Variation of dimethylsulfide mixing ratio over the Southern Ocean from 36°S to 70°S

Atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS) was measured to investigate the variation in its concentration over sea ice free oceans and sea ice regions of the Southern Ocean, using a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) on board the icebreaker Shirase from 1 December 2009 to 16 March 2010. In general, DMS concentrations over sea ice regions were very low compared with those over the sea ice free ocean. However, abrupt increases in DMS concentrations occurred over sea ice regions while the ship was moving and crushing the sea ice. Undoubtedly, the elevated DMS concentrations were caused by large DMS emissions from gaps in the ice made by the ship. During the period when Shirase had anchored off Syowa Station (69°00.4′S, 39°35.3′E), Antarctica, DMS concentrations were not detected. At this time, the surrounding sea of East Ongul island, on which Syowa Station is located, was completely covered with multi-year fast ice. Sea ice probably inhibits DMS emission from the ocean to the atmosphere. In addition, there was no evidence that chlorophyll a concentration in the sea water or wind speed above the sea surface affect atmospheric DMS concentrations over the sea ice free ocean regions.     

中国30°N、35°N线城市气候舒适度与地形三级阶梯的关系

我国地形西高东低、呈三级阶梯,这种地形格局必然影响到气候要素及旅游气候舒适度的东西向分布。选取30°N和35°N线各19个城市,依据气候观测数据计算了各地温湿指数、风寒指数和着衣指数,划分了气候舒适期和非舒适期,分析了气候舒适度与地形三级阶梯的关系,结论如下:(1)地形三级阶梯对气候的影响首先是对月均温度的影响,以1月、4月、7月和10月为代表,分析地表温度随着海拔高度的变化,发现夏季温差较大,而冬季温差较小,并随纬度升高而温差幅度增大;(2)各城市典型月温湿指数与地形三级阶梯呈现相应的变化,在横断山海拔3 000 m处,各月温湿指数有一个明显的突变,夏季温湿指数差异较大,冬季温湿指数差异较小;(3)各城市气候舒适期、非舒适期呈反对称分布,东部一级阶梯因夏季高温,舒适期5～7个月、非舒适期4～6个月,中部二级阶梯舒适期长达6～8个月、非舒适期4～5个月,西部三级阶梯舒适期只有0～4个月,非舒适期达8～12个月。本研究揭示了我国旅游气候舒适度的东西差异,为宏观旅游开发提供了气候学的参考。     

向极跨越70°N气旋的主要特征分析

北极地区以南生成并向北移动进入极区的气旋,在移动发展过程中常伴随大风、降水和升温等过程,对中低纬度地区物质和热量向极地输送起着重要作用,并对极区大气、海洋和海冰的变化产生一定影响。基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的1979—2015年的海平面气压再分析数据产品,利用气旋自动识别和追踪算法,开展气旋的识别和追踪,获得向极跨越70°N气旋的数量、强度、活动轨迹及北向运动纬距等主要特征如下:该类气旋在数量上,春、冬季多于夏、秋季,年总数量和春、秋、冬季均呈减少趋势;强气旋易发于冬季,弱气旋多发于夏季;该类气旋活动轨迹,冬季集中分布在海上,夏季在陆地上;该类气旋北向运动纬距整体平均为9.2°,冬季平均最大,为10.2°,夏季平均最小,为7.3°;在年际变化上,年平均和春、冬季平均呈增长趋势,夏、秋季平均呈减少趋势;在年代际变化上,年平均和夏、冬季平均从1979—1988年到1989—1998年阶段都是减小的,到1999—2008年阶段是增大的,其后再减小,春、秋季则无明显趋势变化。     

在北纬39°的黄海之滨金石滩

有一方神奇的土地 金石滩,位于辽东半岛的黄海之滨,隶属大连市。全区陆地面积62平方公里,海域面积58平方公里,四季分明．冬少严寒,夏无酷暑．海域不淤不冻,     

Spatiotemporal variations of aridity index over the Belt and Road region under the 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming scenarios

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Aridity index reflects the exchanges of energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere, and its variation can be used to forecast drought and flood...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠84°E沿线沙物质的粒度特征

