Clutch, egg and body size variation among common eiders breeding in Hudson Bay, Canada

The Hudson Bay common eider ( Somateria molissima sedentaria ) is a unique subspecies of eider that remains within the confines of Hudson Bay throughout the year. We compared clutch, egg and body size variation among populations of common eiders breeding in eastern and western Hudson Bay. Clutch size did not differ substantially among these populations. All eiders in Hudson Bay laid larger clutches than other subspecies in eastern North America. As Hudson Bay common eiders do not undergo extensive migrations, they may have more energy reserves available to them for egg production. Eiders nesting in eastern Hudson Bay laid larger eggs than eiders nesting in western Hudson Bay. Further, eiders in eastern Hudson Bay tended to be structurally larger, but had smaller bill processes. These differences may have a genetic basis. Smaller egg size and body size may arise in western Hudson Bay from mixing with the smaller borealis subspecies nesting to the north. Further work to resolve genetic affinities, determine levels of male and female dispersal, and examine variation in reproductive ecology are needed to resolve the sources of these differences.     

Early Holocene deglaciation of the eastern coast of Hudson Bay

The final stage of deglaciation of Hudson Bay was a major Holocene catastrophic event marked by the drainage of Lake Agassiz/Ojibway at ~ 8.47 ka cal BP and the rapid collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Previous work undertaken in the Nastapoka River area (eastern Hudson Bay) demonstrated that during the relative sea level highstand that shortly followed the drainage of the lake, the western margin of the Québec–Labrador ice sector rapidly retreated eastward to reach a stillstand position in a coastal hill range. In this study, an analysis of Landsat 7TM images has allowed a mapping of large-scale glacial landforms (outwash deposits, eskers, flutings, and De Geer and Rogen moraines) between Kuujjuaraapik (SE Hudson Bay) and Puvirnituq (NE Hudson Bay). The key results from this mapping are: i) ice-contact outwash deposits mapped along the entire arc-shaped coastline of the eastern Hudson Bay outline a major ice stillstand phase in the coastal hills that extended at least from Kuujjuaraapik to Inukjuak. The presence of these hills allowed a stabilisation of the ice margin that led to the accumulation of thick and extensive ice-contact submarine fans. ii) The position of these deposits on the down ice side (west) of large sets of flutings indicates an important phase of sediment delivery by a rapid ice flow phase toward a marine-based ice margin. iii) A second system of outwash deposits observed farther inland indicates a subsequent phase of stabilisation of the ice margin during its retreat toward central Québec–Labrador.     

Oakes Bay 1: A Preliminary Reconstruction of a Labrador Inuit Seal Hunting Economy in the Context of Climate Change

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):245–259, 2010

This paper presents results of recent archaeological research at the site of Oakes Bay 1 (HeCg-08), on Dog Island, Labrador, dated from the late 17th to late 18th century. Analyses of faunal remains provide a means of reconstructing the site's subsistence economy. The site's inhabitants practiced a very consistent mode of hunting throughout this time period, depending heavily on adult ringed seals taken on the fast ice in winter and spring. Juvenile ringed seals, taken at the ice edge in the spring were a secondary resource. A lack of evidence for the hunting of harp seals in the fall and of ringed seal pups in late spring suggests that the site had a relatively short season of occupation. The consistent pattern of hunting through time suggests that the impacts of climatic variability on Inuit subsistence in the Nain region were relatively limited, moderated by their capacity for mobility on the sea ice rather than by whole scale changes in hunting practices and species choice. The Oakes Bay 1 site presents an example of a different subsistence economy than that seen at other recently examined sites in Labrador, suggesting that the impacts of the so-called Little Ice Age were not global or uniform.     

