A map‐algebra‐based method for automatic change detection and spatial data updating across multiple scales

The availability of geospatial data has increased significantly over recent decades. As a result, the question of how to update spatial data across different scales has become an attractive topic. One promising strategy is to use an updated larger‐scale dataset as a reference for detecting and updating changed objects represented in a to‐be‐updated smaller‐scale dataset. For such an update method, an understanding of the different types of changes that can occur is crucial. Using polygonal building data as an example, this study examines the various possible changes from different perspectives, such as the reasons for their occurrence, the forms in which they manifest, and their effects on output. Then, we apply map algebra theory to establish a cartographic model for updating polygonal building data. Supported by concepts of map algebra, an update procedure involving change detection, filtering, and fusion is implemented through a series of set operations. In addition to traditional polygon overlay functions, the constrained Delaunay triangulation model and knowledge of map generalization procedures are employed to construct set operations. The proposed method has been validated through tests using real‐world data. The experimental results show that our method is effective for updating 1:10k map data using 1:2k map data.     

增强地图服务,做大地理信息板块

回顾了北京市测绘设计研究院二十多年地理信息产业的发展历史,分析了所面临的机遇与挑战,认为空间数据的可视化输出-地图生产是地理信息产业的主要任务之一。搞好这项工作应建立GIS数据库到地图数据库的双向通道;扩展地图数据库的地图制图和桌面出版功能;编制好系列基础底图和社会公众普遍需要的普通地图、政区图、地名图、交通旅游图,逐步实现编制导航地图,争取导航电子地图资质;做好用户需求调查,编制若干专题地图产品;开发影像地图、三维地图、实景地图等地理信息新品种;跟踪国家开展的各类普查或调查项目,编制高科技含量的地图集。     

基于多尺度空间地图数据库实现区间无级比例尺地图制图的研究

结合实际应用,以实现某区间无级比例尺地图制图为出发点,研究了多尺度空间地图数据库的建立和维护更新方法,开发了基于多尺度空间地图数据库制作区间无级比例尺地图的地图制图系统。     

基于地形图数据库的跨比例尺级别缩编更新方法研究

针对利用1:500地形图快速更新其他比例尺地形图的需求,本文提出了基于地形图数据库的同比例尺级别和跨比例尺级别全自动缩编更新入库的方法.通过设计地形图模板及过渡模板,定义地物要素综合取舍转换规则,开发自动缩编软件模块,定制自动缩编更新任务,利用数据库中测量更新范围线自动下载地形图数据进行缩编及更新入库,实现大比例尺地形...     

MicroStation在数字专题地图中的应用

MicroStation制图系统不仅具有良好的图形化作业环境,而且能够管理图形的各种数据信息。它有着丰富而强大的专题地图制作功能以及性能稳定的二次开发环境,从根本上改善和优化了传统的地图生产工艺,实现了数字地图的出版与空间数据生产一体化,从而提高了制图效率和现有数据利用率。     

An Automated Method of Scale Selection and Sheet Configuration for Multiple Sheet Census Maps with Insets

In order to create a useful map, the cartographer must select a scale at which the map reader can distinguish features shown on the map and read their labels. However, the choice of scale for a paper map is also constrained by the size of the map sheet and by the cost of working with a large number of sheets. When the feature density pattern allows, space can be conserved by making the map at more than one scale: a small scale suitable for most of the map, while dense features are shown on inset maps at larger scales. Creating inset maps requires the cartographer to make a series of complex, interrelated decisions regarding the most effective overall sheet configuration, which is dependent upon the scale chosen for the main map and how the inset maps are created. The Census Automated Map Production System (CAMPS) applies cartographic logic and density analysis to make these decisions in a fully automated mapping environment.     

