Aspects of magmatism and plate tectonics in the Precambrian of England and Wales

The geological features of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks comprising the Precambrian of England and Wales suggest formation in one or more Precambrian orogenic cycles. They are now interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. Evidence for Late Proterozoic plate subduction in the Mona Complex of Anglesey is suggested by the association of pillow lavas, cherts, high P/T metamorphic rocks and by the occurrence of gabbros and serpentinites with similar features to rocks believed to comprise the oceanic crust. Precambrian rocks in England and South Wales include calc-alkaline plutonic complexes (Malvern and Johnston Complexes), calc-alkaline lavas (Uriconian and Charnian) and basic and intermediate intrusions of tholeiitic affinity (dykes in the plutonic complexes and granophyric diorites in Charnwood Forest). The features of these rocks indicate formation in a continental margin setting and this is consistent with features of the Rushton Schist and Primrose Hill “gneiss” which suggest that they predate the Late Proterozoic orogenic activity. This evidence is consistent with plate tectonic models involving oceanic plate subduction below the Mona Complex from an ocean to the northwest, or from a small ocean basin southeast of the complex. The Warren House lavas show some affinities to ocean floor basalts and are problematic with regard to the Precambrian history of the area.     

江南造山带新元古代中期(830～750Ma)岩浆活动及对构造演化的制约

连接扬子地块和华夏地块的江南造山带是华南前寒武纪最重要的构造单元,其形成和演化长期以来备受关注。在江南造山带的范围内广泛发育了新元古代岩浆岩,它们是探讨江南造山带构造演化的重要对象,但其成因和形成的构造背景却备受争论。本文系统收集和分析了江南造山带830~820 Ma花岗岩、800~780 Ma酸性岩和800~750 Ma基性岩的地球化学数据。研究表明,不同时间段的岩石成因类型存在系统差异,830~820 Ma的花岗岩主要为S型花岗岩,800~780 Ma的酸性岩主要为A型酸性岩,而800~750 Ma的基性岩以拉斑系列和碱性系列为主,并在构造判别图中显示了板内玄武岩(WPB)和洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的特征。综合同位素年代学、岩石地球化学和沉积学等学科领域的研究成果我们认为:扬子北缘和西缘应先于东南缘在1000~900 Ma期间发生碰撞,而此时的东南缘仍为活动大陆边缘;直到~830 Ma,扬子地块与华夏地块沿江南造山带发生拼贴,但只是陆-弧-(微)陆之间的"软碰撞",而无山脉隆升和高级变质作用,各个块体之间处于"联而不合"的状态,大洋岩石圈拆沉之后的软流圈上涌和由拆沉所引起的拉张作用导致了上覆岩石圈和陆壳发生部分熔融,产生了江南造山带830~820 Ma的S型花岗岩;随着全球Rodinia超大陆的裂解,~820 Ma,华南裂谷盆地开启,并在随后的裂解过程中发育了大量与伸展有关的800~780 Ma A型酸性岩和基性岩脉/墙,而其明显高于同时代MORB源区的地幔潜能温度显示,导致Rodina超大陆裂解的地幔柱可能对该时期岩浆岩的地幔源区有一定影响;随着拉张作用的不断加强,出现了760~750 Ma碱性系列和具MORB特征的基性岩,此时的软流圈地幔既提供热量又有物质供应。     

镁铁-超镁铁岩的分类及其构造意义

镁铁-超镁铁岩分类是镁铁-超镁铁岩研究最基本的问题之一。镁铁-超镁铁岩（不包括金伯利岩、煌斑岩和碱性超镁铁岩等）按照产出的构造背景、岩石组合、伴生矿产大体可分为5类,即：蛇绿岩、义敦型岩体、阿拉斯加型岩体、层状侵入体和橄榄岩-闪长岩型岩体。蛇绿岩代表大洋岩石圈地幔及其分异物,义敦型代表大陆岩石圈地幔及其分异物,阿拉斯加型岩体来自岛弧、活动陆缘环境或具岛弧之下地幔特征的源岩,层状侵入体来自板内伸展构造背景,橄榄岩-闪长岩型岩体的构造背景与阿拉斯加型类似,但是也有产于板内环境的。蛇绿岩是学术界最关注的问题之一,笔者认为,1972年彭罗斯会议确定的蛇绿岩的定义仍然是适用的,斯泰因曼三位一体的概念仍然是有效的,而Delik的蛇绿岩定义和分类是不可取的。笔者认为,义敦型的概念是合适的和有用的。蛇绿岩与义敦型岩体有许多相似之处,但是,它们的构造含义不同。它们之间的区别不是依靠岩石组合本身,也不依靠地球化学,而是依靠野外产出位置和伴生的围岩性质以及构造情况。不同类型的镁铁-超镁铁岩形成的构造背景不同,伴生的矿产类型不同,具有不同的大地构造意义。在野外实践和室内研究中注意它们之间的区别,无论对于理论研究还是找矿研究都是非常重要的。     

