中国极区高空大气物理学观测研究进展

中国南极长城站、中山站、昆仑站和北极黄河站有着独特的地理位置,非常适合于开展极区高空大气物理学的观测研究.回顾中国极地考察研究近30年历程,综述极区高空大气物理学研究方面取得的主要进展,他们是:在南极中山站和北极黄河站建立了国际先进的极区高空大气物理共轭观测系统,实现了极区空间环境的连续监测;在极区电离层、极光和粒子沉...     

南极中山站固体潮观测分析

中国南极中山站位于南极拉斯曼丘陵地区，１９９１年３月至１９９３年２月，用Ｌａｃｏｓｔｅ ＥＴ型重力仪，在这个地区进行了为斯的两年的观测，取得了６００多天有效资料，经调和分析和流变模型，海潮负荷必正后得到：δｏｌ＝１．２２５３±０．００３１，Δψｏｌ＝０．７３°±０．１４°；δｍ２＝１．０７８５±０．００４５，Δψｍ２＝－３．５５°±０．２９°从资料分析的精度来看，观测资料是比较好的；但由于海潮负荷     

基于DPS和GPS的南极中山站电离层TEC比较研究

基于南极中山站数字式电离层测高仪DPS-4D和GPS-TEC电离层闪烁监测仪的观测数据,比较研究了两者在2013年所得电离层总电子含量(TEC)随太阳辐射和地磁活动的日变化和季节变化特征。比较结果表明,南极中山站上空电离层TEC存在明显的极区电离层变化特性,这种变化特性大体与太阳辐射成正相关关系,而与地磁活动成负相关。尽管电离层TEC变化具有明显的晨昏不对称性,但都能有效地被DPS-4D和GPS TEC监测仪的数据计算获得,且两者相关系数达到0.86。结合中山站所处的极区电离层位置,考虑太阳辐射电离和地磁活动影响下的极区电离层对流以及中性大气成分改变,初步分析了DPS和GPS所得TEC结果有所差异的原因。     

低能电子沉降对南极中山站电离层的影响

本文针对中山站白天处于极尖区的特点,研究了低能电子沉降对中山站电离层的影响。采用高纬软粒子区的电子谱,计算了中山站低能电子引起的电离率,估算了该电离率导致的电离层电子密度的增加。计算结果表明,低能粒子不仅对Ｆ区电子密度有较大的影响,而且还是白天峰值高度升高的可能原因之一。     

极区顶部电离层离子上行-DMSP卫星观测

本文利用DMSP卫星离子漂移速度测量数据,对高纬顶部电离层离子整体上行进行研究,主要考察平静时和磁暴期间离子上行强度与发生率随MLT(晨昏两侧)分布规律的变化;以及磁暴期间强的离子上行与等离子体对流及其剪切之间的关系。研究发现,磁暴期间强上行事件的发生率比平静期高近2倍,发生率的晨昏不对称性出现逆转,由平静时昏侧发生率较大变为磁暴期间晨侧发生率较大;磁暴期间晨侧离子上行速度的分布向速度高端加权,平均速度大于昏侧,最大上行速度远大于昏侧;强的离子上行往往与强对流剪切或强对流本身相伴随。     

极区电离层与磁层-电离层耦合

本文利用欧洲空间局设在北极区的非相干散射雷达系统EISCAT的观测资料讨论磁层-电离层耦合。磁静日和磁暴期间的观测样本比较表明,磁层基本过程对极区电离层有重要影响。这不仅说明极区电离层可看作这些过程的“全景屏幕”,也表明在南、北极区(特别是磁共轭点)进行同时观测的重要意义。文中还对进一步的南极研究课题提出了一些建议。     

南极中山站重力基点联测

１９９１年１２月乘“极地号”科学考察船使用ＬａｃｏｓｔｅＧ型重力仪从澳大利亚塔斯马尼亚大学一国际重力点［ＩＧＳＮ７１］联测至中山站,两点间重力差达２１５４ｍｇａｌ,测得中山站重力基础点值为９８２５７１．３４８±０．１５ｍｇａｌ。     

极区ELDI随太阳活动的变化特征—— EISCAT/ESR雷达观测

利用1999—2011年EISCAT(EISCAT Tromsø UHF)和ESR(EISCAT Svalbard Radar)雷达的场向电子密度观测数据, 对比分析了两处雷达观测到的极区E层占优电离层ELDI (E-Layer Dominated Ionosphere)事件在太阳活动高、低年的统计特征。地面雷达观测表明, 太阳活动水平对极区ELDI发生率的空间分布影响显著: 在太阳活动高年, ELDI在EISCAT雷达处(极光椭圆区纬度)的发生率高于ESR雷达处(极尖/极隙区纬度); 在低年则恰好相反。夏季似乎不利于ELDI的发生, 且在该季节的变化特征不受太阳活动水平及空间位置变化的影响。两部雷达在太阳活动高年观测到ELDI的季节变化规律分别与低年期间的结果相一致: 在冬季和早春, ELDI的发生率较高, 其他季节发生率较低, 夏季尤其低。在ELDI事件期间, 两处雷达观测到事件的持续时间和电离层E层厚度随太阳活动水平的变化表现出明显差异: 高年事件的持续时间总体上比低年短, 低年观测到ELDI的厚度要小于高年结果; 然而N_mE/N_mF₂比值及H_mE却没有表现出明显依赖。     

