农牧交错带农田景观格局对土地生态环境安全的影响——以呼和浩特市为例

在GIS支持下,利用卫星遥感影像提供的信息和非遥感信息想结合的方法,获得研究区农田景观空间分布格局和生态环境现状数据资料。从区域农田生态系统特点和地区土地生态安全角度出发,通过对市域农田景观空间格局特征及其对土地生态环境安全影响的分析,显示出农田景观格局的空间差异性与破碎度高是农牧交错地区土地生态环境安全的重要影响因素。调整土地利用结构、加强地区土地整理与生态农业建设投入,是保证区域土地生态环境安全,促进区域社会经济可持续发展的主要途径。     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地的景观格局空间演变分析

利用GIS技术、RS影像和Fragstats3.3等景观统计软件,从景观面积变化、景观斑块特征和景观整体水平格局等方面,对比研究了黄河三角洲2000年和2009年湿地不同时空尺度的景观格局变化。结果表明:10 a间黄河三角洲滨海湿地海岸线和陆地面积整体呈增长趋势,天然湿地面积急剧减少,平均分维数大部分降低,湿地景观破碎度降低,多样性和均匀性指数增加,蔓延度指数增加。湿地景观格局指数的变化反映了旱田及水田的大面积种植,盐田养殖业的大力发展以及石油开采等人为活动对景观格局的深刻影响,人类活动已经成为黄河三角洲滨海湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因子。     

尚义县景观生态分类和生态建设方略

依据尚义县地貌、气候、土壤与植被等自然要素与土地利用等人文要素相互作用和变化表现出的整体分异,选取地貌与土地利用类型为主导标志,划分出了不同的景观生态类型。将全县的景观生态分类系统分为两个级别,第一级分为8类,分别为:Ⅰ河、湖滩地牧农景观、Ⅱ低缓丘陵农牧林景观、Ⅲ高原平地牧农林景观、Ⅳ坝缘山地牧林农景观、Ⅴ河川沟谷农牧林景观、Ⅵ石质低山牧林农景观、Ⅶ黄土台地牧农景观、Ⅷ浅切割中山林牧农景观;第二级对应分为23个亚类。针对各景观生态类的自然条件与生态环境问题,以景观生态学和景观规划的理论与方法为指导,为退化生态环境的恢复与重建寻求切实可行的生态工程途径,并对各景观生态类提出了相应的生态建设方略。     

生态脆弱区的生态重建与景观规划

通过对生态脆弱区生态建设目标和内涵的分析,提出生态建设尺度性的概念,从理论上总结了景观生态建设的目标、内容和设计指导原则。并以沙地田、草、林体系,三北农田防护林网络体系,黄土高原农、草、林立体镶嵌模式为例,论述了这类景观尺度上的生态建设乃是以景观单元空间结构的调整和重新构建为基本手段,通过增加景观异质性的办法创建新的景观格局;在原有的生态平衡中引进新的负反馈环,实行多种经营、综合发展以增加系统的稳定性,取得了超过自然生态系统的生产力,并且保持了生态环境的可持续性。这是一种具有中国特色的农村景观规划思路,可与20世纪90年代以来国际上流行的持续农业发展研究相接轨。     

城市传统文化旅游地景观格局与景观审美耦合研究——以南京夫子庙秦淮风光带为例

以景观美和生态美的关系研究为基点,选取南京夫子庙秦淮风光带作为城市传统文化旅游地的典型个案,采用景观格局指数和平衡不完全区组比较评判法,实证分析景观格局与景观审美的耦合特征及规律。结果表明：1）案例地整体景观破碎度较高,但不同景观组分受到人为干扰的程度不同,景观斑块的多样性和异质性较为适中,但斑块面积、空间分布及空间集聚度存在结构性差异;2）本地居民对夫子庙秦淮风光带的景观审美感知较好,但更偏好“十里秦淮”优美的自然风光及蕴含丰厚城市记忆要素的历史建筑和文化景观;3）总体上,景观格局与景观审美存在耦合互补与和谐共生的关系。夫子庙秦淮风光带历史文化积淀深厚,但在城市化快速发展的时代背景下,文化特色不断缺失,“去地方化”进程不断加快,作为城市传统文化旅游地的典型代表,其担负的城市记忆和文化传承功能,应该引起学界和社会各界的广泛关注。     