珠江三角洲海岸线旅游价值评估

从海岸线的自然属性、旅游发展要素、区位因素3个维度构建海岸线旅游价值评估模型,以珠江三角洲为案例,定量评估了海岸线旅游价值并分析其空间差异。结果表明：珠三角滨海旅游优势岸线总占比25.50%,旅游价值中等值段岸线占比40.67%,偏低和低值段岸线占比为30.52%和3.31%。整体来看,珠三角岸线旅游价值东部整体高于西部。大陆岸线旅游价值最高的集中在惠州巽寮湾、深圳大亚湾、大鹏湾和深圳湾,旅游价值较低的集中在黄茅海西部,中部珠江入海口沿岸地区岸线旅游价值中等。岛屿岸线旅游价值空间差异较大,价值最高的集中在大亚湾海域的三门岛、喜洲岛、鸡心岛、大辣甲岛和珠江口的内伶仃岛、江门的上下川岛北部;岸线旅游价值较低的集中在珠海的万山群岛和担杆岛等。     

Dynamic Inuit Social Strategies in Changing Environments: A Long-Term Perspective

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):215–225, 2010

This paper presents an overview of the International Polar Year (IPY) research programme Dynamic Inuit Social Strategies in Changing Environments: A Long-Term Perspective. For this project, research teams from six separate multi-year subprojects performed fieldwork across much of the Canadian Arctic. Fieldwork and analysis revolved around two primary processes critical to the understanding of Inuit history: first, is the migration from Alaska to the east by the earliest Inuit, known as ‘Thule’, an apparently rapid event which replaced populations of the earlier, and culturally very different Dorset tradition; second, is the transformation of Thule Inuit into their more diverse recent cultural forms, involving abandonment of some regions, combined with major changes in settlement patterns, artifact form, architecture, economy, and social organization. The ultimate goal of the project is to understand the variable roles of climate change and social structures on the culture change which can be observed during the past 800 years of Inuit history.     

A midge-salinity transfer function for inferring sea level change and landscape evolution in the Hudson Bay Lowlands,Manitoba, Canada

We compared water chemistry and environmental data with midge assemblage data, using multivariate analysis to assess the environmental gradients that limit midge (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae) distributions in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, northeastern Manitoba, Canada. Midge remains, comprising 62 taxa, were obtained from surficial sediments of 63 ponds. Ponds were sampled to maximize the salinity gradient. Specific conductance ranged from 46 to 29,000 μS cm^?1. Proximity to the coast was a principal determinant of pond salinity, with ponds closer to Hudson Bay shoreline more saline that those farther away. Multivariate analysis indicated that midge distributions have a significant relationship ( $ {\text{r}}_{\text{boot}}^{2} = 0.68 $ ) with salinity in the data set. This work will allow paleolimnological inferences of midge community responses to changing sea level (i.e. salinity) via isostatic rebound within the Hudson Bay Lowlands, and will provide essential limnological information to scientists and managers in a region where understanding of aquatic ecosystems is limited. One undescribed midge taxon was dominant in ponds with the highest salinities and may be a key indicator for inferring highly saline environments.     

Appreciating migration flows for health/social services planning: A case study of older adults leaving from New York to Florida

This paper utilizes the 2009/2010/2011 American Community Survey to examine spatial patterns of later-life relocation from the state of New York into Florida. Given that the first-wave of the Baby Boom generation reached the retirement age of 65 years in January 2011 and many more will continue to do so, examining the mobility/subsequent residential choices of this group is a worthwhile undertaking. This research paper is also a noteworthy contribution because it offers an interdisciplinary study of spatial statistics and population geography. Exploratory spatial analysis and multinomial regressions suggest older adults from New York leave select origins, such as Capital District, Mid-Hudson, and Lower Hudson. In addition, these older adults select preferred destinations in Florida, such as Fort Myers, Fort Pierce–Stuart, and West Palm Beach. This finding can inform planners, policy analysts, and social workers about how to best address issues related to health and community services since not all older adult migrants seeking coastal and recreational areas in Florida maintain greater wealth and better health.     

