长江中游网湖近代沉积环境演变及其对人类活动的响应

采用放射性核素²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs计年方法,建立了长江中游网湖近代沉积物的年代序列,并对网湖沉积物的粒度组成、磁性参数、重金属元素、花粉组合以及营养盐含量等指标进行了分析。根据沉积指标垂直分布的综合特征,结合湖区史料,重建了网湖100年来沉积环境的演变过程。通过对沉积指标与湖区人口变化、工农业产值等数据的比对,发现中华人民共和国成立以后沉积物中TOC和TN浓度与人口变化存在较高的相关性,相关系数分别达到0.8892和0.8928(P<0.001);沉积物中重金属元素富集序列、营养盐富集序列与孢粉含量的变化序列与湖区人类活动具有较好的耦合性。表明网湖沉积指标可以敏感地反映湖区的人类活动。     

苦海沉积物有机质反映的过去840年来青藏高原东部环境变化

青藏高原对全球气候变暖响应敏感,研究青藏高原近千年来环境演化过程、规律与驱动机制对预测其未来气候可能发生的变化有重要参照意义。通过位于青藏高原东部的苦海沉积物总有机质相关指标[总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总有机碳与总氮比值(TOC/TN)和总有机碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)]的研究重建了该区域过去840年来的环境演化过程。研究结果表明,苦海沉积物中的有机质主要来自于湖泊内源水生植物。由于暖期(冷期)时黄河上游径流量较高(低),苦海水位随之升高(降低),湖泊水动力增强(减弱),浅水区沉水植物对研究岩芯中有机质的贡献率提高(降低),导致沉积物TOC、TN、TOC/TN升高,δ¹³C_org值正(负)偏。人类活动导致的青藏高原近50年气候异常变暖可能是～1950 AD之后δ¹³C_org反映的黄河上游径流量变化与重建的中国温度记录之间的关系发生转变的原因。苦海沉积物δ¹³C_org记录与万象洞石笋δ¹⁸     

江陵地区全新世早期人类活动的孢粉记录

江陵剖面沉积物孢粉提供全新世早期人类活动的证据。早期人类活动始于6 200 a B.P.,人类大规模活动始于3 400 a B.P.。随着定居点扩大和人类活动加强,地表土壤侵蚀严重,入湖的陆源粗颗粒物质和营养物质增多。湖泊沉积物表现为粗颗粒含量迅速增加,各粒径波动频繁,TOC、TN和C/N的高值以及有机质δ¹³C的低值。2 500 a B.P.以后,沉积环境发生了显著变化,由湖泊及湖沼堆积转化为洪水漫滩堆积,气候变干,人类逐渐撤离该地区。     

长江口外海域沉积物中有机物的来源及分布

通过分析长江口外海域不同区域有机碳和氮的分布特征及其影响因素,了解了底部沉 积物中有机碳和氮同位素的生物地球化学特征,探讨二者对长江口外海域底部沉积物中有机 物来源的指示意义。运用质量混合模型,计算了长江输入的陆源有机物的贡献及其空间变化。结果表明,长江口外海域沉积物中TOC 和TN 的分布和东海陆架的环流体系有着密切关系, 与环流的分布相对应,如果大致沿31^oN 和123^oE 作为分界线, 整个研究区的TOC 和TN 的分布可划分为4 个具有不同分布特征的区域。TOC、TN、δ¹³C 和δ¹⁵N 分别与沉积物的平均粒 径呈线性相关关系,因此,粒度效应是控制长江口外海域沉积物中有机物分布和稳定同位素 碳、氮的一个重要因素。研究区内的C/N 比值能够在一定程度上体现有机物的来源信息,但δ¹⁵N 表现出了与C/N 和δ¹³C 不同的区域分布和变化特征。陆源有机物来源比重较高的区域与 长江口外海域赤潮突发频率最高的地区相对应。长江口附近沉积物中的陆源有机物来源最高, 超过了50%,且等值线呈舌状向东北方向凸出,表明了长江冲淡水的影响。陆源颗粒态有机物沉海底后,要不断经历早期成岩作用和生物作用,因此在在相同地点,陆源有机物对沉积物中有机物的贡献,要明显小于对悬浮颗粒态有机物的贡献。     

