北京市生产者服务业聚集特征

国际发展经验表明, 大都市生产者服务业具有强烈的向中心商务区聚集的特征, 同时 随着产业分工深化和技术进步, 也具有向郊区扩散的趋势。利用空间基尼系数、经济计量模 型分析等方法分析北京市的金融服务业、信息咨询服务业、计算机服务业三大类生产者服务 业在城市中尤其是在中心城区和近郊区的的空间分布和聚集情况, 发现北京市的生产者服务 业呈现明显的聚集特征, 而向郊区扩散的趋势并不明显, 并且金融业、信息咨询业、计算机 服务业三类生产者服务业的聚集特征有所差别。北京市生产者服务业空间区位选择是由市场 规律、政府规划、城市特色共同作用的结果。总结国内外的研究结果发现, 生产者服务业的 空间分布主要由经济活动的联系特征、生产要素特征和区位条件三个要素所决定。     

论生产服务业的若干理论问题

基于国外生产服务业的研究综述,探讨生产服务业发展的3个理论问题,包括生产服务业在区域发展中的作用、生产服务业的外部化以及生产服务业的区位。指出加强生产服务业的理论研究、拓展我国的生产服务业具有重要的现实意义。     

Danish Regional Development During Economic Crisis

Illeris, Sven: Danish Regional Development During Economic Crisis. Geografisk Tidsskrift 84: 53–62. Copenhagen, January 1984.

The paper deals with the distribution of population and economic activities during the 1980–83 economic crisis. The decentralisation of the 1970's was weakened, but there was no return to the concentration of former decades. Important reasons seem to be the decline in house-building, and the structural developments (in 1980 crisis in the primary and secondary sectors which are over-represented in peripheral regions and small settlements).     

生产性服务业视角下的城市网络构建研究进展

随着经济全球化的深入和信息技术的发展, 生产性服务业已成为地区经济增长的主要动力和产品创新的重要源泉, 其在城市网络构建中的重要作用日益受到学术界的关注。通过城市网络不同研究载体的梳理发现, 生产性服务业视角下城市网络的研究已成为西方城市研究领域的重要前沿。生产性服务业集聚与城市等级的密切关联性是城市网络构建的重要基础, 网络构建的作用力包括生产性服务业的行业属性、企业的组织结构以及城市发展的自身条件。通过对网络构建模型、网络特征和网络动态演化的综述可以发现, 生产性服务业的布局对于解释全球化和信息化影响下的中国城市网络是适用的, 但国内的研究多集中于方法的引介, 对于内在机制和演化机理关注较少。随着全球产业分工细化, 中国不再仅仅承担制造业功能, 生产性服务业已开始大规模集聚, 国内生产性服务业视角下城市网络的系统研究刚刚起步, 亟待加强。     

A Typology of U.S. Shrinking Cities

The literature on shrinking cities has significantly grown in recent years. Little work, however, has been done toward the development of a shrinking city typology, which could help inform solutions and strategies to address problems associated with population loss. With a focus on central cities, this article identifies 367 shrinking cities within the United States and categorizes them using a geographic information system to identify seven types of shrinking cities in the United States: (1) large shrinking central cities, (2) inner-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (3) outer-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (4) inner-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (5) outer-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (6) small shrinking central cities in small Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and (7) small shrinking cities in small Micropolitan Statistical Areas. The empirically generated clusters, combined with associated social and demographic information, identify separate but sometimes interrelated shrinking city types and provide a new perspective for addressing the problems faced by U.S. shrinking cities. Key Words: population decline, shrinking cities, typology, urban population.     

广州市制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚与空间相似性

基于企业微观大数据,从空间相似性的视角,运用核密度法、双变量空间自相关法和地理探测器等分析方法,对广州市6个制造行业和5个生产性服务行业的空间协同关系展开分析,在街镇尺度下从行业层面探讨生产性服务业与制造业在城市内部的协同集聚.研究发现:行业集聚中心的空间布局形态显示,广州的制造业与生产性服务业布局具有空间相似性.制造...     

PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGERY OF THE AMERICAN CITY, 1840–1860

Because low-income housing is predominantly concentrated in central cities and the older suburbs of metropolitan areas, the poor have little opportunity to disperse into higher-status suburbs. The federal initiative to ease the barriers to low-income suburbanization commenced with the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Subsequent legislation—particularly the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974—and associated litigation have significantly extended the reach of this effort to disperse low-income housing opportunities. The same forces that promote exclusionary practices in suburbs, however, also tend to moderate the federal initiative.     