论景观生态保护区

提出景观生态保护区的概念，阐述了同生态保护区不同于纯自然保护区的性质和特点，根据功能分其为４种类型：阻生、连通性、资源性和缓冲性保护区。讨论了天然来源的景观生态保护区和人工建设的景观生态保护区不同特点和演化趋势，以平潭岛为例提出应把景观生态保护区规划纳入国土规划中进行建设。     

基于景观生态学的城市化背景下洪灾风险评估

以秦淮河流域为例,构建HEC-HMS模型,采用统计学分析方法,在两期历史景观分布情况下,研究洪水特征值（洪量、洪峰）与不同景观的景观格局指数间的响应关系,提出并构建基于景观格局的洪水生态风险（洪水—景观生态风险）指数,结合空间分析方法,进行全流域风险的时空变化分析和特征子流域间的对比分析。结果表明：不同类型景观的景观格局与洪水特征值间均具有一定程度的响应关系,景观类型不同,其响应指标与程度不同;2003—2017年,研究区风险程度有所增加,空间差异明显;景观格局对区域洪水影响显著,避免景观的大面积聚集发展,增加各类景观周边的景观丰富度,提高景观间的接触面积,有助于减弱城市化进程中建设用地景观面积增加带来的洪水危害,发挥景观的生态正效应。     

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ITS STATUS QUO AND TREND IN CHINA

I.IntroduchonTl1eacademic,scientificandpolicymaldngcommunitieshavefocusedconsiderableattentionontheconcePtofsustainabledeve1opmentSustainabledevelopmwtisdefinedas'developlnentthatllleetstheneedsofthepresatfwithoLifcon1prol1hsingti1eabilityoffLifuregenerationstomeetthoseofthefLlture'[26]Alnonghun1anneeds,themostessentialforthepresoforthefuturearefoodandfibre,theproduCtsofagnculture.Atthesan1etime,agriculturehascausedwidespreadenvironlllentalchange,whichhasafeedbacktoitssustainability.Itisnot…     

三峡库区腹地山区农业景观格局动态变化与转型

山区农业景观格局动态分析有利于厘清农业景观发展的动态轨迹与方向,对农地用途的合理规划和管理有重要意义。本文提出了山区农业景观格局转型理论框架,并在三峡库区草堂溪流域进行了实证研究,从整体—微观的角度解析2000—2018年期间,以坡耕地、撂荒地和果园为代表的农业景观格局转型特征。研究发现：① 果园沿河谷的扩张和撂荒地在较高海拔处的扩张明显压缩了坡耕地的空间,这导致区域景观多样性的整体增强,而在局部地形上的差异明显,斑块破碎但聚集度增强;② 研究区农户耕种范围内的农业景观格局转型主要表现为耕—果转换型、综合型、部分撂荒型和撂荒型4种模式,各模式揭示了山区农业景观格局的不同发展阶段;③ 在以社会经济因素为主的驱动下,三峡库区山区的农业景观格局转型具有双向性,表现为以传统均衡分布的纯粮种植景观向河谷生态经济双赢的经果林景观和较高海拔的撂荒地转变。研究结果揭示了近年来中国山区农业景观格局演变的独特性,对库区山区农村土地利用和农业生态系统的深入认识以及库区乡村发展和生态环境的改善均有启示意义。     

重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素

耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响.     

北京西部山地景观生态整治与景观规划--以北京房山区史家营乡的典型研究为例

北京市西部山区是因矿区开发使山地景观生态环境破坏的重点地区,在北京市生态环境整治与建设中具有十分重要的典型意义。不合理的煤炭资源开采导致了矿点密度大,采空塌陷区分布广,水资源急剧减少,水质污染严重,植被大规模遭破坏,水土流失严重,泥石流等灾害加重以及煤尘污染问题突出等一系列环境问题,呈现出山地生态系统遭受严重破坏的景观生态特征。本文以史家营为例,在典型调查的基础上,规划了景观生态环境恢复与重建区、种植养殖和观光生态农业示范区、果粮养殖生态农业区、林草放牧生态畜牧业示范区、生态旅游区的五个景观规划区域,探讨了生态型矿业、中低山特色生态农业和生态旅游发展的产业发展模式,并初步提出了景观生态整治的措施。     