昆秦接合部志留-泥盆纪侵入岩及其构造环境

通过详细的地质填图和年代学研究,确定昆秦接合部存在志留-泥盆纪岩浆活动,采用单颗粒锆石U-Pb定年方法测定侵入岩的形成时代为382~423Ma,即志留-泥盆纪.岩体以小岩株、岩脉及构造岩片产出,普遍受后期构造作用,多数以构造片岩卷入海西期苦海-赛什塘构造混杂岩带内.岩性有石英闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩及二长花岗岩4种,属于典型的钙碱性系列.常量和微量元素特征及构造环境判别显示,其形成于岛弧或陆缘弧及同碰撞构造环境,反映了原特提斯洋壳俯冲消减及随后的陆壳碰撞过程.该阶段侵入岩在侵入时代和形成的构造环境上,与东昆仑早古生代岩浆活动一致,因此,昆秦接合部发育的志留-泥盆纪岩浆弧向西可与东昆仑早古生代岩浆岩带相接.志留-泥盆纪侵入岩产出的地质特征及其形成的构造环境进一步说明,昆秦接合部地区古特提斯多岛小洋盒形成于弧后扩张作用,与原特提斯洋的关闭紧密相关.      

Eclogite from serpentinite near Attunga,New South Wales

Eclogite of high‐pressure low‐temperature origin occurs within the Great Serpentine belt of New South Wales. The presence of glaucophane‐bearing rocks and other medium to high‐pressure assemblages associated with the belt is similar in many respects to the Californian and Oregon occurrences. The chemical composition of the eclogite is characterized by low K₂O values comparable to many oceanic tholeiites, although one analysis is nepheline‐normative. Ti‐Zr‐Y ratios also show affinities to ocean‐floor basalts.

The garnet contains approximately 30% grossular and is strongly zoned from almandine (Alm 56%, Py 9%) at the core towards pyrope (Alm 44%, Py 27%) at the margin. Sodic augite contains 30–33% Jd, 4–7% Ac, and 72–74% Di+He.

Distribution of Fe and Mg between co‐existing garnet and pyroxene would suggest an increasing temperature during eclogite crystallization with a possible range from 290°C to 600°C and a minimum pressure of 7–12 kb.     

中祁连北缘奥陶纪岩浆弧地层

奥陶纪是祁连山加里东期构造带俯冲-碰撞格局奠定时期。通过区域填图和沉积环境分析及岩石地球化学研究,系统分析了沉积及岩浆作用过程, 认为在肃北县野牛台地区的晚奥陶世地层是中祁连地块西段北缘岩浆弧的组成部分。该地层为一套浅变质的基性-中性火山岩、碎屑岩及少量含化石灰岩组合,由下部海相安静深水还原环境向上部近岸水下河道-滨岸过渡,上部夹有冲积扇-河流相沉积,物源区为近源的岩浆弧和古老结晶基底,反映出自下向上水体变浅、盆地收缩的进积序列。其中的火山岩自下向上由基性向中性转变、由岛弧拉斑-钠质碱性玄武岩向钾质碱性玄武岩过渡,反映出与挤压构造环境相关的成熟岩浆弧火山岩组合特点。晚奥陶世岩浆弧地层、侵入岩与其北的同期构造蛇绿混杂岩带的相伴产出,暗示北祁连西段该时期洋壳在北部向北俯冲的同时,南部还向南俯冲并形成汇聚大陆边缘。     