The divergence between acceptability of municipal services and urbanization in developing countries: insights from Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi,Ghana

Abstract

In most developing countries, the provision of municipal services and infrastructure invariably fails to match the pace and demands of urbanization. The outcome is often increased informality due to improper planning, official bureaucratic barriers and perhaps insufficient and shrinking public resources, which then makes leveraging private capital for public service provision imperative. Drawing on in-depth qualitative fieldwork in two Ghanaian cities, this paper aims to extend literature on the divergence between service provision and urbanization in developing countries. More specifically, it attempts to qualify recent macro-level data indicating that access to water, sanitation and electricity services in Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi is improving substantively. Contrary to dominant policy narratives circulating in Ghana, we illustrate how the acceptability of key municipal services within urban settings is often inadequate, and how acceptability is tied to spatial and temporal factors. We then identify and examine the reasons underpinning these variations. Through exploring residents’ perceptions of key services, and examining critically the possibility and feasibility of meeting urban service needs through leveraging private resources, this paper contributes to broader academic debates over urban service provision, while also feeding into contemporary policy discussions concerning how to achieve several of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.     

Changes in regional employment in Denmark in the seventies

Nielsen, Bue and Sørensen, Peder Michael: Changes in regional employment in Denmark in the seventies. Geografisk Tidsskrift 84, 69–73. Copenhagen, January 1984.

The paper deals with regional development in employment in Denmark in the 1970's. It uses shift-share analysis to isolate elements and activities responsible for the regional dispersion experienced. In that context the paper discusses the interrelationship between manufacturing industries and public services.     

Creating public space,creating ‘the public’: immigration politics and representation in two Copenhagen parks

ABSTRACT

Contestations over immigration, citizenship, and belonging play out every day in urban public space. In this article we study the design processes and use of two Copenhagen parks, Superkilen and Mimersparken, to explore the creation of public space and the “public” in Denmark. Who is part of the Danish “public”? What right do immigrant residents have to shape public space and their neighborhoods? How are the boundaries of Danish national identity policed and contested in public space in Copenhagen? The Danish government has increasingly moved toward far-right anti-immigrant stances, even while Copenhagen promotes a multicultural vision of a diverse and cosmopolitan city. Superkilen and Mimersparken illustrate the shortcomings of Copenhagen’s multiculturalism: though Copenhagen celebrates immigration, it left little space for residents to make meaningful decisions as political actors. In the case of Superkilen and Mimersparken, designers’ stylized idea of immigration is more celebrated than the actual presence of immigrant residents.     

改革开放以来香港生产性服务业对广州同行业的影响

香港的生产性服务业发展水平高于广州,广州的生产性服务业发展处于香港同行业的发展阴影区内。本文从实证调查入手,通过对生产性服务企业和制造业企业的分析,指出香港的生产性服务业对广州同行业发展的负面影响不大,并从供给和需求角度分析了其中的原因。进一步地,根据区域发展的需求、市场需求的层次差异以及穗港生产性服务业的发展水平,提出了穗港生产性服务业的协调互补发展思路。     

北京城市产业碳排放的小尺度空间分布

基于城市乡镇街道空间单元及能源消费碳排放的定量方法基础上,计算了北京市2004和2008 年第二、三产业的二氧化碳排放量及其空间分布。结果表明：北京市第二产业的碳排放总量变化不大,空间上呈现东南高、西北低的格局;第三产业的碳排放总量则有明显的增长,空间上呈现内城区碳排放值较高、且向外围圈层扩散的趋势;第三产业中分配性服务业和生产性服务业的碳排放量较高,2008 年分配性服务业碳排放的高值区主要分布于南部的城市近郊区,生产性服务业碳排放的高值区分布于高端服务业较为集聚的区域。     

生产性服务业对中国城市经济韧性的影响

以“后危机时代”中国285个地级及以上城市为例,采用多重中介效应模型探究生产性服务业对经济韧性的影响及其作用机制。结果显示：1）生产性服务业既可通过增加产业结构的非相关多样化直接增强城市经济抵抗力,也可通过增强产业结构的相关多样化诱发技术创新,间接提升城市经济抵抗力和恢复力。2）基于生产性服务业发展水平和城市产业基础的不同,生产性服务业对经济抵抗力和恢复力的影响在东、中、西部城市存在差异。东部城市的直接和间接影响均较为突出。生产性服务业对中部城市的影响主要集中在促进技术创新的中介效应,而西部城市生产性服务业对经济韧性的作用则不显著。3）生产性服务业的细分行业中,信息服务业的直接和间接作用均最为显著,商务服务业对经济韧性的影响相较其他行业弱。     

中国生产性服务业发展与空间分布

从分行业的角度探讨了中国生产性服务业的发展特征及其在城市体系中的空间分布。研究表明,中国生产性服务业的发展水平还处在初级阶段,虽然高级别生产性服务业增长较快,但是所占比重较小。空间分布上,生产性服务业倾向于集中在特大城市。由于其在经济发展中发挥重要的作用,这种分布特征重组了城市等级结构和城市之间的经济联系。随着中国经济的持续增长和政府的政策支持,对生产性服务业的需求将大大增加。全球化背景下,发展生产性服务业也成为重要的城市发展战略。但是,生产性服务业不均衡的分布格局决定了大城市和特大城市在新一轮的城市发展中具有更大的竞争力。因此,中小城市在发展生产性服务业时必须进行深入的分析,以免造成用地和资金的浪费。     