陕北黄土高原景观动态的植被覆盖季节响应

半干旱地区生态环境状态与景观动态变化息息相关,为深入探讨景观动态的生态响应,本研究选择陕北黄土高原为研究区,分别就景观动态的3种类型 (景观类型间变化、类型内组分变化及未变化) 与植被覆盖状态进行分析。其中植被覆盖状态主要通过植被覆盖值高低及年内植被恢复期、维持期与转折点等曲线特征体现。结果发现研究区景观类型的动态变化并不显著,而各动态类型与植被覆盖的相关程度各不相同,植被覆盖不仅和景观类型有关,亦与景观动态类型有关,而在植被覆盖对景观动态的响应上,则体现出由于景观动态类型的差异,造成同一景观类型的植被覆盖季节响应模式和强度完全不同。     

The mulberry dike-carp pond resource system of the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Delta,People's Republic of China: I. Environmental context and system overview

Although not well understood scientifically, integrated and diversified aquaculture-agriculture systems have a history of some two millennia in parts of South and Southeast Asia. With the extremely limited farm area and scanty resources available to the typical small-scale farmer of these regions, integrated agro-ecosystems, based on generations of empirical knowledge, provide a balanced diet and often a small marketable surplus for poor rural households, while continuously recycling nutrients and energy through the system, producing little waste, and maintaining a local ecological balance. Despite the few scientific data available on such systems, they are being widely advocated for use in developing countries with no prior experience of integrated farming.This paper (paper I) describes the environmental context and provides an overview of the mulberry dike-polycultural carp pond resource system of Leliu Commune, in the Zhujiang Delta of the People's Republic of China, where complex and highly productive integrated farming systems are operated on a geographical and economic scale unmatched elsewhere. Subsequent papers will focus on the human ecology of the dike-pond system, the ecological basis for system integration, and the results and implications of experiments and trials for increasing the productivity of and the economic rate of return from the system.     

基于景观功能的生态风险评价关键科学问题探析

以人类福祉为导向的自然资源利用方式决定着景观及其功能的变化方向,进而加剧或缓解生态风险。科学量化景观功能及其与人类福祉之间的因果关系、异质过程和驱动机制,将为实现区域发展和生态保护双赢提供科学依据,也是当前制约相关研究从理论走向管理实践的难点。本文在查阅景观功能与生态风险相关文献的基础上,辨析景观变化、景观功能、人类福祉、生态风险间的反馈机制,构建基于景观功能的生态风险评价框架,梳理关键科学问题与研究难点。人类对景观功能的偏好和权衡是区域生态风险形成的重要原因,但对其时空权衡关系认识不足,景观功能的类型识别与综合评价缺乏系统规范方法。景观功能、人类福祉、生态风险三者之间的耦合关系是生态风险评价的重要科学问题。探索综合集成自然、人文两个过程的生态风险管理与方法体系,是未来研究的必然趋势。将景观结构、功能、过程等耦合到生态风险评价,并注重与人类福祉、多功能权衡决策和风险管控政策设计的结合,是亟待研究的重要方向。     

城市湿地公园景观健康空间差异研究——以杭州西溪湿地公园为例

景观健康研究是生态系统健康的新研究方向,两者区别在于研究尺度的选择。景观健康的标准体现在景观能否可持续发展。作为城市湿地的西溪湿地公园,其可持续性表现在社会经济和生态保护的和谐发展。因此,本文从社会经济和生态保护两方面建立景观健康评价模型,运用GIS 技术使其空间化,揭示景观健康的空间差异性。结果显示：(1) 西溪湿地公园社会经济可持续性和生态可持续性的空间分异明显,社会经济可持续性较好区域主要分布在公园边界区域,占整个公园面积的2.18%,而生态保护可持续性较好的区域主要分布在公园内部,约占39.50%;(2) 公园景观健康较好的区域分布在公园内部区域,占公园面积的25.06%;较差的区域分布在公园周边区域,以公园南边界附近分布面积较大;(3) 景观健康状态与景观要素的功能特征及其空间分布格局息息相关。     

西北高寒民族地区生态环境问题及农牧业发展——以甘南藏族自治州为例

甘南藏族自治州是江河上游重要水源涵养区和生态屏障。草场"三化"严重,森林遭到破坏,水资源日益紧张,生物多样性锐减,水土流失加剧。其原因主要是脆弱的自然环境基础上,人类对自然资源不合理利用的结果。生态恶化严重制约着农牧业的发展。生态建设和农牧业发展,必须贯彻可持续发展战略,树立生态经济思想,追求生态效益和经济效益有机结合,探索符合高寒生态规律的资源利用方式和地域农牧业体系。最后,从治理草场"三化"、建设牲畜集中育肥基地、建立有效的生态建设机制、依靠科技、调整农牧业地域结构、发展特色农牧业和推动产业化与城镇化进程等6个方面,提出了对策建议。     

