济南地区地下水资源开发利用规划及保护对策

1　地下水资源概况济南地区地下水资源丰富。南部为泰山背斜北翼 ,富含碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水 ,北部为黄河冲积平原 ,含松散岩类孔隙水 ,局部含裂隙水。经计算 ,全区多年平均地下水天然资源补给量为 13 396× 10 8ｍ3 ａ ,其中岩溶水补给量为 5 795× 10 8ｍ3 ａ ,孔隙水 7 531×10 8ｍ3 ａ ,多年平均地下水允许开采量为 13 32×10 8ｍ3 ａ ,其中岩溶水 5 76× 10 8ｍ3 ａ ,孔隙水 7 55×10 8ｍ3 ａ。岩溶水主要赋存于泰山背斜北翼山前地带。孔隙水主要赋存在山前倾斜平原及北部黄河冲积平原。地下水资源量随时间变化 ,主要受大气降水…     

鲁南两城地区水的铀同位素研究及其应用

用天然水溶液中２３４Ｕ与２３８Ｕ之间的放射性不平衡研究的方法，对鲁南两城地区３０组水样地表水和地下水铀同位素组分进行了实测。结果表明，本区地下水有三个来源：深部喀斯特岩溶水、浅部孔隙水和地表水。水的铀同位素组分稳定，并应用混合比例计算了地下水资源量，其结果与常规方法计算结果完全一致。     

山西省地下径流模数图的编制方法与体会

目前,区域地下水资源评价,多以天然资源为重点。地下水天然资源主要指在天然条件下地下水接受大气降水(直接或间接)补给而形成的多年平均补给量,包括传统概念的动储量或调节储量。有保证的地下水补给量是最有开采价值的资源。     

地下水与地表水水量交换识别及交换量计算——以新汴河宿州段为例

为提高地下水与地表水交换量计算结果的准确性,本文利用水力联系、水头差、水温、氡-222、氢氧稳定同位素构建综合识别方法(HHTRO),对新汴河宿州段地下水与地表水水量交换进行识别,并计算交换量。计算结果表明：研究河段单位河长地表水补给地下水的水量变化范围为8.69～366.82 m³/(d·m),地下水补给地表水的水量变化范围为0.72～120.90 m³/(d·m);研究河段左岸为地下水补给地表水,单位河长净补给量为45.26 m³/(d·m);河段右岸为地表水补给地下水,单位河长净补给量为214.33 m³/(d·m);研究河段地下水与地表水水量交换以地表水补给地下水为主,地表水补给地下水的比例为55.14%。本研究可推动地下水与地表水交换量计算方法的发展,为流域或区域水资源评价提供必要的理论方法。     

对水致黄土斜坡破坏模式及稳定性分析原则的思考

水对斜坡作用包括地表水流动作用和地表水入渗作用,地表水流动作用,如水库、河流的岸坡破坏,由水动力侵蚀所引起。目前黄土中地表水入渗影响下的斜坡稳定性分析存在一些概念含糊的问题,如忽略了入渗过程的应力路径,只考虑其破坏时的应力状态,这会导致对其破机理和稳定性计算参数取值的误判,文章只针对该类问题进行辨析讨论。黄土中地表水的入渗一般有降雨和灌溉两种,伴随降雨入渗多引起斜坡浅层破坏;灌溉导致地下水位上升则引起深层滑移。地表水入渗对斜坡总应力改变不大,水致斜坡破坏主要是孔隙水压力上升,土体有效应力降低所致。非饱和黄土中的初始孔隙水压力为负值,降雨入渗后的浅层黄土仍处于非饱和状态,孔压最大升到0;灌溉会引起地下水位抬升,潜水位下为正的孔隙水压力。明确了孔压变化过程,就可以用有效强度评价边坡稳定性。同时,目前一些观点认为关于流动性黄土滑坡是静态引起,这颠倒了因果关系,是滑移引起了液化,而不是液化导致的滑移。     