Inuit landscape use and responses to climate change in the Wollaston Forland—Clavering Ø region,Northeast Greenland

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):155–174, 2010

The Thule culture of the Wollaston-Clavering Ø area is analysed and their settlement pattern as recorded within the area is presented and analysed in relation to the following high arctic seasons: winter, spring and summer. From the analysis it is seen that a defined and stable seasonal mobility between coast, fjords and inland existed and that the “Sirius Water Polynya” off Wollaston Forland and Sabine Ø, holds the key to understanding the human economy and settlement patterns in the research area, as well as in the region.

The cooling of the Little Ice Age, interpreted from the analysed data, does not affect the Inuit exploitation of the research area or their material culture in general. The main Inuit response to the cooling is migration, a response that can only be analysed when Northeast Greenland is studied regionally and interregionally. As migration is defined as an important part of prehistoric ‘Inuit being’, the Inuit made no additional strategies or inventions during the LIA. Inuit migration is, in this way, demonstrated to be a substantial contributor to the Inuit's cultural resilience and to their long-term existence in the Arctic.     

海南岛东寨港红树林区岩芯地球化学特征及其古地震指示

地震对海岸带地貌与沉积有明显影响,1605年海南岛琼山地震造成东寨港地区发生严重陷落事件。对采自东寨港红树林区258 cm柱状岩芯YBL孔进行了粒度和元素地球化学分析,发现地球化学元素含量在125 cm附近有明显突变,对应于沉积相从陆向海的转变,125 cm以下岩芯沉积物为暗红棕色陆相沉积,125cm以上为灰色-橄榄灰色海相粉砂沉积。推测该沉积相突变是对海南岛东寨港地震陷落事件响应,结合采样点潮位高程推测1605年琼山地震导致东寨港区域沉陷幅度至少为1.6~1.8 m。     

Inuit spring hunting techniques and local knowledge of the ringed seal in Arctic Bay (Ikpiarjuk), Nunavut

Inuit hunting techniques used to catch ringed seals ( Phoca hispida ) were observed April-June 1993 on the land-fast ice of Admiralty Inlet, Nunavut, and adjoining fjords and bays. In addition, a survey of hunting techniques and knowledge of ringed seal biology and behaviour was conducted in the community of Arctic Bay (Ikpiarjuk), Nunavut, January-February 1994. A total of 246 seal structures were found in 31 days of hunting and 34 successful kills were observed. An experienced Inuk hunter found subnivean structures by sight, by walking on drifts and by probing snowdrifts with a harpoon ( unaaq ). Most structures were found using subtle visual cues. Breaking through the roof of a lair was the most common hunting technique observed in this study. Pups captured in this manner were subsequently used to lure the mother back into the breathing hole where she was harpooned. Ringed seals were also hunted by a number of other methods that have been described previously in the literature. Respondents in the hunter survey indicated that the ringed seal was the most important animal used by Arctic Bay Inuit. They also reported a variety of biological findings about ringed seals including: size differences among seals in different regions of the pack ice; that adult male ringed seals ( tiggak ) emitted a strong, mustelid-like odour from December until late May or early June. Hunters also reported that males were occasionally caught when coming to retrieve pups. All respondents reported seeing increasing frequencies of liver abnormalities in their ringed seal catches.     

Enhancing Diversity In The Geosciences

Abstract

An innovative interdisciplinary project at California State University, Long Beach, was designed to increase the attractiveness of the geosciences (physical geography, geology, and archaeology) to underrepresented groups. The goal was to raise awareness of the geosciences by providing summer research opportunities for underrepresented high school and community college students and their faculty. A survey of a larger sample provided insight into strategies for enhancing geoscience awareness. A qualitative evaluation pointed to its success in meeting project goals. This unprecedented level of collaboration has set the groundwork for an institutional shift for inclusion of minorities in the geosciences and warrants replication.     