区域中心城市生产性服务业的外向功能特征研究——以广州市为例

广州的生产性服务业经历了改革开放后20多年的发展,目前已具有基本经济活动功能。通过对广州的生产性服务机构的抽样问卷调查,阐述其在服务范围、服务对象及服务销量分布三方面的特征。并根据广州生产性服务业目前的发展水平,以及对珠三角制造业企业市场的抽样问卷调查,从供给水平和市场需求两个角度对广州生产性服务的外向功能特征进行了阐释。     

Syntese af Københavns kommunes befolknings- og boligstruktur

Matthiessen, C. W., 1973: Syntese af Københavns Kommunes befolknings- og boligstruktur. Geografisk Tidsskrift 72: 57–63. København, September 30, 1973.

It has been attempted to generalize into a single, synthetic picture five components explaining a selected material on the population and residential structure of Copenhagen.     

基于投入产出法的京沪生产性服务业比较

生产性服务业发达是全球城市的最重要的特征。以旨在建设全球城市的北京和上海为研究对象,以投入产出表为研究基础,从生产性服务业的中间投入性、外部关联性、内部融合性和尺度影响性4个方面对北京和上海的生产性服务业进行比较研究,得出如下研究结论:在现阶段,北京和上海的服务型经济已经形成,生产性服务业均以流通、金融服务业为主体,生产性服务业发展水平正在有序提升。其中,金融服务业对城市经济的影响与其产业规模相比是不对等的。北京与上海的生产性服务业发展差异显著,原因在于市场化程度和城市功能的不同。     

天津市人口郊区化特征及其动力因素

基于"五普""六普"街道、乡镇数据,运用GIS及人口密度模型分析天津市人口郊区化的时空演变特征,并根据2005—2015年各区县数据,剖析其动力因素。结果表明:天津市中心区繁荣与郊区化并存,属于市中心发展型郊区化;天津已形成多中心格局,副中心人口聚集效应日益显著;人口郊区化伴随就业岗位的郊区化,但人口和产业存在空间分异现象;土地、住房制度改革及郊区经济发展加快了人口郊区化进程,公共服务的集中延缓了人口向郊区迁移,滨海新区发展、交通与通信网络的现代化为人口向郊区的迁移创造了条件。提出进一步推进城市组团式发展、推动产业结构与布局调整及以公共服务引导人口流动等措施实现中心城区人口向郊区有序分流。     

Nye kandidater udgået fra Københavns Universitets Geografiske Institut

Danish Journal of Geography: 71–82, 1995.

This paper presents two mega events as tools in the strategic planning of the Copenhagen area. Due to growing inter-metropolitan competition, increasingly offensive and complex means are applied. This demands strong leadership, stable longterm planning and willingness to accept the costs in order to reach the objectives. Marketing versus strategic planning is discussed. The general position of Copenhagen in the European urban system gives perspective to a potential change on the South Scandinavian urban scene. New instruments of strategic planning in Greater Copenhagen are introduced. The competitive level of Copenhagen is analyzed in relation to Stockholm, Berlin and Hamburg. Two examples of mega events are discussed that represent typical elements in urban competition: cultural events and infrastructure improvements. 1) Copenhagen as ‘The cultural City of Europe’ in 1996 represents a temporary mega event. 2) The planned bridge between Copenhagen and the south Swedish city of Malmö, combined with Swedish entrance into EU, opens up for development of the first cross-national integrated large-city region outside the European centre. This is an example of a mega event which will alter the scene permanently. Both events are important issues used in developing a growth strategy for Greater Copenhagen. But neither the cultural city nor the bridge may by themselves guarantee any advantages. It depends upon the ability of local actors to develop and promote the quality of their city. The paper represents a continuation and elaboration on earlier papers, see Matthiessen (1990, 1992) and Andersen &; Jørgensen (1994).     

西方生产性服务业的地理学研究进展

1980年以来,生产性服务业成为西方服务业研究的核心内容,地理学研究凭借其对于空间 属性的关注成为重要的研究分支之一.从生产性服务业的增长动力、在城市和区域发展 中的作用、生产性服务业的空间分布、生产性服务业企业的空间行为、全球城市框架下的生 产性服务业几方面,对西方生产性服务业地理学研究进展进行梳理,归纳西方生产性服务业 地理学研究的主要特点,提出新的发展背景下我国生产性服务业地理学研究的拓展方向.