广东省沿海风随高度变化研究

根据实测资料对我省沿海地区的风随高度变化规律进行了探讨，分析了沿海地区风向、风速变化特点，风速廓线指数律适合于我省沿海地区，根据指数律拟合的我省沿海地区风随高度变化系数小于目前各类规范所规定的系数。     

Wind tunnel experimental investigation of sand velocity in aeolian sand transport

Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity.     

海岸湿沙表面风沙传输特征的风洞实验研究

通过湿沙表面风沙传输的风洞实验,研究了湿润海岸风沙流的垂直结构、输沙率随风速与表层湿度的变化规律。输沙测量使用60 cm高直立式积沙仪,湿度（M）为沙面表层1 mm厚的重量湿度值。结果表明,湿沙表面的输沙量和高度呈指数关系。一般,湿度增大,整体输沙率降低,高湿度床面的沙粒有相对更大的比例被传输到更高的位置。比起低湿度（M＜0.587%）沙粒,高湿度（0.587%＜M＜1.448%）沙粒的垂直运动对湿度变化的影响更加敏感,尤其是在跃移层的底部,当M＞1.448%时,输沙率已经很低,小于0.99 g·cm-1·s-1。伴随湿度0.587%和1.448%的过渡,风沙流垂向分布被分为3个不同坡度的区域,曲线坡度反映了沙粒间不同水分存在形式的影响差异。对于跃移沙粒,高湿度表面（M＞1.448%）仅起到了一个传输平台的作用;当表面变干到某种程度（M=0.587%）之前,表面湿度是跃移运动的主要控制因子,然后风速才重新开始影响输沙。     

Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud

Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: c_z=ae^−bz, where c_z is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase.     

The blown sand flux over a sandy surface: a wind tunnel investigation on the fetch effect

Detailed wind tunnel tests were conducted to examine the fetch effect of a sandy surface on a sand cloud blowing over it. The results suggest that the fetch length of a sandy surface has a significant effect on both the vertical flux profile and total horizontal flux. The sand flux over a sandy surface increases with height in the very near surface layer, but then decays exponentially. In agreement with the widely accepted conclusion, the decay function can be expressed by q=aexp(−h/b), where q is the sand flux at height h. Coefficient a that tends to increase with wind speed implies the influence of wind, while coefficient b that defines the relative decay rate shows the influence of both the fetch and wind. The relative decay rate increases with fetch when the fetch length is short, then becomes constant when the fetch reaches a certain length. The threshold fetch length over which the relative decay rate keeps constant increases with wind speed. The average saltation height generally increases with fetch. Both the relative decay rate and average saltation height show that the fetch effect on the flux profile becomes more significant when the wind speed increases. The total sand transport equation for the total fetch can be expressed by Q=C(1−U_t/U)²U³(ρ/g), where Q is the total sand transport rate, U and U_t are the wind velocity and threshold wind velocity at the centerline height of the wind tunnel, respectively, g is gravitational acceleration, ρ is the density of air, and C is a proportionality coefficient that increases with the fetch length, implying that the total sand flux increases with the fetch length.     

湍流度随高度的变化及其对城市宏观地形的依赖

分别构建广州主建成区垂直比例尺为1﹕2 000、1﹕1 000和1﹕500的3个建筑物模型,利用大型边界层风洞,在西北和东南两风向下,基于中性流模拟分析了复杂城市地形下湍流度随高度的变化及其对宏观地形的依赖。结果表明：风廓线指数α与不同高度的湍流度之间的关系密切,利用现有模型,根据4类粗糙度边界层和不同垂直比例尺,可确定相应的湍流度随高度变化模型的主要系数,预测精度高。城市地形下最大湍流度面发育在0~0.2 h之间狭窄的范围内。用湍流度形态指数β来表征湍流度随高度的变化,无论城市屋脊还是平坦地形,随着风程区的延伸,廓线的指数α升高,湍流度形态指数β降低。表明同一高度湍流度值具有由迎风区、丘顶区向背风区增高,沿风程逐渐增大的规律,对地形部位和风程的依赖性强,与来流翻越简单地形时的特征一致。     

