土耳其“中间走廊”倡议:基础、动因及地缘政治影响

土耳其地跨欧亚大陆,具有独特的区位和地缘政治优势。土耳其立足自身需求和交通基础,提出“中间走廊”倡议,旨在欧亚大陆跨国运输和经贸往来中充分发挥枢纽功能,提升区域大国影响力,“中间走廊”倡议对周边地区和国家具有潜在的地缘政治影响。“中间走廊”倡议进一步强化土耳其、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚等国之间的政治联盟关系,存在孤立亚美尼亚嫌疑,对俄罗斯的交通区位优势和地缘政治影响力有一定的冲击;对中亚地区的影响具有多维性,既有积极因素,也有潜在风险。在欧亚大陆互联互通层面,“一带一路”倡议与“中间走廊”倡议存在合作基础,二者战略对接过程中,中国需要根据时局变化,充分认识和评估彼此的战略诉求和利益布局,以及文化和历史差异,求同存异,寻求利益契合点,规避潜在的地缘政治风险。     

论"古河道学"的研究对象、内容与方法

"古河道学"是专门以"古河道"为研究对象的科学。它属于河流学、地貌学、地质学的综合性学科,有其独特、完整的研究内容和系统、综合的研究方法。它应日益发展的生产实践的需求而诞生,又为生产实践的进一步发展提供更多的科学依据。同时,它还可丰富已有学科的理论,并为新学科的诞生提供理论基础。     

Dinocyst microlaminations and freshwater "red tides" recorded in Lake Xiaolongwan,northeastern China

We reported a special type of lamination formed in the sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern China. The lamination consists of light- and brown-colored laminate couplets in the thin sections. The brown-colored layer is composed mainly of dinoflagellate cysts. The grey-colored layer consists of other organic and siliceous matter (plant detritus, diatoms, chrysophyte cysts) and clastics. Preliminary sediment trap results show that a distinct peak of dinocyst flux occurred in November. The dinocyst flux maximum also corresponds to the peaks of diatom flux and chrysophyte stomatocyst flux. These suggest that "red tide blooms" occur in this freshwater lake. We speculate that the dinocyst flux maximum could be related to autumn overturn due to increased nutrients, and the availability of cysts for germination from the lake bottom. Additionally, it may also reflect increasing dissolved organic matter after leaf fall. An independent chronology derived from ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb shows a good agreement with counted laminations. From the sediment trap data and the independent chronology data, the dinocyst microlaminae appear to be annually laminated, and probably could be called dinocyst varves. Although vegetative (thecate stage) cells of Peridinium volzii and Ceratium furcoides are found in the water samples, it is not possible to relate the dinocysts to these two dinoflagellate species. Based on morphological and ecological analyses, we suggested that they have affinities with species of Peridinium (sensu lato), most probably to P. inconspicuum. Detailed investigations should be carried out to understand the red tide history in this freshwater lake. Annually laminated dinocyst microlayers in freshwater and marine sediments not only provide an uncommon archive for understanding the history of red tides and harmful algal blooms, and why and how certain species periodically bloom over several thousands years, but also provide important records of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes at seasonal to annual resolution.     

中国人口、环境与可持续发展地图集的编制特点

由国家主席江泽民同志亲自题写书名、国家环境保护总局和中国科学院主持 ,地理科学与资源研究所、中国环境监测总站、中国人口与环境研究会联合主编的《中华人民共和国人口、环境与可持续发展地图集》 (中、英文版 )编制完成 ,并由科学出版社于 2 0 0 0年出版发行。这是迄今出版的第一部全面综合反映我国人口、环境与可持续发展基本特征和空间分布的大型地图集。该图集为 8开本 ,2 70页 ,共有 1 80余幅地图 1 8万字说明和 2 0 0幅图片。按图集内容划分 9个图组 ,生动直观地描述了人口与健康 ,人居和消费 ,土地及其退化、固废与噪声 ,森林、…     

