GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE JOURNEY TO WORK

It is now well established in geographic research that women commute shorter distances to work than men. This paper attempts to explore the common features that have emerged from the last two decades of research in various places within a metropolitan context. Three main sets of factors that may cause women to commute shorter distances are recognized: residence, employment, and transportation—each containing both social and spatial aspects. The analysis is centered around the spatial aspect. Most research on employed women seems to be characterized by distinguishing between the central city and the suburbs and thus the conclusions focus mostly upon this. An international comparison of different places shows that gender differences in commuting almost always are greater in the suburbs, from the point of view of both residential and employment dispersions. Directions for future research are suggested. Comparable methodologies will enable the inclusion of additional cities and will broaden the comparison. The examination of gender differences from the perspective of the dispersion of workplaces in metropolitan space should be further developed and analyzed according to a finer spatial scale than that used in looking at the central city vs. the suburbs. It also is suggested that factors of employment and residence should be analyzed differently so that qualitative methods may generate a greater significance for the factors associated with the domestic context. Finally, the investigation of gender differences in commuting and in the location of both residence and employment could lead to consideration of new conceptual frameworks for possible interaction between land used for both purposes within urban space.     

斯洛文尼亚喀斯特生态环境与农业

通过对斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业的实地考察,首先回顾了该国历史上喀斯特环境的变迁,其次探论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境与农业生产、人口变化以及与城市化、工业化的关系,最后讨论了斯洛文尼亚喀斯特环境治理的经验对我们喀斯特石漠化治理的启示。     

中国华北和西北地区水量短缺对农业的压力及对策

华北平原的耕地占全国的 31.19% ,人口占全国的 2 6 .0 1,但水资源只占全国的 6 .14 % ,水资源的供需矛盾很大。而西北地区的水资源分布不均 ,内陆河流域的引水率过高造成了河水断流、湖泊干涸和土地沙漠化。至 2 0 5 0年 ,全国工业和城镇用水将消耗 5 0 %的供水 ,农业用水将比现在减少 ,但黄河流域和西北农业需水量将比2 0 0 0年增加 73× 10 8m3 ,保障农业用水的难度将比现在更大。要避免中国干旱区农业用水的短缺 ,需采取从中国南部的长江流域调水到华北、提高水资源的利用效率、应用节水灌溉技术、调整种植结构和在城市循环用水、净化工业和生活废水等措施     

TRAVEL TO WORK AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN AN AUSTRALIAN METROPOLITAN AREA

For a number of social and cultural reasons, labor force participation rates of Australian women are low. One reason not previously investigated is the problem of geographic accessibility to employment, especially for suburban women. Results from journey-to-work studies show that females either work locally or in the central-city area, whereas males travel to more dispersed locations. Further investigation of female travel patterns from each of fifty-five suburban local government areas shows that the socioeconomic status of an area, together with its job mix, explains much variety in female work travel and suggests that workforce participation rates depend in part on local job availability. The research contributes to an understanding of the nature of occupational and geographical disaggregation of the Melbourne metropolitan labor market.     

奉献农业 发展学科——对黄秉维院士农业研究工作的认识

简述了黄秉维院士的农业研究工作的光辉历程,分析了黄秉维农业研究工作的特色,强调学习黄秉维的精神.     

持续农业--生态农业及干旱区实践模式探究

论述了生态农业与持续农业（ＳＡＲＤ）提出的背景及其概念,结合干旱区实例介绍,阐述了持续农业与生态农业在中国发展的趋势。     

美国干旱区农业与干旱区农业发展

本文通过对美国干旱区农业发达的原因进行分析,揭示了干旱区农业发展的特色与优势,说明干旱区农业发展前景广阔。     

湖南省农业旱灾灾情评估与分析

旱灾是湖南省经济特别是农业生产可持续发展的重要制约因素.通过数学模型对湖南省14个地州市的农业旱情进行定量评估.结果表明,常德、衡阳等地州市旱灾度高,旱情严重;长株潭地区旱灾度低,旱情较轻.并运用灰色系统理论对影响湖南农业干旱的11个因素进行了灰色关联分析.结论是:水田比例的关联度最高,人口密度的关联度次之;单位面积水库塘坝容积关联度最低,抗旱浇地能力次之.因此,控制人口增长缓和人地关系,提高水利化程度,树立长期抗旱的思想,有效地组织抗旱,是减轻湖南农业干旱的重要途径.     

我国土壤地球化学及其在农业生产中的意义

我国土壤地球化学特征受生物,气候,母质,地形及人为作用等因素影响,形成了我国独特的土壤地球化学类型和分布格局。不同地球类型,均有各自的元素丰度。土凶素与植物生长和人体健康的关系取决于土壤中元素的有效部分。     

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE AND AGROCHEMICALS IN ALMOLONGA,GUATEMALA*

ABSTRACT. Large amounts of synthetic pesticides are used in Guatemala to increase the production of nontraditional crops. Almolonga, a township in the western highlands, produces vegetables for markets in Mexico and Central America. Almolongueños make intensive use of limited cultivable land and abundant water resources, as well as sizable amounts of synthetic pesticides. Among Almolongueños, congenital malformations, cancer, anemia, and respiratory infections await substantiated links to exposure to pesticides. The prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases and nutritional deficiencies—the dominant health concerns—may be heightened by excessive use of pesticides. Public-health initiatives involve the rational use of pesticides or their elimination.     

广东的洪涝及其对农业的危害与防御对策

对广东省的洪涝灾害进行了分类，主要从气候的角度揭示洪涝的成因，及其对农业生产的危害。广东的洪涝按水分过多的程度，可分为洪水、涝害和湿害；按季节划发，洪涝分成春季洪涝、春夏洪涝、夏秋洪涝和连阴雨等几种类型。洪涝与湿害的气候指标常用年或某的降雨异常来描述。洪涝和湿害的农业气象指标用水分平均旱涝指标来表示。洪涝灾害的形成与季风活动密切有关。地形对洪涝影响明显，洪涝对农业的危害主要有物理性破坏、生理性损伤、生态性危害。防御洪涝的对策主要有加强防灾减灾的组织管理，改善生态环境，提高天气预报准确率等措施。     

结合农业科技园建设观光农园的探讨——以潮州鹤陇山农业科技园与观光农园的规划设计为例

广东省经济和旅游业发展位于全国榜首，人多地少全国最为突出，但乡村旅游建设相对滞后，文中通过潮州市郊鹤陇山农业科技园与观光农园规划设计，论述了发展高新技术农业是新世纪广东农业必由之路，提出结合农业科技园建设，叠加农业观光园，把生态农业建设与旅游文化结合起来，是广东乡村旅游发展的主要途径。     

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ITS STATUS QUO AND TREND IN CHINA

I.IntroduchonTl1eacademic,scientificandpolicymaldngcommunitieshavefocusedconsiderableattentionontheconcePtofsustainabledeve1opmentSustainabledevelopmwtisdefinedas'developlnentthatllleetstheneedsofthepresatfwithoLifcon1prol1hsingti1eabilityoffLifuregenerationstomeetthoseofthefLlture'[26]Alnonghun1anneeds,themostessentialforthepresoforthefuturearefoodandfibre,theproduCtsofagnculture.Atthesan1etime,agriculturehascausedwidespreadenvironlllentalchange,whichhasafeedbacktoitssustainability.Itisnot…