Inference of mantle viscosity from GRACE and relative sea level data

Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations of secular changes in gravity near Hudson Bay, and geological measurements of relative sea level (RSL) changes over the last 10 000 yr in the same region, are used in a Monte Carlo inversion to infer-mantle viscosity structure. The GRACE secular change in gravity shows a significant positive anomaly over a broad region (>3000 km) near Hudson Bay with a maximum of ∼2.5 μGal yr⁻¹ slightly west of Hudson Bay. The pattern of this anomaly is remarkably consistent with that predicted for postglacial rebound using the ICE-5G deglaciation history, strongly suggesting a postglacial rebound origin for the gravity change. We find that the GRACE and RSL data are insensitive to mantle viscosity below 1800 km depth, a conclusion similar to that from previous studies that used only RSL data. For a mantle with homogeneous viscosity, the GRACE and RSL data require a viscosity between  1.4 × 10²¹  and  2.3 × 10²¹  Pa s. An inversion for two mantle viscosity layers separated at a depth of 670 km, shows an ensemble of viscosity structures compatible with the data. While the lowest misfit occurs for upper- and lower-mantle viscosities of  5.3 × 10²⁰  and  2.3 × 10²¹  Pa s, respectively, a weaker upper mantle may be compensated by a stronger lower mantle, such that there exist other models that also provide a reasonable fit to the data. We find that the GRACE and RSL data used in this study cannot resolve more than two layers in the upper 1800 km of the mantle.     

Climate change in the Arctic: current and future vulnerability in two Inuit communities in Canada

Climate change is already occurring in the Arctic and the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment recently concluded that future climate change could be devastating for Inuit. This paper characterises vulnerability to climate change in two Inuit communities in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, focusing on the resource harvesting sector. In both communities, Inuit have demonstrated significant adaptability in the face of current changes in climatic conditions. This adaptability is facilitated by traditional Inuit knowledge, strong social networks, flexibility in resource use, and institutional support. Changing Inuit livelihoods, however, have undermined certain aspects of adaptive capacity and have resulted in emerging vulnerabilities. Global and regional climate projections indicate that climatic conditions which currently pose risks are expected to be negatively affected by future climate change. These projections are not without precedent and analysis of current vulnerability and identification of adaptation constraints by Inuit in the two communities indicate the continued importance of traditional coping mechanisms. The ability to draw on these coping mechanisms in light of future climate change, however, will be unequal and the research indicates that young Inuit and those without access to economic resources, in particular, are vulnerable.     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛早第三纪植物群及其环境意义

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛化石山植物群的发现是研究该地区新生代地质历史的一件大事。通过层位对比、化石特征、植物群组合面貌的研究,认为该植物层的时代为始新世末期至渐新世早、中期,当时为温暖偏干的温带或亚热带疏林环境。     

《癸亥年更流部》暹罗湾地名的数字人文考证

最新发现海口市演丰镇老渔民林诗仍家有更路簿6本,其中之一的祖传《癸亥年更流部》存世当有百年历史,记载了从铺前港出发,经海南岛东线,自三亚一带前往越南东部沿海,再往南洋各岛国的更路,有海外更路120余条,部分更路更数采取苏州码子形式,为现存航海针经类文献首次发现.另有林父使用过的中文海图4张、英文海图10张,林诗仍根据林...     

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND THE CITY IN THE 1990s

In Amsterdam, a large number of rental units were converted to condominiums during the 1970s. Local housing officials observed this process with alarm and tried (in vain) to put an end to conversion. Given the tight housing market, they feared that a decrease in the number of available rental units would impede a fair distribution of housing. They also assumed that proper maintenance of the dwellings would not take place. But their arguments were not based on a solid evaluation. Recent research results demonstrate that sub-markets exist within the condominium sector, and that in each of these the effects of conversion are different. While this study identifies problems at the lower end of the market, the conversion of more expensive units coincides with an improved matching of households and dwellings and with an upgrading of the housing stock.     