忻州盆地边山岩溶水系统与盆地孔隙水补给分析

忻州盆地边山岩溶水与盆地孔隙水存在密切的水力联系,岩溶水系统的圈划与分析对盆地孔隙水资源评价十分重要。文章运用地下水系统分析理论,基于地理信息系统技术,定量提取区域地质(岩相古地理、地层与构造)和水文地质信息,绘制了基于区域隔水底板等高线图、典型剖面图、盆地-山区两壁投影图等信息的岩溶水系统图;运用岩溶水系统图分析得出下马圈泉岩溶水系统与盆地孔隙水存在间接汇水、潜流和河流(泉)渗漏等补给关系,并给出了补给量的计算方法,为忻州盆地地下水资源评价与定量模拟提供了新的水文地质依据与基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系地下水资源计算与分布

鄂尔多斯盆地是一个完整的巨大的开启型自流水盆地,主要含水层有第四系松散层孔隙裂隙含水层,白垩系碎屑岩孔隙裂隙含水层、奥陶系灰岩岩溶含水层.本文在分析白垩系地下水赋存规律的基础上,用补给量法计算了白垩系含水层的天然地下水资源量,并阐述了地下水资源的分布特征.     

中国西北干旱区多级洼地地下水环境同位素分布特征及指示意义

研究区位于西北干旱区,有两级储水洼地,地下水由山区侧向补给一级洼地,一级洼地通过泉水排泄地下水继而补给二级洼地,同时大气降水直接入渗、洪流间接入渗补给各储水洼地。通过氢氧同位素比例公式计算得到一级洼地大气降水占总补给量60%,其中直接补给量约占21%,山区洪流补给量约占79%,另外,山前侧向补给占40%;二级洼地降水补给量占38%,上游泉水补给量占62%。通过氚值指示,二级洼地不受现代降水影响;活塞流与全混合模型计算得到一级洼地浅层孔隙水平均年龄为32～60 a。     

青海湖布哈河流域枯水期氢氧同位素和氡同位素分布特征及其意义

查明青海湖布哈河流域地下水 地表水相互作用对指导青海湖国家公园生态建设和生态保护具有重要意义。本文通过水化学、稳定同位素(δD和δ18O)和放射性氡同位素(222 Rn)研究了青海湖布哈河流域地下水 地表水相互作用。结果显示,布哈河流域河水和地下水水化学主要受水岩作用影响,而孔隙水和湖水主要受蒸发结晶影响。氢氧同位素具有空间变异性。地下水与河水222 Rn活度中游高而上下游低;孔隙水中222Rn活度值在横向上随着离岸距离的增加而降低,纵向上随着深度增加而表现出降低的趋势。地表水体的222 Rn活度时间分布特征表现出明显的日间高、夜间低的昼夜循环特征。表明枯水期河水主要由地下水进行补给,中上游地区和下游地区地下水补给量占比分别为96%和87%,但是降水发生时地下水 地表水相互作用发生了转换,降水前主要是地下水补给地表水,降水后则是地表水补给地下水,占比达98%。本研究为进一步开展咸水湖及世界其他地区的类似研究提供了有益借鉴和参考。     

盆地地下水资源计算方法简介

我们近年来对山西忻县和运城两盆地进行了地下水资源评价工作,总结了一套盆地型地下水资源计算的方法,简介如下。 对整个盆地的地下水资源计算,属区域性地下水资源评价。通常需要计算盆地内部区各项补给量及边山区对盆地区的侧向补给量,其和为全盆地地下水资源总量。利用水均衡法的原理计算盆地内地下水资源,实质上是以计算各项补给量总和或各项排泄量总和的方法求得地下水资源量。     

三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化

为研究三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化情况,通过利用1994—2019年165个时相的多平台中高分辨率(15～30 m)卫星遥感数据,城陵矶多年日观测水位数据和洞庭湖区降水量、蒸发量等资料,采用掩膜处理、K-Means聚类分析提取水面信息,结合观测数据进行统计分析,研究了1994年以来洞庭湖水面面积与湖容变化情况.结...     