南极中山站臭氧洞期间O_3廓线的观测研究

本文主要分析了１９９５年臭氧洞期间在中山站用Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ臭氧仪通过Ｕｍｋｅｈｒ（逆转）方法观测和反演得到大气臭氧垂直高度分布的变化情况，并与Ｏ３洞闭合后及１９９５年１～３月的Ｏ３廓线测量结果进行了对比，同时还与国外测站的资料进行了对比，指出南极臭氧洞期间大气臭氧的减少主要发生在平流层下层（１４～２５ｋｍ），这说明发生在平流层气溶胶冰晶云（ＰＳＣ）表面的非均相催化反应主要发生在１４～２５ｋｍ高度。     

Comparison of temperature extremes between Zhongshan Station and Great Wall Station in Antarctica

Although temperature extremes have led to more and more disasters, there are as yet few studies on the extremes and many disagreements on temperature changes in Antarctica. Based on daily minimum, maximum, and mean air temperatures(Tmin, Tmax, Tmean) at Great Wall Station(GW) and Zhongshan Station(ZS), we compared the temperature extremes and revealed a strong warming trend in Tmin, a slight warming trend in Tmean, cooling in Tmax, a decreasing trend in the daily temperature range, and the typical characteristic of coreless winter temperature. There are different seasonal variabilities, with the least in summer. The continentality index and seasonality show that the marine air mass has more effect on GW than ZS. Following the terminology of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5), we defined nine indices of temperature extremes, based on the Antarctic geographical environment. Extreme-warm days have decreased, while extreme-warm nights have shown a nonsignificant trend. The number of melting days has increased at GW, while little change at ZS. More importantly, we have found inverse variations in temperature patterns between the two stations, which need further investigation into the dynamics of climate change in Antarctica.     

The observations on Polar Stratospheric Clouds at Zhongshan Station，Antarctica

ＴｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＰｏｌａｒＳｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＣｌｏｕｄｓａｔＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａＳｕｎＪｉｎｈｕｉ（孙金辉）；ＸｉａＱｉｌｉｎ（夏其林）；ＱｉｕＪｉｎｈｕａｎ（邱金桓）ａｎｄＬｕＤａｒｅｎ（...     

The auroral occurrence over Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

The auroral data observed by all sky TV camera during 1995 and 1997 at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica are used to analyze the statistic characteristics of the aurora over Zhongshan Station. Around postnoon (1200 - 1600UT ) and midnight (2000 - 0100 UT ), the aurora appears more frequently and stronger than those in evening (1600- 2000UT ). The corona type auroras mainly occur at poleward and overhead of Zhongshan Station during postnoon and around midnight. The hand type auroras mainly appear during postnoon. while during evening and around midnight only appear at equatorward. The active surges mostly appear around midnight,while the transpolar arcs mainly occur after midnight. Except for the transpolar arcs. the occurrences of the other three type auroras are related with Kp index. Usually Zhongshan Station enters the auroral oval at postnoon,the exact time depends on Kp index.     

Preliminary result of imaging riometer at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ（７６°２２′Ｅ,６９°２２′Ｓ）ｏｆＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎａｎｉｄｅａｐｌａｃｅｆｏｒｏｂｓｅｒｖｉｎｇｓｏｌａｒ－ｔｅｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎａ．ＡｔＺｈｏｎｇ...     

Mean ionospheric properties in winter at Zhongshan Station,Antarctica

ＭｅａｎｉｏｎｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｉｎｗｉｎｔｅｒａｔＺｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａTX＠刘顺林＠贺龙松＠刘瑞源ＭｅａｎｉｏｎｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｉｎｗｉｎｔｅｒａｔＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ，Ａｎ...     

The high-latitude ionospheric phenomena observed by DPS-4 at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica

Ionograms, which were obtained from February 1995 to January 1999 by a Digisonde Portable Sounder-4 (DPS-4) at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, have been scaled. The ionograms interpretation has shown various ionosphcric phcnomena occurred in the cusp region. They are particle precipitation effects in the E region. F region magnetic noon phenomena, slant Es phenomena and lacuna. F layer irregularity zone (FLIZ) phenomena, and auroral oval identification. Typical examples of ionograms and ionogram sequences observed at Zhongshan Station are displayed in this paper.     

The characteristics of Pi2 pulsations at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica

In this paper Pi2 pulsations at Zhongshan Station of Antarctica are analyzed from October 1 - 31, 1996. Their characteristics e. g. occurrence frequency,frequency, and polarization are studied. The characteristics of Pi2 pulsations are summerized as follows: (1 ) Pi2 pulsations at Zhongshan Station usually take place from 2000 MLT to 0200 MLT; the main frequencies are between 6. 79 mHz and 13. 58mHZ; (2 ) Pi2 pulsations with low frequencies are dominent. The range of main frequencies becomes narrow at midnight; (3) The Polarization of Pi2 pulsations are almost linear; (4) About the orientation of major axes the NW-SE direction is dominent before 2200 MLT and NE-SW is dominent after 2200 MLT. The generation mechanism of Pi2 pulsations at Zhongshan Station is discussed theoretically.     

Antarctica, Scott Base and its environs

Abstract: The landscape in the vicinity of Scott Base is one of the most singular of landscapes in the already unique environment of the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. A rich history of human endeavour together with a broad range of physical features such as volcanoes, various glacial landforms, polar beaches and the Dry Valleys with their own glaciers, sand dunes and patterned ground must make it one of the most fascinating areas on earth. This paper highlights some of the more notable of these landscape features.