2011年大理州入汛后首场区域性大雨过程分析

分析2011年6月27～28日大理地区人汛来首场强降水天气过程的影响系统、物理量特征以及风廓线雷达资料,结果表明此次区域性强降水过程的主要影响系统是东移的中纬度槽和低层的切变线;区域性强降水开始前,大理上空是不稳定能量的密集区且大气处层结于不稳定状态;从水汽条件看,过程开始前低层湿度虽大,但没有水汽的强辐合;强降水出现时存在剧烈的上升运动释放不稳定能量,且低层正涡度高层负涡度,散度场上低层辐合高层辐散,但低层辐合并不强;信噪比和垂直速度在降水的持续时间和降水强度方面与降水对应关系非常密切,强降水出现时间及持续时间与40dbz高信噪比出现时间一致,垂直速度负值绝对值越大降水越强,厚度越厚持续时间越长;强降水出现时水平风随高度存在多层切变,强降水出现期间水平风矢量达到最高的位置,随着降水的减弱,测量到的水平风矢量高度明显降低。     

两种柔性植株地表风速廓线特征比较的风洞模拟

植株减小风速从而抑制风蚀,风速廓线可以反映植株对风速的影响。在风洞中测量了细长状植株和上大下小形状植株在不同覆盖密度、不同来流风速下的风速廓线,并对这两种植株地表上空气动力学粗糙度、零平面位移高度进行了比较。结果表明:两种植株地表的空气动力学粗糙度均随植株密度按幂函数规律增加,其与植株高度之比也随侧影盖度按幂函数规律增加。在相同覆盖密度或侧影盖度条件下,上大下小形状植株地表的空气动力学粗糙度大于细长状植株。细长状植株地表的零平面位移高度随植株密度的增加先增加而后减小,而上大下小形状植株地表的零平面位移高度则基本不受植株密度的影响。     

The distribution of velocity and energy of saltating sand grains in a wind tunnel

Sand transport by wind is a special case of two-phase flow of gas and solids, with saltating grains accounting for about 75% of the transport rate. This form of flow is not only the main external agent moulding aeolian landforms but also the motive force responsible for transport, sorting and deposition of aeolian sediments. High-speed multiflash photography is an effective method of studying the distribution of velocity and energy of saltating grains within the boundary layer of wind tunnel. The experimental wind shear velocities were set at 0.63, 0.64, 0.74 and 0.81 ms⁻¹. The statistical study of the results showed that there is a power function relation between mean velocity and height of saltating grains. As the height is divided into 0.5-cm intervals, the sand grain velocities at various levels are consistent with the Pearson VII distribution pattern. The variations in kinetic energy and total energy of sand grains with height accord with the pulse peak modified with power term (Pulsepow) law; the maximum values occur at heights of 6 cm or so and tend to shift upward with increasing wind velocity.     

稳态风沙流中沙粒体积浓度的模型分析

本文建立了一个简单有效的稳态风沙流中沙粒体积浓度的数学模型,包括3个部分:稳态风沙流的风速廓线描述、跃移沙粒轨迹的计算、床面沙粒起跳速度分布的描述。利用已知实验的风速廓线作为气流速度场输入参数,跃移沙粒轨迹的计算主要考虑重力和拖曳力,基于体积观点的床面起跳沙粒的水平速度和垂直速度概率密度分布函数分别采用正态分布和指数分布函数来描述。根据稳态风沙流中运动沙粒的动态平衡特征可推导计算沙粒体积浓度。计算的沙粒体积浓度与风洞实验结果基本一致,说明本模型有较好的预测能力。     

青藏铁路错那湖段风沙活动强度特征分析

输沙势和输沙量是反映风沙活动强度的两个重要指标。 利用青藏高原错那湖2009年7月-2010年6月的风速资料,统计并计算起沙风频次和输沙势。分析结果表明,起沙风的月际变化比较明显,10月至翌年4月风向单一,以西风为主,约占全年起沙风的65%以上。从10月到翌年4月输沙势值较高,合成输沙方向以西风为主,方向变率指数在0.9以上,属于高比率。5月到9月输沙势值处于年内低峰,风向比较分散,方向变率指数由5月的0.61降到9月的0.36,属于中比率。年输沙势为491.12 VU,属于高能环境（≥400 VU）。年合成输沙势为445.44 VU,年方向变率为0.91,属于高比率,合成输沙方向为262.54°。对8个方位月输沙量分析显示,月输沙量变化在10.5 kg（7月）～119.7 kg（11月）之间,各月输沙量随输沙势和平均风速的增加而增加,其转化关系可以用近似幂函数和线性函数表达。     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