福建海坛岛青峰老红砂旋回沉积的粒度特征及其古环境意义

福建海坛岛青峰老红砂剖面以棕红色砂层和黄橙色砂层的交替旋回变化为显著特征。通过野外考察、采样和测定分析,对青峰老红砂剖面的粒度特征及其古气候意义进行深入研究。结果表明：（1）青峰剖面棕红色砂层以细砂为主,黄橙色砂层以中砂为主,细砂-中砂在剖面上呈现明显的交替旋回变化;（2）棕红色砂层和黄橙色砂层的粒度频率曲线均以单峰加一细尾为主,含有一定量的粉砂、黏土;概率累积曲线以滚-跳-悬三段式为主,但两种砂层在组分含量、斜率等方面存在差异;（3）粒度参数呈现明显的波动旋回变化,可能指示沉积时期区域风力、搬运动力、化学风化强度方面发生了周期性变化,即棕红色砂层显示了暖湿气候条件下的红壤化过程,黄橙色砂层则显示凉干气候条件下的黄壤化过程。因此,青峰老红砂旋回沉积表明第四纪晚期以来,福建东部沿海的古气候古土壤可能经历了南亚热带（赤红壤）和暖温带（黄壤）的交替变迁。     

"Operation Pushback": Sangh Parivar, State, Slums And Surreptitious Bangladeshis In New Delhi

The remarkable ease with which the xenophobic tenor of the Hindu Right nationalist organizations or Sangh Parivar found favour with many privileged Indians in the early 1990s cannot be easily or comfortably discounted. Indeed, it even perniciously swayed a moderate secular central government led by the long dominant Congress Party. By mid–1992, when Sangh Parivar made the manifold dangers of the unsanctioned immigration by growing numbers of poverty–stricken Bangladeshi Muslim peasants their rallying cry, the lenient attitude of the Indian state towards these immigrants had hardened with astonishing rapidity. Unsettled by this sweeping tide of Hindu chauvinism, a hurriedly enforced "Action Plan" to locate and identify these undocumented immigrants was followed by brisk efforts under "Operation Pushback" to deport them from New Delhi — India's capital city and locus of bureaucratic, political and financial power. Haphazard and sporadic in implementation, Operation Pushback, while unmasking partisan dispositions coursing through the Indian bureaucracy, also exemplified Congress' belated attempts at redeeming its enervated standing. It is also worth noting that the highly circumscribed material realities of the Bangladeshi immigrants residing in Delhi's numerous slums made them easy targets of these perverse politics, and that subsequent opposition, internally and from neighbouring Bangladesh, to the gratuitous brutality displayed towards the first groups of deportees contributed to the Operation's abrupt truncation.     

"Here a Ghetto,There a Ghetto": The Value and Peril of Comparative Study

This commentary questions whether ethno-racial identities play no role in recent developments in France's banlieues, as Wacquant argues. Wacquant's point that the French banlieues should not be simple-mindedly equated with American "ghettos" is well taken. However, there is no doubt that ethno-racial identities are growing in political and social salience in France. There should be a way to conceptually take these developments into account, without interpreting them as mere replications of American racial politics. I argue that Wacquant overlooks the roles that partisan politics and public opinion will likely play in either assisting or hindering his proposed public policy changes. Change, whether incremental or revolutionary, will depend on the ideas and actions of party politicians and citizens. I also ask whether recent assertions of banlieue identity might be interpreted as somehow violating French core values.     

镇江圌山绍隆禅寺“活地”成因

"活地"是宗教的传奇,而由于以往知识与技术的限制以及宗教圣地的"不可侵犯性","活地"也成了大自然的千年未解之谜。通过现场考察和资料调研,明晰了"活地"所在地区的地质构造特征。采用高频率表面波监测、分析技术,通过现场试验,研究了"活地"附近地表浅层岩土体分布情况。采用图像分析技术,经室内试验研究得出了"活地"及周围地区出露岩石的矿物组成。最终,对于"活地"的成因提出以下看法:1.否定了地下深层生长性岩脉诱发"活地"现象的观点;2.膨胀岩及膨胀土吸水膨胀对"活地"的隆升有一定作用,但这不是"活地"的主要诱因;3.提出"活地"是岩石风化作用及特殊地理环境综合作用结果的观点:风化作用使岩体疏松、体积增大,地面隆起;两侧山体运动对其交界处岩石产生挤压作用,为"活地"的持续隆升提供动力源。     

发展板栗生产 建设“山上丹东”