Stochastic water balance model for rainfall recharge quantification in Ruataniwha Basin,New Zealand

Quantification of groundwater recharge is important for water resources management. Different methods can be used to estimate groundwater recharge. The most suitable approach depends on site characteristics. Water balance model was used in this study to quantify groundwater recharge from rainfall in Ruataniwha Basin, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. Because it is a closed basin, this method was determined to be more suitable than any other method. The basin is fed by surface water flow and rainfall, without any lateral groundwater flow. Records of surface water inflow and outflow are available with a certain degree of reliability. To cope with uncertainty in different components of water balance, different sampling methods were used. The Mean Value Latin Hypercube Sampling (MVLHS) was used and compared with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). It was found the groundwater recharge from rainfall is about 415 million m³/year. Results of this study have revealed that MVLHS converges faster and with lower variance than LHS and MCS.     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO-3-Ca2+?Mg2+ 型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57：43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87：13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

Determining the groundwater basin and surface watershed boundary of Dalinuoer Lake in the middle of Inner Mongolian Plateau,China and its impacts on the ecological environment

The surface watershed and groundwater basin have fixed recharge scale, which are not only the basic unit for hydrologic cycle research but also control the water resources formation and evolution and its corresponding eco-geological environment pattern. To accurately identify the boundary of the surface watershed and groundwater basin is the basis for properly understanding hydrologic cycle and conducting the water balance analysis at watershed scale in complicated geologic structure area, especially when the boundary are inconsistent. In this study, the Dalinuoer Lake located in the middle of the Inner Mongolian Plateau which has complicated geologic structure was selected as the representative case. Based on the multidisciplinary comprehensive analysis of topography, tectonics, hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics and stable isotopes, the results suggest the following: (1) The surface watershed ridge and groundwater basin divide of Dalinuoer Lake are inconsistent. The surface watershed was divided into two separate groundwater systems almost having no groundwater exchange by the SW-NE Haoluku Anticlinorium Fault which has obvious water-blocking effect. The surface drainage area of Dalinuoer Lake is 6139 km². The northern regional A is the Dalinuoer Lake groundwater system with an area of 4838 km², and the southern regional B is the Xilamulun Riverhead groundwater system with an area of 1301 km². (2) The groundwater in the southern of regional A and the spring-feeding river are the important recharge sources for the Dalinuoer Lake, and it has greater recharge effects than the northern Gonggeer River system. (3) It is speculated that the trend of Haoluku Anticlinorium Fault is the boundary of the westerlies and the East Asian summer Monsoon (EASM) climate systems, which further pinpoints the predecessor’s understanding of this boundary line. At present, the Dalinuoer Lake watershed is proved to have gone through a prominent warming-drying trend periods, which leads to the precipitation reduction, temperature rise, human activities water usage increasement. So the hydrological cycle and lake eco-environment at watershed scale will still bound to be change, which may pose the potential deterioration risk on the suitability of fish habitat. The results can provide basic support for better understanding water balance evolution and lake area shrinkage cause as well as the ecological protection and restoration implementation of Dalinuoer Lake watershed.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

洞庭湖蓄洪能力讨论

洞庭湖蓄洪能力具有重要的意义。首先,洞庭湖是湘、资、沅、澧四水洪峰的汇流中心,它的蓄洪能力直接关系到缓和洞庭湖自身流域的洪峰压力。其次,作为长江的支流湖,洞庭湖的蓄洪能力也间接关系到长江流域的蓄水系数,从而关系到缓和长江下游的洪水水位。在洞庭湖现有泄流系数不变的情况下,要增加洞庭湖的蓄洪能力,主要靠扩大蓄洪区和加高堤垸防洪高度。由于这两者都存在天然限制,所以不可偏废,只可兼顾。     