A case study on Landscape Component Niche based on Landscape Pattern Indices: Yanchi,Ningxia Province,China

Yanchi County is located in the agro-pastoral ecotone and belongs to the ecologically fragile area of Northwest China.It is important to study the evolution of landscape pattern to curb its environmental degradation.In order to intuitively show how the landscape pattern of the study area changes over time,Landsat Thematic Mappers(TM)and Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)data of 1991,2000,2010 and 2017 were used.This paper attempts to apply niche theories and methods into landscape ecology,and constructs a niche model of landscape components by using"n-dimentional hypervolume niche theory"and landscape pattern indices.By evaluating the spatial and temporal evolution of niche from the perspective of two-dimensional space to reflect the changes of landscape pattern in the study area over the past 26 years,new theories and methods were introduced for the characterization of landscape pattern.The results indicate that:1)The larger the attribute and dominance value of landscape components,the higher the ecological niche and the stronger the control effect on the overall landscape.2)The ecological niche of each landscape component was significantly different,just as its control effect on the overall landscape.3)The dynamic change of the ecological niche of each landscape component was different,with grassland,unused land and arable land always in a high dominant position,although the ecological niche of construction land and water area was always low.In general,the introduction of niche theory into the landscape ecology provided a new method to study the changes in regional landscape pattern.     

Where's the Fire? Co-Constructing Bushfire in the Everyday Landscape

This research studied factors that residents of a fire-prone Victorian community used when deciding whether to leave their homes on a day officially declared “Catastrophic,” the highest Fire Danger Rating. Taking a social constructivist perspective, we explore how the expert view of bushfire risk, represented by Fire Danger Ratings, is interpreted within the context of local understandings of the landscape and social memory of bushfire. Residents perceive a disconnection between the Fire Danger Rating and local reality. Their social construction of bushfire is related to social and ecological memory, which comprises physical experience of the landscape and local fire knowledge narratives. The exclusion of this social complexity from Fire Danger Ratings diminished their utility as a way of helping people make meaning of bushfire. We propose that fire management agencies work with communities to develop a co-constructed view of bushfire risk that incorporates local bushfire knowledge into Fire Danger Ratings.     

Ecological risk assessment and ecological security pattern optimization in the middle reaches of the Yellow River based on ERI+MCR model

The middle reaches of the Yellow River represent an important area for the protection and development of the Yellow River Basin. Most of the area of the river basin is within the Loess Plateau, which establishes it as a fragile ecological environment. Firstly, using high-resolution data of land use in the watershed from the past 30 years, landscape ecological risk(LER) sample units are defined and an ecological risk index(ERI) model is constructed. Kriging interpolation is used to display the LE...     

Woodlands and Agrobiodiversity in Irrigation Landscapes Amidst Global Change: Bolivia, 1990–2002

The global shift to small- and medium-scale irrigation is potentially compatible with high-agrobiodiversity production. A case study of the Cochabamba region in central Bolivia between 1990 and 2002 is designed to examine new interactions of irrigation with agrobiodiversity through change and continuity of landscape structures and functions. Irrigation change contributed to increased commercial potato and peach farming. Still persistent interactions of canal woodland habitat (landscape matrix including uncultivated or “wild” agrobiodiversity) with patches of cultivated agrobiodiversity helped ensure nutrient transfer and likelihood of gene flow. Farmers' field-level responses continued to include agrobiodiversity, especially multiple farmer varieties (FVs) of Andean maize. Capacities of social–ecological resilience in the period from 1990 to 2002 are estimated to have been moderate in anthropogenic canal woodlands (> 95 percent continued cover, albeit with reduced connectivity) and cultivated agrobiodiversity (viable with local loss of Andean potato FVs) and moderate-high in wild agrobiodiversity (viable with reduced capacity due to modified weed management). Indigenous “ethnodevelopment” applied to Andean community irrigation contributed positively to social–ecological resilience, albeit with significant limitations. Findings recommend that global change policies build emphasis on the interactions of water resource and agrobiodiversity management.