太湖梅梁湾地区人类活动对湖泊沉积环境的影响

湖泊沉积物是记录流域人类活动以及湖泊环境响应的自然档案。通过对太湖北部梅梁湾沉积物中粒度、沉积速率、重金属（ Cd、 Pb、 Mn ）、营养盐等多个指标的分析,探讨了该湖区100多年来的环境演变状况,旨在揭示太湖梅梁湾地区的生态环境演化趋势及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,人类活动正逐渐成为影响湖区沉积环境的主要因素。1949年以前,太湖流域民族工业的发展,人类活动方式及强度发生改变,加强了对湖区的扰动,湖区沉积速率逐渐变大,粒度变粗,重金属（ Mn元素）以及营养盐含量减少;1949年至20世纪80年代,沉积速率变动幅度大,但湖区重金属及其营养盐含量稳定,以自然沉积为主,表明这一时期输入太湖的重金属和营养盐数量比较少,导致湖水污染的仅仅是农业面源污染和生活垃圾;20世纪80年代以后,大量的工业废水和生活污水排放入湖,致使沉积物中总有机碳（ TOC）、总氮（ TN）、总磷（ TP）以及重金属含量迅速增长, TN／TP表明人为磷元素的大量输入是导致太湖水体富营养化的主要原因。自1998年以来各种污染治理措施的实施,使得表层沉积物沉积速率及Cd和Pb含量下降,湖区生态环境改善,但整体而言,仍无法遏制人类活动对太湖梅梁湾地区生态环境破坏的现象。     

达里诺尔湖沉积物粒度及营养盐垂直分布特征变化

通过对达里湖湖中心柱状沉积岩芯总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)和粒度指标的测试与分析,探讨其垂向分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,营养盐TN、TP和OM的含量分别为2.12~3.71 g/kg、0.48~0.74 g/kg和4.71%~7.97%,平均值分别为2.98 g/kg、0.64 g/kg和6.29%。1832~1941年,TN、TP和OM含量较为稳定且含量较低;1941~1965年,TN和TP含量不同程度上先增加后减小,OM含量呈减小趋势;1965~2011年,TN、TP和OM含量整体上表现为增加趋势。沉积物中C/N值显示有机质及营养盐的主要来源为浮游动植物,沉积物粒级组成以粘土为主。沉积物中OM与TN和TP极显著相关,说明沉积物中氮主要以有机氮的形式存在,有机质与磷的生物地球化学循环也有相当紧密的关联;TN与TP表现出极显著相关性,说明沉积物氮、磷在沉积行为上有一定的相似性。沉积物中TN、TP和有机质与粒径小于4μm的颗粒正相关,与其它粒径的颗粒负相关。     

中坝遗址约4250aB.P.以来古气候和人类活动记录

重庆中坝遗址地层Rb、Sr、Hg及TOC研究表明:Rb、Sr和Rb/Sr值较好地反映了约4250a B.P.以来气候变化过程,主要干冷期可与敦德冰川δ¹⁸O曲线谷值、湖光岩沉积物磁化率和Ti曲线峰值、以及大气¹⁴C浓度峰值和太阳活动水平较长期变化的低谷对比,反映出地层中Rb、Sr不易受人类活动干扰的特性。结合考古遗存对比还发现,Hg、P、Ca、Mg和TOC记录了该遗址约4250a B.P.以来人类活动的三个不同演变阶段。进一步研究认为,盐业遗址的衰落可能与洪水事件、盐泉资源的过度消耗以及由此造成的利用难度加大有关     

全球变暖对青藏高原不同补给类型湖泊生产力的影响

研究以青藏高原阿翁错和托素湖湖泊沉积物为研究对象,通过多指标(总有机碳含量、有机碳同位素和有机碳埋藏速率等)综合分析,重建不同补给类型湖泊的生产力变化及碳循环过程。结果显示：全球变暖对不同类型湖泊的生产力的影响存在显著差异。在以降水和冰川融水为主要补给源的阿翁错,全球变暖造成冰川融水补给增加。当指示冰川融水补给量变化的δ¹⁸O_carb值逐渐偏负时,湖泊沉积物TOC含量逐渐升高;指示冰川融水输入造成湖泊面积持续扩张,营养物质增加,湖泊生产力提高;当湖泊面积扩张较快,即冰川融水在短时间内快速输入时,TOC含量下降,可能是由于当冰川融水输入过多,造成湖水温度下降过快时,底栖藻类生产力下降,进而湖泊固碳能力下降。对于受人类活动影响的托素湖,全球变暖对湖泊水文过程及生产力的影响较小,δ¹⁸O_carb值变化主要受控于农业灌溉活动引起的湖泊补给水量的变化。当δ¹⁸O_carb值升高时,TOC含量增加;推测是由于农业灌溉耗水量增加导致湖泊补给水量减少,湖泊水位下降,湖泊底部...     