塔里木地块西北缘震旦系发现二叠纪基性岩床侵入事件

准确识别侵入岩和火山岩并厘定其形成时代是野外地质调查的一项基础工作,它们对认识区域岩浆事件序列和建立沉积地层年代格架具有重要的作用。塔里木地块西北缘阿克苏地区以出露连续的新元古界和丰富多样的新元古代岩浆岩而成为备受前寒武纪地质研究工作者关注的地区。本文通过遥感影像的识别、野外剖面地质调查和岩石学研究,发现塔里木西北缘阿克苏市西南部的震旦系中发育的基性岩具有典型的岩浆侵入特征,包括局部截切地层、包裹围岩块和内部结晶粗、边缘结晶细等特点。结合锆石U-Pb年代学研究,发现该地区震旦系发育的基性岩浆岩并不全是震旦纪玄武岩,有相当一部分是早二叠世(ca. 290Ma)侵入的辉绿岩岩床,其侵位年龄与塔里木二叠纪大规模溢流玄武岩的喷发时代接近,很可能是塔里木大火成岩省的重要组成部分。这期显著的岩浆热事件可能对该地区前寒武纪岩石重磁化产生重要影响,同时也启示今后开展塔里木北缘震旦纪岩浆作用研究时需要特别引起重视并加以仔细鉴别。     

Tectonomagmatic origin of Precambrian rocks of Mexico and Argentina inferred from multi-dimensional discriminant-function based discrimination diagrams

Several new multi-dimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams employing log-ratio variables of chemical elements and probability based procedure have been developed during the last 10 years for basic-ultrabasic, intermediate and acid igneous rocks. There are numerous studies on extensive evaluations of these newly developed diagrams which have indicated their successful application to know the original tectonic setting of younger and older as well as sea-water and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. In the present study, these diagrams were applied to Precambrian rocks of Mexico (southern and north-eastern) and Argentina. The study indicated the original tectonic setting of Precambrian rocks from the Oaxaca Complex of southern Mexico as follows: (1) dominant rift (within-plate) setting for rocks of 1117–988 Ma age; (2) dominant rift and less-dominant arc setting for rocks of 1157–1130 Ma age; and (3) a combined tectonic setting of collision and rift for Etla Granitoid Pluton (917 Ma age). The diagrams have indicated the original tectonic setting of the Precambrian rocks from the north-eastern Mexico as: (1) a dominant arc tectonic setting for the rocks of 988 Ma age; and (2) an arc and collision setting for the rocks of 1200–1157 Ma age. Similarly, the diagrams have indicated the dominant original tectonic setting for the Precambrian rocks from Argentina as: (1) with-in plate (continental rift-ocean island) and continental rift (CR) setting for the rocks of 800 Ma and 845 Ma age, respectively; and (2) an arc setting for the rocks of 1174–1169 Ma and of 1212–1188 Ma age. The inferred tectonic setting for these Precambrian rocks are, in general, in accordance to the tectonic setting reported in the literature, though there are some inconsistence inference of tectonic settings by some of the diagrams. The present study confirms the importance of these newly developed discriminant-function based diagrams in inferring the original tectonic setting of Precambrian rocks.     

论地穹区“三位一体”金的构造成矿及其有序性

本文以笔者所提出的构造矿源层(前寒武系变质岩区)+燕山期岩体(岩浆岩或火山岩)+断裂交汇部位(构造扩容空间)的金银-多金属构造成矿的模式(或谓“三位一体”构造成矿模式),对中国主要金矿的构造成矿、成矿控矿系列(构造成矿区、构造成矿带、构造成矿田、矿床和矿体的成矿定位)作了进一步的论述。指出了具有前寒武系变质岩的地穹区及其边缘断裂带为金的构造成矿富集区,并指出了金矿构造成矿的有序性规律及找矿远景区。     

祁漫塔格地区十字沟蛇绿岩地质特征

十字沟蛇绿岩产出于东昆仑西段祁漫塔格结合带东部,主要由蛇纹岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、基性火山岩及硅质岩等组成。其中,从超基性岩—基性岩—基性火山岩,具稀土总量逐渐增加,轻稀土弱亏损型特征,基性火山岩为洋脊玄武岩,总体岩石化学成分与大洋中脊低钾拉斑玄武岩相当,三者的配分型式基本一致,说明其继承了源区地幔的特征,微量元素显示基性火山岩具弧后盆地玄武岩特点。Nεd(t)比值表明玄武岩来自亏损地幔源区,总体地球化学特征显示以N-M ORB型为主,兼具有E-M ORB型的特征,形成于与俯冲作用有关的弧后盆地环境,形成时代为晚奥陶世。后期至少经历了3期以上构造变形变质作用的叠加改造,于早志留世运移至地表。     