Impact of water overexploitation on highland lakes of eastern Ethiopia

The eastern Ethiopian highland is endowed with large potential of water resources in terms of rainfall, groundwater and surface water. Yet, due to overpumping of lake water and groundwater and environmental degradation, Lakes Haromaya and Adele have completely dried up. The environmental degradation, due to deforestation and clearing of land for farming, has increased the rate of siltation in the lakes that dramatically decreases the lakes’ volume and surface albedo, which increased the rate of evaporation. The impact of these factors is aggravated due to decreasing net recharge to the lake and the alluvial aquifer. Over the last 35 years, pumping of lake water for irrigation, mainly for subsistence farming, domestic and industrial use shows an increasing trend. Hence, the available water for drinking and industrial purposes decreased drastically. In this research, classical Penman aerodynamic combined energy budget, Penman nomogram methods, conventional soil moisture water balance method and Penman–Monteith model were adopted to estimate free evaporation, actual and potential evapotranspirations. The results indicate that evaporation is the dominant factor for the loss of water and water abstraction is 316% higher than the effective precipitation, which is 110 mm/year. Therefore, overexploitation of the available resources has played an aggravating role for the loss of the lakes in the area. The main cause for such resource depletion is the lack of integrated water resources management strategies. The current water shortage in the area has mainly affected urban residents of Harar, Awoday and Alemaya towns and the surrounding villages, which depend heavily on the two lakes. To alleviate the current crises interbasin water transfer and rainwater harvesting would be possible alternatives besides ameliorating environmental situation of the basin.     

用地质学的观点探讨洞庭湖的治理

洞庭湖是一断陷盆地，至今仍在继续下沉，因围湖筑垸使水面减小，泥砂堆积速度大于湖区下沉速度使湖面进一步缩小，致使洪水季节常泛滥成灾。按地质规律科学治理方案，一是退垸还湖，二是垸湖置换，才能从根本上消除洞庭湖的水灾。     

A retrospective analysis of the impact of climate change on groundwater resources

Based on the actual meteorological data that characterize statistically significant changes in the air temperature and the amount of precipitation in the southwest of the Moscow artesian basin, the conditions that form the water balance and groundwater recharge are modeled. The comparison of the calculated longterm average values for the previous (1965–1988) and recent (1989–2012) periods made it possible to estimate the climate changes in the elements of water balance and groundwater recharge. Based on the maps of longterm average groundwater recharge for these periods, which were constructed using the results of modeling, the estimation of the change in natural resources of groundwater in the territory was performed, showing an increase of 9% (780000 m³/day).     

洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水影响

为了更好地理解湖泊萎缩对湖内洪水过程的影响,在假定洞庭湖将继续萎缩的前提下,通过建立荆江-洞庭湖水动力模型,定量分析洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水的影响。研究结果表明,湖内水位及洪峰流量随湖泊面积的萎缩而增加,洪峰水位到达时刻随着湖泊萎缩而提前。若遇1996年型洪水,洞庭湖面积若从目前的2 670 km2减小至1 380 km2时,西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖内最高水位将抬高2.0 m左右,东洞庭湖水位将抬升0.4 m左右,城陵矶站点洪峰水位到达时刻将提前约11 h,洪峰流量增加约4 800 m3/s。因此,若洞庭湖湖泊面积在目前基础上（面积2 670 km2）继续萎缩,湖区特别是西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖将面临更为严峻的洪水灾害。虽然湖泊萎缩对西洞庭湖与南洞庭湖内水面坡降影响较小,但东洞庭湖内水位同时受湖泊萎缩及长江来流的影响,水面坡降发生较大变化,在距离蔡家洲80~110 km（鹿角站附近）河段水面坡降出现大幅增大。     

乍得湖盆地典型区域降雨入渗补给地下水试验

针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。