基于地图信息量的地形图更新技术

随着城市建设的快速发展,基础地形图数据的管理与自动化更新得到国土规划部门的高度重视。基于范围（图幅）的更新方法易于实现、效率高,但因重复更新无变化要素,容易导致历史数据库冗余。而基于要素的更新方法虽然只更新变化要素,但复杂的变化信息检测使其不适用于变化量较大的更新。针对当前更新技术无法自适应选择更新方法的问题,本文提出了基于地图信息变化量的地形图更新方法,即在选取更新方法前计算地图信息量变化率,以此作为更新方法的选取依据。以多组1：2000的居民地面数据为试验数据,分析验证了本方法能有效地提高数据更新效率。试验发现,当变化率小于20%时采用基于要素的更新方法,大于55%时采用基于范围的更新方法具有更高的更新效率,而处于20%～55%时,两种方法的更新效率没有显著差异。试验结果对地形图更新方案的设计具有重要参考价值。     

Distinctive Recent Maps

Successful implementation of an intelligent system for automated map generalization requires formalization of cartographic principles that are, in many cases, only intuitively understood. Formalizing these principles requires acquisition and re-expression in the form of semantic nets, frames, production rules, or similar formalization methods. The various techniques for cartographic knowledge acquisition have been discussed on a theoretical basis; however, little empirical research has been conducted. This paper reports on empirical acquisition of cartographic knowledge by reverse engineering; that is, on trying to recapitulate decisions made on published documents or maps. The work is based on a computer-assisted multi-scale inventory of the Austrian National Topographic Map Series. Queries of the relational database, within which inventory data are stored, lead to the formulation of prototype production rules for modifying map symbols during automatic scale changes. Components of map generalization expressed in such rules include the selection behavior of settlement, transportation, and hydrographic objects, and the degree of simplification of settlement domains and building clusters. The acquired cartographic knowledge reveals quantitative relations between map elements and the changes in these relations that occur with scale transition. These insights can guide subsequent knowledge refinement using other acquisition methods. This paper provides, in addition, a conceptual framework by which other topographic map series may be compared at multiple scales.     

基于GIS的静态图式表达方法与制图表达方法的对比分析

针对GIS生成的地图产品脱离GIS地理空间数据,割裂地理要素与地图对象完整性,导致输出地图产品更新困难。结合制图单位实际生成需求,研究GIS静态图式表达和GIS制图表达;基于GIS制图模板和GIS符号库,采用C#+ArcEngine编程技术,实现GIS专题制图系统。系统具有GIS静态图式渲染功能和GIS制图表达功能,并以某区域专题制图项目为例,对比分析不同方式专题制图效果。结果表明基于地理空间数据规则的地图制图表达技术能够兼顾GIS和地图制图对数据的不同要求,可快速完成地图制作,部分解决传统上必须通过大量人工编辑才能够完成的制图任务,一定程度提高工作效率。     

多尺度矢量地图数据关联自动更新研究

多级比例尺矢量地图数据库一旦建成以后,数字制图的核心就从数据生产转为数据更新.小比例尺矢量地图数据库建库时必须依靠大量人机交互从大比例尺数据派生,但更新时再采取各比例尺分别独立更新的策略显然就不合时宜,既消耗大量人力和财力,又不能保证不同尺度数据之间的一致性.提出一种多尺度矢量地图数据关联自动更新方法,对于已经建成的多...     

“数字城市”建设中的地图综合技术

在“数字城市”建设中,完成了基本比例尺地图数据建库后,面临的紧要问题就是如何维护更新数据,以及建立跨比例尺数据间的联系,数字技术环境下的自动化地图综合技术成为必须解决的技术问题。通过“数字深圳”空间数据基础设施建设实际,讨论了数字环境下地图综合的概念、实施路线及软件开发方法,对多尺度空间数据库建设有关问题进行了思考。     

Mining Trajectory Data and Geotagged Data in Social Media for Road Map Inference

As mapping is costly and labor‐intensive work, government mapping agencies are less and less willing to absorb these costs. In order to reduce the updating cycle and cost, researchers have started to use user generated content (UGC) for updating road maps; however, the existing methods either rely heavily on manual labor or cannot extract enough information for road maps. In view of the above problems, this article proposes a UGC‐based automatic road map inference method. In this method, data mining techniques and natural language processing tools are applied to trajectory data and geotagged data in social media to extract not only spatial information – the location of the road network – but also attribute information – road class and road name – in an effort to create a complete road map. A case study using floating car data, collected by the National Commercial Vehicle Monitoring Platform of China, and geotagged text data from Flickr and Google Maps/Earth, validates the effectiveness of this method in inferring road maps.     

