and simplify interpretation; a more specific index based on Bi, Sn and Se is suggested for defining more closely the actual centres of mineralization.For routine exploration of lateritic terrain where the dips of the host sequence are steep, 320-m spacing of samples on a triangular grid appears suitable for locating anomalies and generally defining their source. However, for reconnaissance exploration, the density of sampling could be significantly reduced for example to 1 km spacing.     

南昌地区红土的动强度特性试验研究

通过动静三轴试验,探讨南昌地区红土的动强度指标随固结比及固结围压的影响规律。从试验结果可知,南昌地区红土的动强度随固结围压的增大而增大,却随固结比的增大而减小,动内黏聚力C随着固结比的增大而减小,动内摩擦角?_d随固结比的增大而增大。通过对动静试验结果进行对比发现,南昌地区红土的动内黏聚力小于静黏聚力,动内摩擦角大于静内摩擦角。      

红黏土承载比的土团尺寸效应研究

高液限红黏土用于路基填筑时,因其不良的水理特性,需要掺石灰或水泥改良。但红黏土成团现象十分突出,进行灰土拌和时不易达到均匀状态,影响预期改良效果。通过对不同直径的红黏土土团及石灰改良土土团进行承载比试验,结果表明：干密度随着土团直径尺寸的增大呈现先增大后减小的特征,红黏土和石灰土的最大干密度对应的土团直径处在0.2～ 5 mm范围内;而最大承载比CBR值对应的土团直径分别处在5～10 mm和2～5 mm的范围内。石灰土和红黏土的吸水率、膨胀率均随着土团尺寸的增大,呈现先减小后增大的整体变化趋势。在2～10 mm的范围内,两种土的膨胀量最小。石灰改良只对直径小于5 mm的土团的膨胀特性起到明显的抑制作用。可见,现场施工中严格控制土团的大小对保证土体的强度和水稳定性具有十分重要的意义。     

压实红黏土的恒体积膨胀力与细观机制研究

针对目前量测土体膨胀力的主要方法所存在的不足,提出近似完全限制条件下测量土体膨胀力的改进方法。以压实红黏土为研究对象,测到不同初始状态（含水率、干密度）试样的膨胀力,并与膨胀反压法测得的膨胀力进行对比分析,发现限制膨胀方法测得的膨胀力要小于膨胀反压法的试验值。同时,显现出限制膨胀法测膨胀力具有3个主要优点：试验过程中保持土体不发生变形,更加符合膨胀力的物理定义;试验耗时少、占空间少;能测较宽含水率范围内的膨胀力。最后,利用压汞法和氮吸附法测得不同状态下土体的细观孔隙结构分布特征。结果表明：相同干密度试样,制样含水率对压实土体的孔隙分布影响显著;黏土晶间和粒间吸水自由膨胀后发生“不可逆”膨胀变形;土体发生“不可逆”膨胀变形程度是引起限制膨胀法和膨胀反压法所得试验结果出现差异的主要原因。     

Arsenic remediation by Australian laterites

The efficiency of Australian laterites in arsenic adsorption has been examined using three laterite samples collected from different locations in South Australia. The characteristics such as electrical conductivity, pH, mineral compositions, and isoelectric point of laterite samples have been measured. The laterite samples are mainly composed of iron and aluminum oxides, and rutile (TiO₂). Two batch experiments have been performed to compare the efficiencies of different laterites to remove AS (III) from water at two different doses, and to examine whether pH influences arsenic adsorption. For 50 mg/l arsenic solution, at doses 1,000 g (laterite)/l (arsenic solution) and 200 g/l, the laterites removed more than 97% and 87–97%, respectively. At the dose of 200 g/l, adsorption capacity has been found to be 200–243 mg/kg. Out of the laterite samples from three localities, the Kangaroo Island laterite performed the best. This is probably related to its high content of gibbsite. It has been found that arsenic adsorption by laterite is not significantly affected at the examined pH ranges of 4.7–10.0.     

广西靖西红黏土及其击实后的水稳定性试验研究

为分析红黏土地基及其强夯法加固后的水稳定性问题,对红黏土及其击实样在饱和前、饱和后的固结特性以及剪切特性进行了室内试验。研究表明,土样经过击实后,压缩稳定后的应变值比较小,压缩稳定再浸水后土样的变形只有少量增加;原状土样在剪切过程中一般呈现应变软化的特征;固结饱和后快剪试验强度明显要比固结未浸水试验强度要小。因此,浸水效应对红黏土强度的影响是很明显的。     

广西红土击实特性的影响因素及机理分析

红土是由原岩在湿热气候条件下经过红土化作用形成的具有高含水率、大孔隙比、较高强度和较低压缩性的一种特殊土。由于其特殊的工程地质性质形成了红土具有较大工后沉降的特性。目前,工程中普遍采用强夯的地基处理方法对其进行处理,对于夯后红土地基变形则通过现场监测结合室内试验的方法进行研究。笔者通过室内击实试验和击实后红土的高压固结试验,深入探讨影响红土击实效果和击实后压实性的主要因素,并对各影响因素进行影响机理分析。试验结果表明：红土的击实效果与击实功成正比,与黏粒质量分数、塑性指数、游离氧化铁质量分数成反比;击实后红土的压缩模量受含水率、干密度及饱和度等因素的综合影响,并且各因素的影响程度不尽相同;当含水率大于18%时,土体处于近饱和状态,含水率与干密度已经不能反映饱和红土的压实性了,即在实际的强夯工程上这种土的含水率不宜大于18%,否则会产生较大的工后沉降。     

昆明红土微观结构特征参数分析

红土的特殊物理力学性质主要是由它的微观结构特征决定的。分析了昆明红土在电子显微镜下的微观结构特征,从经过处理的红土微观结构照片中提取了面积比例、平均周长、最大面积、圆形度、复杂度、定向度和分布分维等定量化参数,并将这些定量化参数与红土的物理力学性质之间建立了联系。