沿84°E线附近横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠,采集了沙丘、丘间地、冲积及洪积沙样品进行粒度分析,着重研究风成沙的粒度特征。结果表明沙丘沙以极细沙为主,0.1—0.05mm含量占60—80％。粉沙(<0.05mm)含量0—5％。无粘粒组分。平均粒径区间3.15—3.6ф,总体平均3.53ф(0.087mm)。分选好(δ_I值0.27—0.39,平均0.35)。负偏为主(SK值—0.67—0.47,平均-0.15)。单众数为主,众数粒径4.0ф,少数样品为双众数。累积概率曲线主为三段或二段式。地面滚动组含量<5％,斜率<63°;跃移组分含量90％左右,斜率60—85°,二者截点2.64ф。少数含悬移组分的样品中,悬移与跃移组分截点4.32ф,含量<5％。作为对照,文中对丘间地、冲积、洪积物的粒度参数及粒度分布曲线特征也进行了讨论。     

Lake levels in the southern Bolivian Altiplano (19°–21°S.) during the Late Glacial based on diatom studies

This study is focused on the endorheic Uyni-Coipasa Basin located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Stratigraphical and fossil diatom studies based on a detailed radiocarbon chrnology revealed six phases in water-level changes and paleosalinity variations. At 15,430±80 yr B.P., lacustrine conditions settled in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. A saline lake, characterized by benthic meso-metasaline species, reached +4 m altitude above the present bottom of the basin. After 15,430±80 yr B.P., the level rapidly rose to +27 m, as suggested by a tychoplanktonic mesosaline flora. Between 14,500 years and 13,000 years, finely lanminated sediments at +32 m contained successively a dominance of epiphytic mesosaline to hypersaline species and tychoplanktonic oligosaline diatoms, indicating weak fluctuations in water-level and salinity. At 13,000 years, strong changes in the diatom flora occurred; epiphytic oligo-hypersaline diatoms were replaced by planktonic meso-polysaline species. They indicate a deep salt lake (the lake reached +100 m). After 12,000 years, the lake level abruptly dropped, as suggested by fluviatile sediments with a benthic mesopolysaline diatom flora. The main lake was replaced by shallow saline ponds. A wet pulse occurred at 11,400 years, characterized by low water level (+7 m) and high salinity. This lacustrine phase remained until 10,400 yr B.P. These data indicate changes in Precipitation minus Evaporation (P-E). Our regional interpretations are based on a comparison with teh available data on the northern (Lake Titicaca) and southern (Lipez are) Bolivian Altiplano and on the northern Chilean Altiplano (Atacama Desert).     

GIS-based Mineral Prospectivity Mapping of Seafloor Massive Sulfide on Ultraslow-spreading Ridges: A Case Study of Southwest Indian Ridge 48.7°–50.5° E

With the depletion of mineral resources on land, seafloor massive sulfide deposits have the potential to become as important for exploration, development and mining as those on land. However, it is difficult to investigate the ocean environment where seafloor massive sulfide deposits are located. Thus, improving prospecting efficiency by reducing the exploration search space through mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is desirable. MPM has been used in the exploration for seafloor deposits on regional scales, e.g., the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Arctic Ridge. However, studies of MPM on ultraslow-spreading ridges on segment scales to aid exploration for seafloor massive sulfide have not been carried out to date. Here, data of water depth, geology and hydrothermal plume anomalies were analyzed and the weights-of-evidence method was used to study the metallogenic regularity and to predict the potential area for seafloor massive sulfide exploration in 48.7°–50.5° E segments on the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Based on spatial analysis, 11 predictive maps were selected to establish a mineral potential model. Weight values indicate that the location of seafloor massive sulfide deposits is correlated mainly with mode-E faults and oceanic crust thickness in the study area, which correspond with documented ore-controlling factors on other studied ultraslow-spreading ridges. In addition, the detachment fault and ridge axis, which reflect the deep hydrothermal circulation channel and magmatic activities, also play an important role. Based on the posterior probability values, 3 level A, 2 level B and 2 level C areas were identified as targets for further study. The MPM results were helpful for narrowing the search space and have implications for investigating and evaluating seafloor massive sulfide resources in the study area and on other ultraslow-spreading ridges.