半干旱区植被风沙动力过程耦合研究：Ⅱ. 模拟

  以我国北方半干旱区典型自然条件为模型输入参数,对生物量和风蚀量的动态变化和空间分布进行了模拟。模拟的主要影响因素有降水量、气温、土壤类型和风况等。模拟结果表明:生物量随着降水量的增加和气温的升高而增大,风蚀量随着大风日数和风速的增加而增大。随着半干旱区降水和气温的季节变化,生物量在初春最低、夏末最高;风蚀量则在春季最大、夏季最小。生物量和风蚀量有明显的相互影响,生物量的增加能够有效降低风蚀量。在不受其他因素影响时,生物量与降水量在空间上的分布呈现出一致性,在考虑气温因素后生物量的重心向气温较高处偏移。小幅度的地形变化对生物总量和风蚀总量的大小影响不大,但明显改变了它们的空间分布格局。     

甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区风蚀气候侵蚀力特征

风蚀气候侵蚀力是潜在风力侵蚀强度的重要表征。基于2013年和2014年风速、降水和空气温度、湿度等气象要素的实地观测数据,对甘肃敦煌雅丹地质公园区的风蚀气候因子指数进行了逐月的计算和分析。结果表明：（1）研究区风蚀气候因子指数为151.98±0.13,是全国的三大极大值区之一;（2）研究区风蚀气候因子指数不同于全国干旱半干旱区基本季节变化特征,夏季最大,春夏季明显高于秋冬季,与新疆和田地区的季节变化特征相似;（3）研究区风蚀气候因子指数具有4—8月持续高值、9月至翌年3月持续低值的月变化特征;（4）风蚀气候因子指数的决定性气象因子是风速,而降水的减弱作用甚微;（5）一般来说,雅丹地貌分布区风蚀气候因子指数≥150。     

风电场对环境的影响研究进展

风能作为清洁和环境友好的可再生能源,可以减少对化石燃料的依赖,因而近年来发展迅速。但风电设施在安装和运行过程中,评价其对环境产生的影响却尚未得到足够的重视。本文综述了风电场施工和运行过程对气候变化及陆地生态系统的可能影响,同时探讨了风电设施所产生的噪声污染及辐射效应,认为未来风电研究的重要方向为：①评价风电场对气候的影响,还需要建立或改进更精细的气候模型;②探讨风电场对动物的影响,需要识别到底哪些环境因子对动物活动起到了决定性的作用,这些因子在不同风电场中是否具有普遍性;③分析风电场对植被的影响,需要综合利用遥感监测及生态学调查方法,才能准确识别不同陆地生态系统植被对风电场的响应机制;④研究风电场对生态系统碳、氮循环的影响,要加强地表实测数据的获取,尤其是连续多年的数据获取,形成长期的观测序列,进行时空尺度的分析;⑤风电场在全球不同区域,对各环境要素的影响并不完全一致,通过对典型区域的研究来反映风电场对环境影响的共性问题,是目前较为可行的方法;⑥在确保风能作为新能源发展重点的同时,还需保护整个陆地生态系统的生产力和生物多样性,在此基础上才能准确评价、处理风电场与可持续发展的关系;⑦在风电场建设前的环评阶段,需要补充完善现有环评导则和标准,充分考虑风能、太阳能等新兴能源对环境长期而复杂的影响;⑧中国作为世界风能利用的第一大国,需要适时建立长期定位观测试验站,以期开展风电场对环境影响的定量化、全过程、时空尺度的细致研究。本文可为人类科学合理的利用风能、处理风电场建设与可持续发展的关系是提供一些思路。     

Height profile of the mean velocity of an aeolian saltating cloud: Wind tunnel measurements by Particle Image Velocimetry