Geochemical Features and Tectonic Setting of Greenstones from Kunimiyama, Northern Chichibu Belt, Central Shikoku, Japan

Abstract. We report whole‐rock chemical data for the greenstones from the Kunimiyama area in the Northern Chichibu Belt and their implications on the tectonic setting of these rocks. The Kunimiyama greenstones are associated with stratiform fer‐romanganese deposits or bedded cherts in the northern part of the study area, but are closely associated with a thick limestone block or bedded cherts in the southern part. The constituent minerals of greenstones are albitized plagioclase, clinopy‐roxene, chlorite, calcite, epidote, pumpellyite, prehnite, quartz, celadonite, sericite and opaque minerals such as iron oxyhy‐droxide and hematite. These mineral assemblages, epidote + pumpellyite + chlorite and chlorite + pumpellyite + prehnite, suggest that the metamorphic grade of greenstones from the Kunimiyama area is prehnite‐pumpellyite facies. The whole‐rock chemical compositions of greenstones associated with ferromanganese deposits are generally similar to those of normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB). In contrast, the chemical compositions of the greenstones associated with the limestone block are comparable to those of ocean island alkaline basalt. Greenstones associated with bedded cherts are of enriched MORB and ocean island basalt, as well as N‐MORB origins, suggesting they probably formed as a result of plume‐related MOR volcanism in the Panthalassa Ocean in Early Permian and by tectonic mixing of ocean island basalts with oceanic ridge crustal fragments during accretion/subduction processes. These geological and geochemical lines of evidence suggest that the Kunimiyama greenstones are allochthonous blocks of accreted oceanic crust and seamounts. The ferromanganese deposits are frequently accompanied by reddish greenstones. Compared to common greenish greenstones, the reddish greenstones are characterized by high MnO and rare earth element contents and distinct negative Ce anomalies, implying a slight contribution of hydro thermal component forming the ferromanganese deposits.     

The Permian mafic intrusive events in the northwestern margin of the Tarim Basin and their tectonic significanceSCIEI北大核心CSCD

塔里木大火成岩省是我国境内发现的两个重要的二叠纪大火成省之一,不仅有大规模的溢流相玄武岩喷发,还有复杂多样的侵入岩及其组合。以往的研究主要集中在二叠系等显生宙地层发育区,对于前寒武系等古老层系中是否存在二叠纪岩浆侵入未引起重视。本文通过野外地质调查,在阿克苏地区前寒武系中识别出数条侵入南华系的基性岩墙和较大规模侵入震旦系的基性岩床。岩墙、岩床与围岩之间均显示出典型的侵入接触关系,包括岩体内部结晶粗、边部结晶细的淬冷边结构、岩床顶底面显著的切层现象以及包裹围岩团块等;显微镜下观察表明,辉绿岩具有典型的辉绿结构和嵌晶含长结构。锆石U-Pb年代学结果表明,侵入下震旦统的辉绿岩岩床和侵入南华系的辉绿岩岩墙的侵位时代在误差范围内基本一致,约为290Ma。岩石地球化学特征表明,辉绿岩岩床具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的稀土及微量元素配分模式,结合Sr-Nb-Pb同位素测试结果,认为它们来源于碳酸盐化的富集型岩石圈地幔部分熔融,而辉绿岩岩墙具有Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等负异常的地球化学特征,可能来自曾被俯冲相关流体/熔体交代的岩石圈地幔源区。本文的早二叠世辉绿岩岩床和岩墙的形成时代、岩浆源区和岩浆演化...     

金平地区二叠纪玄武岩与铜镍矿成因关系初探

金平地区玄武岩分布于扬子克拉通西南缘哀牢山深大断裂南西侧.文章通过对金平地区分布的二叠纪玄武岩、(超)镁铁质侵入岩及其共生铜镍矿矿石的岩石化学特征、微量元素及稀土元素特征等方面的研究,初步认为,金平地区玄武岩兼具洋中脊及大陆裂谷碱性-拉斑玄武岩特征,而镁铁质侵入岩兼具岛弧带和造山带的特征,并认为白马寨铜镍矿的(超)镁铁质侵入岩体及共生的矿床与玄武岩存在成因上的关系.     