     

古尔班通古特沙漠88°E沿线风沙土理化性状的纵向分异

纵穿古尔班通古特沙漠中部对风沙土理化性状分析结果表明:沙漠腹地风沙土含水量低于边部。风沙土颗粒物主要由极细沙-细沙-中沙组成,并且北部较中部和南部粗。个体沙垄垄间地风沙土φ1值最高,垄顶的平均粒径最大。北部风沙土分选性差,绝大多数为极正偏分布,峰态很窄。中部、南部风沙土分选性中等和较好,呈窄峰态和近对称的分布形式。沙漠腹地风沙土全盐含量均较低,pH值适中,二者和沙垄固定程度成一定的正相关。风沙土中有机质、N、P、K等营养物质含量较低。相比之下北部风沙土全K和有机质含量高于中、南部,而植被茂盛的垄间地和垄坡有机质和全N含量一般高于固定、半固定垄顶。局地气象条件、微地形地貌以及植被状况的差异是引起沙漠风沙土上述理化性状空间分异的重要因素。     

北纬60°线与“俄罗斯”一节的教学

在“俄罗斯”一节的教学中,我十分注意运用一条纬线来引导学生探索地理问题。这条线就是北纬60°纬线。它几乎横贯整个亚欧大陆,从俄罗斯东部的堪寨加半岛北端,一直延伸到俄罗斯西部的圣彼得堡附近。如何将这条纬线的地理意义贯穿在教学过程之中,并做到“一线”多用呢?我有以下一些体会。     

南极沿167°E子午线横贯南极山脉岩石圈速度结构

依据沿大圆弧穿越南极点和斯科特站两地震台的地震瑞利面波波形资料,计算了两台之间的相速度频散,通过反演计算,获得了台间地下２００ｋｍ 岩石圈剪切波速度细结构。结果表明,横贯南极山脉地壳厚度约为４５ｋｍ ,５５～７５ｋｍ 之间存在明显低速带,它预示着这一深度有熔融的岩浆存在。     

含HCl四元水盐体系溶解度预测及其在工艺上的应用: HCl-LiCl-H2O体系0°C和20°C溶解度预测

利用文献数据 ,结合 pitzer方程 ,进行了 HCl- L i Cl- H2 O体系的参数化工作 ,得到了该体系在 0°C和 2 0°C时 HCl、Li Cl的单盐参数以及两离子和三离子相互作用参数共 10个。利用得到的参数 ,预测该体系在 0°C和 2 0°C时的溶解度获得满意结果。为盐水体系物理化学性质的计算提供了最基本的参数。将 Pitzer模型从室温推广到其它温度时的溶解度预测 ,结果对盐湖资源中用酸法提取 Li Cl的工艺具有重要的指导意义。将计算机技术应用到了实验研究中 ,减少了繁重的实验测定工作     

Increasing free-air 0°C isotherm height in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010

Based on the radiosonde data observed at 14 stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010, as well as the corresponding surface air temperature, the long-term change of free-air 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China and the relationships between surface air temperature and 0℃ isotherm height are discussed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of 0℃ isotherm height is generally related with latitude, but the huge massif or plateau may complicate the latitude pattern. The two main regimes influencing the spatial patterns of 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China are latitude and huge massif. The annual 0℃ isotherm height has increased by 35 m per decade in the recent decades, which is statistically significant at the 0.001 level. Generally, the increasing trend can be examined for each seasonal series, especially in winter （53 m per decade）. The diversity of trend magnitudes for annual and seasonal series can also be detected at a spatial view, but generally 0℃ isotherm height correlated well with surface air temperature.     

115°E经圈垂直环流与我国东部汛期雨带的变动

近半个世纪以来,我国气象工作者对东亚夏季风和我国汛期降水量的关系进行了一系列的研究并取得了很多有意义的结果。但过去大多数作者多注意低层季风活动、气团属性和锋系对雨带变动的影响,而对经圈垂直环流和雨带的关系讨论较少。本文首先     