丹东地区板栗栽培历史悠久 ,资源丰富 ,现有栗树 8.2万公顷 ,年产量 2 5 0 0万公斤。全省板栗产量和面积的 90 %集中在丹东 ,其中 ,宽甸县被列为全国板栗基地县 ,2 0 0 0年被国家林业局命名为名特优经济林板栗之乡 ;凤城市被列为全国经济林示范县 ;东港市被列为全省板栗基地县。近年来 ,丹东市政府利用自身的资源优势 ,提出了建设“山上丹东”的宏伟蓝图。经过广大栗农的辛勤耕耘 ,板栗生产已经成为“山上丹东”规划中的一个重要“支柱产业” ,是山区农民脱贫致富的重要途径。1 示范推广 ,提高板栗生产水平为了搞好板栗生产 ,在省林业厅领…     

罗北凹地液体钾盐矿远景区“同源不同期”成矿模式分析

罗北凹地液体钾矿床位于新疆罗布泊地区北部,是一个大型的综合性盐类矿床。对矿区两处"成矿远景区"进行专门研究,从其与相邻地带的地层接触关系、水文地质和氢氧同位素条件分析,指出此区具备与罗北凹地相似的液体钾矿成矿条件,仅地层时代不同期,与矿体边界及周边湖岸阶地形成一种地垒模式,为指导在本地区或其它类似地区寻找新的不同时期、相同成矿条件的成矿带提出一种成矿模式。     

Neoliberal Globalisation, "Exotic" Agro-exports, and Local Change in the Pacific Islands: A Study of the Fijian Kava Sector

The economically vulnerable and geographically isolated states and territories of the Pacific Islands find themselves increasingly powerless to resist the recent accelerated diffusion of globalisation and the economic options that this entails. Neoliberal policy has arrived in the ocean region later than elsewhere in the tropical world and in the developing world in general. However, it now almost exclusively frames regional and state policy agendas, and is profoundly restructuring economies and societies across the region. Agriculture, by far the leading economic sector in Pacific Island countries, has been targeted specifically for reform. The cultivation of non-traditional agricultural exports has formed the centrepiece of the evolving strategy. As well as "staple" exports such as sugar, copra, and taro going to non-traditional markets, "exotic" niche products are being developed for export to high income markets in Europe, Asia and North America. A major example of such a product is kava – a "traditional" crop used in the preparation of a ceremonial and/or social drink. Psycho- and physiological properties have been identified in the plant by the pharmaceutical industry that is marketing a range of kava products. Produced widely across the Pacific, Fiji is the major export source. This paper traces the evolution of globalisation in the Pacific Islands, placing the current wave of neoliberalism in its historical context. It goes on to outline the evolution of the Fijian kava export sector, and investigates some of the local socio-economic impacts of recent market growth. Given the evidence presented in this study, the paper asks if the power relations evolving under contemporary neoliberal globalisation are likely to be any different from those that existed during colonial globalisation.     

《返乡》与《归去来兮辞》的文化和地理环境特征影响分析

德国浪漫主义诗人荷尔德林与中国田园诗人陶渊明都被誉为“诗人中的诗人”,他们的诗中都蕴涵着深深的“故土”情结。研究他们的代表作——荷氏的《返乡》与陶氏的《归去来兮辞》,都有许多耐人寻味的地方。尽管文化背景、文化语境、情感基调不一,然而,他们构筑的对“诗意栖居”的憧憬和神往却折射出人类共同的生命艺术境界。本论文分别从两首诗的归因、归程、归宿三方面来论述,两种文化和不同地理环境的特质和基因塑造了两个不同时代、不同地域的诗人,形成了他们别具风格的诗境。     

"The Same But Not the Same": The Discursive Constitution of Large Housing Estates in Germany,France, and Poland

Since the 1960s, large housing estates have shaped the geography of suburbia in many Western and Eastern European cities. This paper examines the constitution of the social and spatial meanings of large housing estates within three different national contexts: in Germany, Poland, and France. Employing discourse theory and an empirical analysis of the coverage of major national newspapers, we identify cross-national and specific national patterns of discourses that (re)produce particular social spaces and distinct social orders. Quantitative discourse analysis reveals differences, similarities, and ruptures in various constructions of the meaning of large housing estates. We find that large housing estates in France and Germany are constituted in print media as threatening places and as places of foreignness located "outside" the "proper society." In contrast, Polish large housing estates are framed discursively as threatened places located in the social "inside."     