Representation and its Relationship with Cartographic Visualization

A research agenda is presented which addresses the current role and potential of map displays. By considering the geospatial data used in visualization, the form and design of maps, the purposes for which map displays are created, the nature of the map user community, and the technology employed to visualize geospatial data, a thorough overview of the nature of cartographic visualization is given. Under the same themes, and sourced in cartographic tradition, cartographic practice and technological opportunities, a series of possible research avenues are highlighted. The important links between representation and the user interface, map user cognition and the geospatial database are stressed.     

FME支持下的空间数据库更新技术

保证数据库现势性,利用多源数据实现快速更新成为必然,研发批量数据更新技术成为趋势。针对建立数据之间的转换关系是批量数据更新的关键,结合重庆市的1：500空间数据更新机制,对数据特征进行了深入研究,充分发挥FME技术平台优势,采用数据库批量更新技术,实现了一套符合我市空间数据库更新技术流程。     

基于同源数据的序列比例尺地图综合缩编平台建设

如何维护更新数据是"数字城市"建设中面临的重要问题,而构建基于同源基本大比例尺数据连续化生产序列小比例尺数据,对多尺度城市空间数据进行纵向一体化管理的软件平台成为数据更新维护的关键。研究以基于同源数据的序列比例尺地图综合缩编平台建设为对象,主要从地图综合知识库形式化表达、地图综合流程决策控制机制、构建开放式地图综合软件系统构架体系、高效地图综合算子设计等方面进行重点阐述。此研究建设的软件平台已在广州市大型多尺度空间数据库快速构建中得到成功应用。     

以直角方式转折的面状要素图形简化方法

讨论了面状要素图形轮廓简化的一些规则以及面的空间知识获取方法,结合以直角方式转折的面状要素图形轮廓的特点,重点讨论了其图形渐进式简化方法。     

Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Selective Omission in Updating Road Networks

Abstract

An important problem faced by national mapping agencies is frequent map updates. An ideal solution is only updating the large-scale map with other smaller scale maps undergoing automatic updates. This process may involve a series of operators, among which selective omission has received much attention. This study focuses on selective omission in a road network, and the use of an artificial neural network (i.e. a back propagation neural network, BPNN). The use of another type of artificial neural network (i.e. a self-organizing map, SOM) is investigated as a comparison. The use of both neural networks for selective omission is tested on a real-life road network. The use of a BPNN for practical application road updating is also tested. The results of selective omission are evaluated by overall accuracy. It is found that (1) the use of a BPNN can adaptively determine which and how many roads are to be retained at a specific scale, with an overall accuracy above 80%; (2) it may be hard to determine which and how many roads should be retained at a specific scale using an SOM. Therefore, the BPNN is more effective for selective omission in road updating.     

叠置运算支持下的跨比例尺城区居民地数据变化发现与更新

以城区居民地为例,提出了一种面向跨比例尺新旧地图数据变化发现与更新方法。首先,从产生效应、发生源头、依附上下文关系、更新策略4个方面剖析大比例尺新数据与小比例尺旧数据间的变化;在此基础上,引入叠置运算与数据增强方法构建变化信息提炼与融合模型,形成"叠置分析与变化发现→增量提取→增量融合更新"的技术框架;最后,通过试验数据验证表明了方法的有效性,以及可扩展性强、适于图层级批处理更新等优点。