桐柏北部黄岗侵入杂岩岛弧构造环境的厘定

出露于北秦岭桐柏北部的黄岗侵入杂岩形成于早古生代 ,有超基性、基性和中酸性岩石产出 ,以中酸性岩石为主。主量元素和微量元素地球化学特征显示 ,黄岗侵入杂岩是同源岩浆分异结晶的产物 ,同位素示踪反映岩浆中含有一定比例的陆壳物质。分析表明 ,黄岗侵入杂岩形成于类似大洋板块俯冲的岛弧构造环境 ,与二郎坪弧后盆地向北的俯冲消减有密切联系 ,其中的陆壳物质来自俯冲板上陆壳沉积物的再循环。     

冲绳海槽火山岩岩石系列的厘定及构造环境意义

冲绳海槽是一个处于弧后扩张作用早期的年轻的弧后盆地,是研究弧后扩张作用早期盆地演化和壳幔过程的天然实验室.随着调查研究工作的逐步展开和深入,也发现了一些新的、重要的、亟待解决的科学问题,而火山岩岩石系列归属的厘定又是其他研究工作的基础.在系统收集和整理迄今已有冲绳海槽火山岩资料的基础上,结合近期分析测试数据, 对冲绳海槽火山岩的岩石系列归属进行了重新厘定,探讨了火山岩的构造环境指示意义和浮岩与玄武岩之间的成因联系.研究结果表明:冲绳海槽火山岩分布具有以基性玄武岩和酸性(流纹)英安岩为主的双峰式特征,中性火山岩稀少,基性的玄武岩属于亚碱性系列的橄榄拉斑玄武岩,酸性浮岩可归属为亚碱性岩系的流纹英安岩或流纹岩;在构造环境判别上,冲绳海槽玄武岩表现出大洋中脊和岛弧构造环境的特点,既有别于大洋中脊扩张中心,也有别于成熟型弧后盆地,呈现出弧后早期扩张阶段盆地独特的构造环境特征;广泛分布于冲绳海槽的酸性浮岩表现出一定的岛弧环境的特点;酸性浮岩与玄武岩具有同源性,酸性岩是基性的玄武质岩浆经不同程度结晶分异和同化混染作用的产物.      

Evidence for Archean ocean crust with low high field strength element signature from diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths

Late Archean (2.57 Ga) diamond-bearing eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya, Siberia, exhibit geochemical characteristics including variation in oxygen isotope values, and correlations of δ¹⁸O with major elements and radiogenic isotopes which can be explained by an origin as subducted oceanic crust. Trace element analyses of constituent garnet and clinopyroxene by Laser-ICPMS are used to reconstruct whole-rock trace element compositions, which indicate that the eclogites have very low high field strength element (HFSE) concentrations and Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios most similar to modern island arcs or ultradepleted mantle. Although hydrothermal alteration on the Archean sea floor had enough geochemical effect to allow the recognition of its effects in the eclogites and thus diagnose them as former oceanic crust, it was not severe enough to erase many other geochemical features of the original igneous rocks, particularly the relatively immobile HFSEs. Correlations of the trace element patterns with oxygen isotopes show that some, generally Mg-richer, eclogites originated as lavas, whereas others have lower δ¹⁸O and higher Sr and Eu contents indicating an origin as plagioclase-bearing intrusive rocks formed in magma chambers within the ocean crust. Major and trace element correlations demonstrate that the eclogites are residues after partial melting during the subduction process, and that their present compositions were enriched in MgO by this process. The original lava compositions were picritic, but not komatiitic, whereas the intrusives had lower, basaltic MgO contents. The HFSE signature of the eclogites may indicate that ocean floor basalts of the time were relatively close to island arcs and recycled material, which would be consistent with a larger number of smaller oceanic plates. Their composition appears to indicate that komatiitic ocean crust compositions were restricted to the early Archean which is not known to be represented among the eclogite xenolith population.     