Between the "Global" and the "Local": On Global Locality and Local Globality

This study offers new perspectives on the impact of global and local interactions on cities today. We look at two opposing ways of integrating global processes with the local functioning of cities. The first mode relates to a city representing unique local significance that is recognized and valued on the global scale. This globality is not economic but it affects the global interactions of individuals, institutions, and businesses in these cities. We term this type of city a global locality. The second mode is a city that serves as a local cultural and economic gateway to its region. Whether located higher or lower on the World Cities roster, at the local and regional scale it serves as both business center and cultural hub. We term this type of city a local globality. In this article, we discuss both city types using Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Jerusalem as examples.     

实施人才建设“四大工程” 加快林业科技事业发展

泰山林业科学研究院是泰安市唯一的公益性林业科研事业单位。现有职工57名,其中研究员7名、高级工程师(农艺师)8名、工程师(农艺师)13名。近年来,我们牢固树立科学的发展观,坚持以人为本,加快实施人才建设“四大工程”,加大人才培养、开发和使用力度,带动了林业科技创新工作的深入开展。目前,我院一批优秀专业技术人才脱颖而出,其中享受国务院特殊津贴4名,省级专业技术拔尖人才2名,市级专业技术拔尖人才6名,省、市优秀青年知识分子和跨世纪优秀人才9名,泰安青年科学家1名;先后承担国家、省、市课题85项,完成65项,获奖63项,其中国家级奖1项,…     

遗产旅游地居民的地方认同——“碉乡”符号、记忆与空间

文化地理学者对“地方”这一理论视角主观性意义的强调,使得“地方认同”等呈现人与地方情感联系的概念被重新审视。在当今中国申遗热的背景下,当地人的地方认同在各方力量对遗产归属与表述的争夺中重塑,如果将这种重塑放在多尺度的分析框架下,就可以发现地方认同不仅仅局限于某一特定封闭的地点,在本土、全国以及跨国空间中呈现不同的表述。开平碉楼与村落作为广东首个世界文化遗产,并且是中国唯一以华侨文化为主题的世界文化遗产,是研究遗产生产对地方认同变迁影响的典型案例。结合文献分析、观察法与访谈法等,阐述遗产旅游发展背景下当地居民的地方认同变迁,分析开平作为“碉乡”的具体内涵。研究发现：遗产申报和维护使碉楼被硬性确立为地方的象征,具有高度符号化的特点;“碉乡”形象在居民地方认同中的展开并不完整;“碉乡”在历史延续中存在着多重割裂;“碉乡”的空间边界既明确又封闭。     

基于“强度—潜力—难度”综合测度的中国农用地整治实施协调性分析

农用地整治实施协调性分析可为土地整治的宏观决策与绩效评价提供参考。基于整治强度、整治潜力和整治难度等土地整治实施的核心指标,借助力学平衡模型和地理空间统计分析,综合评判2006-2012年中国农用地整治的实施协调性。结果表明:研究期间中国农用地整治协调度F合均值为1.33,核心要素的实施匹配总体上处于拮抗状态,各实施协调度类型在数量占比上无明显差别,实施重点尚不突出;实施偏度θ以过渡型象限(II、V)居多,在协同特征上总体表现为区域农用地整治的强度和潜力间的不匹配;在空间格局上,实施协调度呈显著集聚和空间正相关性,农用地整治实施亟待优化的6类问题区域主要集中在陕甘宁、川渝等西北地区以及长三角、珠三角等地。     

"Illusory Riches": Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950

This article traces the emergence of a negative strain in European and North American representations of the tropics, as earlier images of natural abundance were supplemented, and partly supplanted, by the fears and frustrations of would-be colonisers and the growing realisation of the technical difficulties of tropical "development". Taking Pierre Gourou's The Tropical World (1947) as an exemplary text that embodies attitudes accumulated over the previous century of scientific activity and colonial administration in the tropics, it is possible to see how, despite recognition of wide regional variations, the tropics as a whole were seen as constituting an impoverished and pestilential region, largely unsuited to white settlement and agriculture, and yet reliant upon outside agency for prospects of development. Without entirely ceasing to be landscapes of desire, the tropics represented a more primitive world than the northern temperate zone, a domain of largely untamed nature that served, by contrast, to demonstrate the moral and material "superiority" of northern climates, races and civilisations.