The velocity of saltating particles is an important parameter in studying the aeolian sand movement. We used Particle Image Velocimetry to measure the variation with height of the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud over a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. The results suggest that both the horizontal and vertical particle velocities fit the Gaussian distribution well, and that the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud varies with wind velocity, particle size and the height above bed. The mean horizontal velocity is mainly the result of acceleration by the wind and increases with an increase in friction wind velocity but decreases with an increase in grain size because greater wind velocity causes more acceleration and finer particles are more easily accelerated at a given wind velocity. It also increases with an increase in height by a power function, in agreement with previous results obtained by other methods such as the high-speed multi-flash photographic method and Particle Dynamics Analyzer (PDA), reflecting, first, the increase in wind velocity with height through the boundary layer, and second, the longer trajectory-particle path length increases with height and affords a longer time for acceleration by the wind. An empirical model relating the mean horizontal particle velocity and height, friction wind velocity as well as particle size is developed. The ratio of the mean horizontal particle velocity to the clean wind velocity at the same height increases with height but decreases with grain size. The magnitude of mean vertical velocity is much less (one or two orders less) compared with the mean horizontal velocity. The average movement in the vertical direction of a saltating cloud is upward (the mean vertical velocity is positive). Although the upward velocity of a saltating particle should decrease with height due to gravity the mean vertical (upward) velocity (the average of both ascending and descending particles) generally shows a tendency to increase with height. It seems that at higher elevations the data are more and more dominated by the ‘high-flyers’. The underlying mechanism for the mean vertical velocity distribution patterns needs to be clarified by further study.     

Relationship analysis between September precipitation in western China and 700 hPa wind field in East Asia

The regional wind index influencing September precipitation in western China has been defined using the 700 hPa u and v components of NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data of 1961 to 2006. There are three regional wind field indices: southwest, southeast, and north, and these indices reflect the change of East Asian monsoon. The relationship between the indices was studied, and results show that they not only have a close relationship, but also have independence. Moreover, there is an obvious relationship between the wind indices and the autumn in particular the September precipitation in western China. The effect of wind indices on rain occurrence is most different: the influenced area of the southwest wind index is larger than that of the southeast wind index, and the southwest wind index is a controlling factor on autumn precipitation in western China. The weakening of southwest wind is the main cause resulting in reduction of autumn precipitation on the east side of the Tibetan Plateau.     

风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征比较

为进一步认识风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征的异同,在风洞中分别对风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线进行了测量,风速采集时间间隔缩短至0.01s,分析了风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速、瞬时摩阻风速和瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的变化特征。结果表明：相同来流条件下,风沙流中水平风速脉动强度高于净风场,风沙流中瞬时摩阻风速、瞬时空气动力学粗糙度以及它们的脉动幅度均大于净风场;风沙流和净风场中瞬时摩阻风速概率密度分布均可以表示为正态分布,但其正态分布的特征值却存在一定差别;净风场中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布表现出单调递减分布,而风沙流中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布呈现出单峰分布。因此,在相同主流风速下风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征有明显差别。     

PIV技术及其在风沙边界层研究中的应用

为了考察粒子图像测速度技术在风沙环境风洞中的测量精度及在风沙边界层研究中的应用潜力,通过筛选适当的示踪颗粒,借助PIV测量系统重新测量了风沙环境风洞中的风廓线,并获得了风沙边界层内跃移沙粒的速度和浓度分布规律。实验结果表明：PIV测得的风速廓线与标准风速廓线仪所测结果相当吻合(R2≥0.99);沙粒跃移的平均水平速度和相对浓度（灰度）沿距离沙面高度分别呈幂函数和负指数分布,沙粒速度随高度和自由风速的增加而增大,相对浓度随高度的增加而快速衰减,风速越小衰减越快,风速越大衰减越慢,这一结果与前人的结论一致。PIV系统为将来能够进行更加精确的风沙运动微观机理研究提供了技术保证。     

零平面位移高度的Marquardt算法

对数风速廓线中的零平面位移高度(d)是描述和估计地表粗糙元的空气动力学特征及其对地表风蚀抑制效应的重要参数之一。本文设计了用以计算对数风速廓线中非线性参数d的计算机非线性回归法——Marquardt法,并用砾质床面上风速廓线的风洞模拟实验资料加以验证。结果表明,用Marquardt法计算出的d/h(即d与砾石高度h之比)与砾质地表起伏度(Dv),d与风速(u)之间存都在较好的相关性,从而表明,Marquardt法是计算风速廓线非线性参数d的理想方法。