辽宁西丰一带侵入岩形成环境和成因探讨

西丰一带侵入岩即以前所说的西丰大岩体,是布列亚-张广才岭巨型花岗岩带组成部分.该巨型花岗岩带记录了造山带从古亚洲洋板块开始俯冲、洋盆闭合到增生造山演化过程的基本信息.现在已经将规模宏大的西丰大岩体进行了详细解体,重新归并成4个侵入期次,划分为11个侵入序次,统称辽宁省西丰一带侵入岩.在详细解体、重新归并和划分的基础上,进一步探讨了各序次侵入岩形成的温压条件、构造环境、物质来源与成因.早二叠世第一序次、第二序次侵入岩以及中侏罗世第一序次侵入岩为I型花岗岩,晚白垩世第三序次(闪长玢岩)也为I型,主要物质来源是地壳中岩浆岩重熔的成分.其余各序次侵入岩均为S型花岗岩,主要物质来源是地壳中沉积岩重熔的成分.西丰一带,早二叠世第一个序次侵入岩为火山弧型深成岩,早二叠世第二个序次侵入岩为火山弧型与同碰撞型的过渡类型.早二叠世第三序次至中侏罗世第各序次侵入岩和晚白垩世各序次侵入岩为同碰撞型和碰撞后型花岗岩.这些特征与古亚洲洋晚期的消减、闭合和增生造山演化序列基本吻合.     

云南香格里拉县洛吉地区基性杂岩的地球化学特征

云南香格里拉县洛吉地区出露由洛吉组玄武岩和基性岩墙群组成的基性杂岩,其母岩浆起源于亚碱性-碱性系列的拉斑玄武系列,地球化学特征表明该基性杂岩体形成于构造变动的复杂环境,并与不同源区岩浆混合及一定程度的壳幔混染有关,其中的碱性玄武岩与基性岩墙属具有相似性OIB玄武岩,是深部地幔石榴石橄榄岩与尖晶石橄榄石小部分熔融的产物,形成于大陆内或陆缘裂谷转变为盆缘造山带的过渡环境,亚碱性玄武岩属于E-MORB并有向OIB过渡趋势,由源区相对浅的尖晶石橄榄石熔融形成,为洋中脊向大陆过渡环境的蛇绿岩质分子,属甘孜-理塘结合带残余产物。     

The Late Cretaceous Klepa basalts in Macedonia (FYROM)—Constraints on the final stage of Tethys closure in the Balkans

The waning stage(s) of the Tethyan ocean(s) in the Balkans are not well understood. Controversy centres on the origin and life‐span of the Cretaceous Sava Zone, which is allegedly a remnant of the last oceanic domain in the Balkan Peninsula, defining the youngest suture between Eurasia‐ and Adria‐derived plates. In order to investigate to what extent Late‐Cretaceous volcanism within the Sava Zone is consistent with this model we present new age data together with trace‐element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data for the Klepa basaltic lavas from the central Balkan Peninsula. Our new geochemical data show marked differences between the Cretaceous Klepa basalts (Sava Zone) and the rocks of other volcanic sequences from the Jurassic ophiolites of the Balkans. The Klepa basalts mostly have Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic and trace‐element signatures that resemble enriched within‐plate basalts substantially different from Jurassic ophiolite basalts with MORB, BAB and IAV affinities. Trace‐element modelling of the Klepa rocks indicates 2%–20% polybaric melting of a relatively homogeneously metasomatised mantle source that ranges in composition from garnet lherzolite to ilmenite+apatite bearing spinel–amphibole lherzolite. Thus, the residual mineralogy is characteristic of a continental rather than oceanic lithospheric mantle source, suggesting an intracontinental within‐plate origin for the Klepa basalts. Two alternative geodynamic models are internally consistent with our new findings: (1) if the Sava Zone represents remnants of the youngest Neotethyan Ocean, magmatism along this zone would be situated within the forearc region and triggered by ridge subduction; (2) if the Sava Zone delimits a diffuse tectonic boundary between Adria and Europe which had already collided in the Late Jurassic, the Klepa basalts together with a number of other magmatic centres represent volcanism related to transtensional tectonics.     

Application of 50 multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams and significance tests: deciphering compositional similarities and differences between Hawaiian and Icelandic volcanism

As an innovative approach, I use multi-dimensional diagrams presented by our group during 2004–2013 and respective probability estimates for the newer diagrams to evaluate similarities and differences between the same magma types (subalkaline basalt, basic magma other than subalkaline basalt, and intermediate magma) from the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland. The known ocean island setting of the Hawaiian Islands was reproduced from these 50 multi-dimensional diagrams for basic, intermediate, and acid magmas. The possible influence of the mid-ocean ridge system on Icelandic magmas was also confirmed from the diagrams for basic rocks. Evaluating magma compositional similarities and differences between the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland was complemented by the application of significance tests. Statistical inferences for the chemical elements and, more importantly, their log-ratios, successfully explained the similarities and differences in the tectonic settings for these two regions.