九寨沟箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量及其环境指示意义

通过对九寨沟箭竹海沉积物样品中生物硅( BSi)含量的分析,讨论箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量与总有机碳(TOC)及粒度的关系,进而探讨BSi含量反映自然和人类因素对湖泊水体和沉积物的影响.箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量介于5.5～ 15.8 mg/g之间,BSi含量与TOC呈显著正相关关系.BSi含量还较显著地受到粒度影响,较细颗粒沉积物对BSi有较强的吸附作用.箭竹海沉积物中BSi含量变化与气温波动关系不密切,主要反映了森林砍伐和旅游开发等人类活动对湖泊水体和沉积物的影响.     

亚热带季风区湖沼流域表生地球化学元素研究——以江西定南大湖为例

湖沼沉积物地球化学元素对地球气候环境变化敏感性强。本文以江西定南大湖湖沼沉积物地球化学元素为研究对象,使用主成分分析法,并结合总有机碳(TOC)、有机碳同位素(δ¹³Corg)、中值粒径(Md)、化学蚀变指数(CIA)等相关气候代用指标,以元素组对的形式阐释不同地化元素响应不同气候环境下的地球化学行为和迁移规律。研究结果显示：第一主成分(PC1)包括Al₂O₃、TiO₂、SiO₂、Nb、Rb、Ga、Ba、S等元素,曲线变化与CIA相似,指示湖泊流域的化学风化强度,气候暧湿,PC1含量高;第二主成分(PC2)包括Co、Zr、Hf元素,曲线变化与中值粒径较为一致,指示湖泊流域的水动力条件,气候冷干,PC2含量高;第三主成分(PC3)包括Sc、Cu、U、V元素,曲线变化与TOC、δ¹³Corg含量变化一致。大湖沉积物的物质来源为：在气候暧湿、流域化学风化作用强的条件下,地表径流冲刷流域周边花岗岩风化壳物质并搬运至湖盆沉积,但不排除在冷干时期,风力携带粉尘物质堆积的影响,粉尘物质可能主要源于周边的风化碎屑物。     

Assessment of nutrient sources and paleoproductivity during the past century in Longgan Lake,middle reaches of the Yangtze River,China

Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were determined in combination with stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ¹³C_Org, δ¹⁵N) in a 63 cm sediment core from Longgan Lake, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China. These geochemical and isotopic records provide a continuous history of lake productivity and trophic state of Longgan Lake since 1890. Variations of δ¹³C_Org, TOC, TN and TP indicate that primary productivity of Longgan Lake increased continuously during the last century and that the trophic state of the lake shifted from oligotrophic to mestrotrophic conditions accordingly. Anthropogenic sources of organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were distinguished from their natural background in the sediments using mass accumulation rates. Element mass accumulation rates suggested increased human activities in the lake’s catchment since 1950s, were especially the utilization of artificial fertilizers amplified the anthropogenic input of N and P into the lake. In the course of the improved availability of dissolved nutrients also primary productivity of Longgan Lake increased, resulting in an increase of the Suess-effect corrected organic carbon isotope ratios. δ¹⁵N of bulk sediments show a marked shift towards lower values around 1950 that has been attributed to the input of nitrogen from chemical fertilizers characterized by relatively depleted isotopic signatures into the lake.     

Sedimentary evidence for recent eutrophication in the northern basin of Lake Taihu,China: human impacts on a large shallow lake

Environmental change in Lake Taihu and its catchment since the early to middle part of the twentieth century has left a clear geochemical record in the lake sediments. The human activities in the lake and its catchment responsible for the change include agriculture, fishery, urbanisation, sewage and industrial waster disposal. Sediment cores were collected from Meilian Bay of northern Lake Taihu to investigate the record of anthropogenic impacts on the lake’s ecosystem and to assess its natural, pre-eutrophication baseline state. Two marked stratigraphic sediment units were identified on the basis of total phosphorus concentration (TP), pigments, total organic carbon (TOC)/total nitrogen (TN), δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N corresponding to stages in the lake history dominated by phytoplankton, and by aquatic macrophytes. Results show that as TP loading increased from the early 1950s the lake produced sediments with increasing amounts of organic matter derived from phytoplankton. In the early 1950s, the first evidence for eutrophication at the Meilian Bay site is recorded by an increase in C/N values and in sediment accumulation rate, but there is little change in phosphorus concentrations, pigments, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N at this time. After 1990 a more rapid increase in trophic status took place indicated by increased levels of phosphorus, pigments, δ¹⁵N and by decreased δ¹³C and TOC/TN values in the lake sediments. The first increase in trophic status of the early 1950s results mainly from agricultural development in the catchment. In contrast, the acceleration from ca. 1990 originates from the recent development of fisheries and the urbanisation and industrialisation of the catchment.     