库姆塔格沙漠梭梭沟区域(92°E)的风积地貌类型及分布

在2005年9月,对库姆塔格沙漠的梭梭沟区域(39°37'8"～40°25'02"N,92°12'59"～92°46'27"E)进行南北穿越,同时参考卫星照片和地形图,实地调查了库姆塔格沙漠的区域地貌形态.在纬向上,梭梭沟的沟头和沟尾分布有线形沙垄;沟谷区是沙垄相对高度最大的区域,也是沙丘类型最复杂的区域,复合型沙垄和综合型沙垄坐落在沟两侧的阶地上,沙丘类型有新月形沙丘链、金字塔型沙丘和波状线形沙垄,3条或4条小沙垄(链)组合成大沙垄,相对最大垄高为131 m."羽毛状沙丘"分布在梭梭沟以北为冲洪积平原上,沙漠的北缘分布新月形沙丘,最高达26 m.在经向上,40%的相对应样点的风沙地貌类型不同.地貌差异性较大的区域分布在梭梭沟的形状变化较大的区域.梭梭沟的形状变化,影响其两岸的沙丘形态.流水构筑了库姆塔格沙漠的下伏地貌,风沙地貌的分布受流水地貌影响强烈.     

在北纬39°的黄海之滨有一方神奇的土地 金石滩

有一方神奇的土地金石滩,位于辽东半岛的黄海之滨,隶属大连市。全区陆地面积62平方公里,海域面积58平方公里,四季分明,冬少严寒,夏无酷暑,海域不淤不冻,属暖温带半湿润气候,年均10℃,媲美江南。这里还被世界地质学家誉为:中国独一无二的,世界极其罕见的,人类不能再生的,神力雕塑公园,凝固的动物世界。     

华北北纬38°带极端强降水氢氧稳定同位素特征与水汽来源的关系

华北北纬38°带是华北地区的重要农业区,降水是区域地下水的主要补给源。近年来,极端强降水频率增加改变了地下水补给方式,明确极端强降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源对于深入认识区域水循环特征具有重要意义。本研究基于2016年1月至2021年12月华北北纬38°带的1个山区站点(太行山站)和2个平原区站点(栾城站和南皮站)降水样品采集,采用相关分析和HYSPLIT模型,揭示了研究区极端强降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征与水汽来源的关系。结果表明：降水氢氧稳定同位素呈现丰水年贫化的年际特征,雨季富集、旱季贫化的季节性变化特征,极端强降水同位素最为贫化(-105.7‰～-39.1‰,-14.6‰～-5.7‰)。大气降水同位素关系表明位于山前平原的栾城站斜率和截距最小,蒸发作用最强。HYSPLIT模型结果表明,太行山站极端强降水水汽主要来自于东南季风和西南季风水汽,而栾城站和南皮站极端强降水水汽主要来自于西风水汽和东南季风水汽,西南季风水汽比例增加(16.67%～58.33%)是导致山区极端强降水同位素比平原区贫化的主要原因。水汽来源的差异导致研究区...     

Diatom-based ionic concentration and salinity models from the south Bolivian Altiplano (15–23 ° S

The relationship between surface sediment diatom assemblages and measured limnological variables in fifty eight lake samples from the south Bolivian Altiplano was examined by constructing a diatom-water chemistry dataset. Analysis of this dataset by canonical correspondence analysis revealed that salinity and ionic concentration accounted for a significant amount of the variation in the distribution of the diatom assemblages. Two methods weighted-averaging regression and calibration, and by-class mean percentage table were used to established a transfer function for future reconstruction of past lake water salinity and ionic concentration in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Weighted-averaging regression and calibration with inverse deshrinking provided a better model for the water chemistry reconstructions in this region.     

Meteorological Observations 2002 at the Arctic Station,Qeqertarsuaq (69°15'N), Central West Greenland

An automatic meteorological station has been operating at the Arctic Station (69°15'N, 53°31'W) in West Greenland since 1990. This paper summarises meteorological parameters during 2002, including snow cover, ground temperatures and active layer development, and air temperatures at the Station during the last 12 years are compared to large scale trends during the last century.

A compilation of 93 sedimentation rate determinations based on ²¹⁰Pb dating has been carried out for the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition area from a database containing 165 determinations carried out by Danish institutions. In the depositional parts of the area sedimentation rates generally range 25–6403 g m^?2 y^?1. An extreme rate of 13351 g m^?2 y^?1 is observed on a station in the Skagerrak. Sedimentation rates significantly increase with depth indicating that the Skagerrak and northern parts of the Kattegat as well as the deep basins in the Baltic Sea act as depocentres for fine-grained sediments. Apparently, sedimentation rates have increased in recent years.