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岸段港湾岸滩沉积特征

海南岛东部铜鼓岭岬角南、北两侧的淇水湾和月亮湾海岸海滩均为中粗砂海滩,其中值粒径和平均粒径主要分布在0~2 Ф之间,反映了海南岛东部动力作用整体较强。月亮湾近岸20 m水深处沉积物的中值粒径主要分布在-1~-3 Ф之间,主要以砾石为主;10~20 m水深处沉积物中值粒径分布在-1~0 Ф之间,以极粗砂为主;铜鼓岭南部淇水湾,以粗砂为主,部分区域出现细砂,反映海滩受到的动力条件不如北部月亮湾海岸海滩显著。造成这种差异的主要原因是铜鼓岭岬角对东北向(主风向)风浪的阻挡和岬角南部港湾有宽广的珊瑚礁平台对波浪的消能。而且,淇水湾海岸北部和南部也有差异,北部珊瑚礁平台受到破坏,对波浪的消浪较弱,从而表现同一海滩滩面物质分布的南北差异。     

莱州湾东岸河流的分形特征与流域地貌发育研究

莱州湾东岸发育有分形特征典型的小尺度河流,受区域内陆海相互作用影响显著。基于前人对莱州湾东岸的研究以定性描述为主,而缺乏定量分析这一现状,以莱州湾东岸3条典型河流为例,采用分形分析和GIS技术相结合的方法,对区域内流域地貌特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,分形分析同样适用于研究小尺度河流,可很好地揭示区域内陆海相互作用特征及流域地貌所处的发育阶段。基于分形方法所反映的流域地貌特征与数字高程模型所提取的流域地貌信息较吻合,最终结果能较客观地反映出流域地貌的发育特征。     

ScSp observed on North Island, New Zealand: implications for subducting plate structure

Seismic phase conversions provide important constraints on the layered nature of subduction zone structures. Recordings from digital stations in North Island, New Zealand, have been examined for converted ScS ‐to‐ p ( ScSp ) arrivals from deep (>150 km) Tonga–Kermadec earthquakes to image layering in the underlying Hikurangi subduction zone. Consistent P ‐wave energy prior to ScS has been identified from stations in eastern and southern North Island, where the subducted plate interface is at a depth of between 15 and 30 km. Two ScS precursors are observed. Ray tracing indicates that the initial precursor ( ScSp ₁) corresponds to conversion from the base of an 11–14 km thick subducting Pacific crust. The second precursor is interpreted as a conversion from the top of the subducting plate. The amplitude ratio, ScSp ₁: ScS , increases from 0.10 to 0.19 from northern to southern North Island. This is within the range expected from a simple first‐order velocity discontinuity at an oceanic Moho. A 1–2 km thick layer of low‐velocity sediment at the top of the subducting plate is required to explain the remaining ScSp waveform. Our results imply that the abnormally thick Hikurangi–Chatham Plateau has been subducting beneath New Zealand for at least 2.9 Myr, thus explaining the high uplift rates observed across eastern North Island.     

Thule Fishing Revisited: The Economic Importance of Fish at the Pembroke and Bell Sites,Victoria Island,Nunavut

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):261–278, 2010

In a comprehensive overview of evidence for fishing in the Thule period of the eastern North American Arctic, Whitridge (2001) noted that fish bones are either extremely rare or absent in archaeofaunal samples, despite the fact that artifact assemblages typically contain a variety of fishing implements. In this paper, we present new faunal data from two sites on southeastern Victoria Island, Nunavut, which offer a marked contrast to this pattern. The Pembroke site, located just north of Cambridge Bay, is a small Thule site probably occupied during an early migration into the region. The Bell site, located on the Ekalluk River, is a more substantial site, occupied for a much longer duration during the Thule period. These sites are located in areas devoid of many taxa preferred by Thule peoples, which led the sites' occupants to rely on caribou and fish for much of their winter subsistence. At the Bell site, storage of caribou and fish was critical for winter survival. However, the occupants of the Pembroke site appear to have been unable to acquire sufficient stores during the fall, and therefore relied on fishing through the ice during winter to supplement their inadequate stores. Although both sites indicate a more important economic role for fish than has been recorded on any other eastern Arctic Thule winter site, the use of fish at the two sites differs markedly, adding nuance to archaeologically known Thule subsistence patterns.