Sediment geochemical records of environmental change in Lake Wuliangsu, Yellow River Basin, north China

We present a paleolimnological record from shallow Lake Wuliangsu in the Yellow River Basin, north China, using a short (56 cm) sediment core. Our objective was to investigate environmental changes in this semi-arid region over the past ~150 years. The sediment core was dated using ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb. We examined stratigraphic trends in core lithology, nutrients, stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and trace element concentrations in the Lake Wuliangsu core to discern between natural sediments and those affected by human agency. A lithologic transition from yellow, coarse-grained sediment to grey, fined-grained sediment marked the lake’s formation about 1860. Until ~1950, sediments displayed relatively low and constant heavy metal concentrations, indicating little human influence. In the 1950s, enrichment factors (EFs) increased, reflecting greater impact of human activities. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in organic matter (OM), along with heavy metal concentrations, were used to infer past shifts in trophic state and identify pollutants that came from agriculture, industry and urbanization. In the late 1950s, the first evidence for environmental change is recorded by increases in total organic carbon (TOC), total organic nitrogen (TN), TOC/TN, EFs, δ¹³C and a decrease in δ¹⁵N. After about year 2000, a more rapid increase in trophic status occurred, as indicated by greater total phosphorus (TP), EFs, δ¹⁵N and lower δ¹³C values. Changes in isotope and TOC/TN values in the lake sediments may reflect a shift in lake ecology during this period. The first increase in trophic status during the late 1950s was mainly a result of agricultural development in the catchment. In contrast, the change after ca. AD 2000 was driven largely by urban and industrial development. Agreement between paleolimnologic data from Lake Wuliangsu, and both instrumental and written records, indicates that the lake sediments provide a reliable archive for investigating the formation and environmental history of the lake.     

Reconstructing past eutrophication trends from diatoms and biogenic silica in the sediment and the pelagic zone of Lake Constance, Germany

In Lake Constance, phosphorus concentrations and the seasonal development of phytoplankton communities in water samples from the pelagic zone were regularly recorded since the 1950's. Before the 1950's, there were occasional investigations of plankton communities since 1896. We compared these data with the sedimentary record in two sediment cores. Then, the eutrophication history of Lake Constance was inferred from diatoms. The record of biogenic silica in the cores is discussed with respect to diatom biomass increase.Diatom assemblages in the sediment cores precisely reflected the pelagic diatom development for the period 1971--1992. Both sediment cores and the water samples have a high interannual variability of diatom assemblages. Below a sediment depth of 27 cm (AD 1920), more than 50% of the diatoms were partly corroded, and we limited the reconstruction of trophic state changes to the interval of 1920--1993. Oligotrophic conditions of Lake Constance were indicated by the dominance of various Cyclotella taxa from 1920 to 1940. Since 1939/1940, increasing abundance of it Tabellaria fenestrata showed oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions. Between 1953 and 1956, increasing Stephanodiscus hantzschii and disappearing Cyclotella indicated advanced eutrophication and total phosphorus values ranged between 8--10 mg m-3 during turnover in late winter. Further eutrophication was shown by disappearing T. fenestrata and increasing S. minutulus in 1963. Maximum TP concentrations of 87 mg m-3 occurred in 1979/80 and was accompanied by increasing abundances of Aulacoseira granulata. From 1986 to 1992, reoccurrence of Tabellaria fenestrata and Cyclotella indicate some recovery of Lake Constance.Biogenic silica and diatom abundances were similar among cores but indicate a 3--4 fold increase of diatom biomass only. This was far below the estimate of biomass increase from sedimentary pigment data (25 fold) and the estimate of phytoplankton data from the literature (70 fold).     

20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育对长江入海泥沙的响应

以20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼6个钻孔潮坪层段为研究对象,根据柱样粒度特征、碳/氮元素含量、有机碳稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）和C/N比,结合长江入海泥沙通量的变化,研究20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育与长江入海泥沙的响应关系。结果表明：长江入海泥沙通量及组成是20世纪50年代中期以来崇明岛东部盐沼物质粗细变化的主控因素;崇明岛东部盐沼沉积物δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度、有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性在不同时期均存在差异;20世纪60年代,长江入海泥沙量达到顶峰,流域不同侵蚀区域的泥沙相互混合,有机质含量与各粒径区间颗粒含量的相关性及δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度均很差;20世纪90年代以来,崇明岛东部地区进行了高强度的围垦活动,δ¹³C与C/N比的相关程度下降。这表明20世纪50-80年代崇明岛东部盐沼发育受长江入海泥沙控制,20世纪90年代以来崇明岛东部盐沼发育除受长江入海泥沙控制外,还受围垦等人类活动的显著影响。     

中国云南高原抚仙湖和星云湖水系氮和磷的分布状况和动态变化

2000年11月和2001年6月，通过深入细致的实地调查和分析所收集的样本，对抚仙湖和星云湖水系氮和磷的分布状况与动态变化进行了研究。星云湖的氮磷总量处在一个高浓度状态，并伴随着蓝藻水华的大爆发，而抚仙湖的氮磷总量浓度是星云湖的二十分之一到四十分之一。在雨季，抚仙湖的溶解磷和磷总量随着深度而增加，这暗示着下层滞水带对有机磷微粒活跃的降解作用以及由雨季地表径流增加而带来的大量的土壤矿石的沉积。在已测量和已发表资料的基础上，检查对星云湖和抚仙湖氮磷总量的预测。星云湖大部分外来的磷和氮从一个出口流出，但是估计进入抚仙湖97％的磷和25％的氮被埋藏在沉积物里。反硝化作用可能是抚仙湖中余留总氮耗损的原因。减少来自汇流区的总氮和总磷负荷是保护星云湖和抚仙湖所必不可少的。     

Alternate trajectories in historic trophic change from two lakes in the same catchment, Huayang Basin, middle reach of Yangtze River, China

In order to assess how best to manage impacted lake systems, one needs to understand the trophic functioning of the lake system and the recent states through which the lake may have transitioned. Lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze have been heavily impacted over recent decades. In order to understand recent changes in functional status, we examined sediment cores covering the last 120?years from two lakes in the same catchment with differing status: one algal-dominated (Taibai Lake) and the other macrophyte-dominated (Longgan Lake). Chironomid head capsules were identified from both sites and an expanded chironomid-total phosphorus (TP) transfer function (21 sites were added to the 30-lake model previously developed by Zhang et al. 2006) was used to assess the lakes?? response to recent anthropogenic change. Quantitative chironomid-inferred TP (CI-TP) reconstructions showed that Taibai Lake experienced clear changes in trophic status since the 1860s. Before the 1950s, the CI-TP concentration was relatively stable around 50?C80???g?L^?1, while it reached to 80?C130???g?L^?1 in the latter period. CI-TP for Longgan Lake, however, showed a relative decline from the range of 50?C75???g?L^?1 since the 1880s to 30?C40???g?L^?1 in recent years, accompanied by strong evidence from the chironomids for increased macrophyte biomass as TP levels declined. Both reconstructions agreed with diatom inferences of TP from the same lakes. The stark difference between these two sites is thought to reflect a function of macrophyte development, with Taibai Lake losing its plants through increased nutrient levels and internal recycling, whereas Longgan Lake, which is much bigger in area and hence potentially more resilient to change, was able to develop macrophyte communities over the same time period. The positive feedbacks associated with abundant macrophytes retained the clear water state of Longgan Lake, but a further increase in nutrients might lead to decrease in resilience of the relatively stable macrophyte state and loss of benthic pathways of primary production, which would push the lake towards eutrophication. Unless nutrient inputs to Longgan are controlled, Longgan Lake might lose macrophyte communities and follow a developmental pathway similar to that observed in Taibai Lake.     

A geochemical record of recent anthropogenic nutrient loading and enhanced productivity in Lake Nansihu, China

Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N), total phosphorus (TP) and organic phosphorus (OP) were measured in surface sediments and two short cores (DU-3 and WS-4) from Lake Nansihu, China to infer historical changes in anthropogenic nutrient inputs and corresponding shifts in lake primary productivity. Results indicate that organic matter preserved in the sediments is mainly autochthonous and that analyzed sediment variables were affected little by post-burial diagenesis. Increasing TOC, TN, OP and TP concentrations since the 1940s reflect increased P loading and elevated lake productivity. The δ¹³C values varied from ?21.5 to ?26.6‰ in the two sediment cores. Values were relatively more negative before the 1940s, but thereafter increased until the mid-1980s, reflecting elevated lake productivity. Since the mid-1980s, δ¹³C values remained relatively constant in core WS-4 and decreased in core DU-3, perhaps reflecting a change in the phytoplankton community. The δ¹⁵N values ranged from ?0.5 to 1.3‰ in core DU-3 and from 1.2 to 2.5‰ in core WS-4 before the mid-1980s, and increased to between 2.1 and 8.0‰ and 5.2 and 7.8‰, respectively, thereafter. Topmost sediments in the two cores display δ¹⁵N values similar to those recorded in the surface sediments (5.5–7.5‰). Higher δ¹⁵N values in recent deposits correspond to greater nitrogen concentration in water, and likely indicate anthropogenic nitrogen input, mainly from human and animal wastes.