辽宁省地震易发区地震危险性研究

盘锦、海城、营口地区是辽宁省内地震活动性最强、地震危险性最高的地区。该地区开展了大量重点工程地震安全性评价、区域性地震区划和地震小区划工作，但尚未开展基于场地条件的区域尺度地震危险性研究。独有的沉积特点使该地区场地条件较复杂，因此在地震危险性概率分析中考虑场地条件是必要的。本文基于新一代中国地震动参数区划图基本原理和技术原则，结合盘锦、海城、营口地区场地条件特征，采用基于地形坡度的方法对场地条件进行分类，确定场地地震动影响系数，给出该地区基于区域场地条件的地震危险性分布，相关研究结果可为地震风险评估和防震减灾规划提供参考。     

论历史地震研究在工程地震中的作用

本文通过回顾，展望及对现行《工程场地地震安全性评价工作规范》有关条文的理解，论述了历史地震研究在工程地震中的重要作用。历史地震研究，不仅在甄别历史地震参数、评定场地的地震基本烈度、编制地震烈度区划图、分析地震资料的时空不均匀性和历史地震对场地的方面是主要的手段和方法，而且在提供具有概率含义的抗震设防参数、编制综合性的设防区划图、确定背景地震强度等方面，也可能成为重要的方法。     

南通市场地综合区划

以场地工程地震环境评价为基础，通过南通市区建筑场地的工程地质条件研究和场地土动力特性的测试分析，查明了市区工程地质条件的空间分布规律和场地土的抗震性能；通过场地土动力特性研究和上层地震反应分析，编制了城市场地综合区划。为工程建设选址和工程地质勘察提供了地质基础资料，并给出工程抗震结构设计动参数，该研究成果可作为工程结构抗震设防的依     

统一考虑地震环境和局部场地影响的建筑物易损性研究

提出了一种综合考虑地震环境和场地影响的钢筋混凝土房屋地震易损性分析方法. 将地震环境、局部场地和工程结构作为一个整体,以概率地震危险性分析的方式考虑地震环境的影响,在此基础上详细考虑了随局部场地而变化的反应谱形状对结构地震反应及其破坏概率分布的影响. 此外,还提出了另一种表述结构易损性的方式,以对应于不同超越概率地震危险水平的方式, 提供结构地震破坏概率分布的信息.      

近场下桥梁结构的地震响应分析

提出采用宽频地震Kanai-Tajimi模型与速度脉冲He-Agrawal模型来模拟近场地震动,数值模拟验证了该近场地震模型的有效性。采用该模型定量分析了近场地震作用对桥梁结构地震响应的影响规律。近场地震动的脉冲持时是对结构产生破坏的一个重要因素,近场地震作用对桥梁结构的设计提出了更高的延性要求。     

松散浅层结构的地震噪声探测综述

地表松散的浅层结构是造成地震场地作用、加剧强震破坏的主要因素。通过探测了解浅层结构是评估场地作用、进行场地分类、预防和减轻地震灾害的重要环节。地震噪声随时随地存在,其能量分布在很宽的频带范围内,故近几年地震噪声探测被广泛应用于深层和浅层结构研究。在地表浅层结构研究中,相对于主动源探测,利用地震噪声可以比较廉价地实现较深范围的探测,并适用于更多的场地。本文将概述地震噪声浅层探测的数据采集方式和几种常用的数据处理方法,及其最近几年的发展趋势。     

基于神经网络的唐山市震害预测

地震反应谱是城市地震小区划的关键，也是房屋抗震设计和减灾的基础。反应谱最大值，即地震影响系数最大值是地震反应谱的最重要参数之一，由于地震影响系数最大值受到场地条件、基岩条件和特殊地质现象等诸多因素的共同影响，相互关系复杂且不能用经验公式简单表示，故地震影响系数最大值的精确计算是困扰科技工作者多年的难题。地震影响系数最大值分布的精细预测，关键在于如何选择基岩指标，以及如何确定基岩条件、场地条件和特殊地质现象等指标的分布与地震影响系数最大值分布之问的关系。根据唐山市具体情况，应用人工神经网络方法建立预测模型，探讨较为准确的地震影响系数最大值分布计算方法，为确定唐山市地震反应谱小区划奠定了基础。     

用不确定的宏观地震数据估算场地地震重复率

提出了一个根据有不确定影响的烈度资料来决定场地地震危险分析的方法。这种方法考虑了烈度的顺序和互不关联的特征，试图避免由于假定强度可以被处理作一个实数（连续分布估计量、衰减关系式等）而导出的错误结果。所提出的公式基于采用一个分布函数，它对每一个地震描述了场地受每一个烈度值影响的可以性。为了得到缺少当地地震资料地区的场地危险的评价，检验了这个分布函数随着到宏观地震震中的距离和震中烈度的变化情况。为了结     

引入地震构造法的场地影响烈度地震危险性分析 --以皖西六大水库坝址为例

地震构造法是通过研究工程场地周围每一发震构造及最大潜在地震来确定场地未来的极限地震危险性。引入地震构造法，结合区域地展地质资料进行场地影响烈度地震危险性分析，将会取得更为科学可靠的结果。本文以皖西六大水库坝址为例，考虑地震构造条件，进行场地影响烈度地震危险性分析，给出50年P(I≥i)＝10％的分析结果。研究结果表明，发震构造及最大潜在地震对周围场地未来地震危险性具有明显的控制作用。     

结构偏心对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响

本文对基础隔震偏心结构在不同场地上的地震动作用下的反应进行了深入研究，探讨了上部结构偏心、隔震层偏心、场地条件等因素对于基础隔震结构地震反应的影响，选取了能反映结构偏心特性的参数，以便将分析各因素对隔震结构地震反应的影响转化为分析参数的影响。通过大量的数值计算与分析，得到了一些对实际工程有意义的结论。     

Ground vibrations due to seismic detonation in oil exploration

Previous works on this subject deal mainly with establishing an empirical relationship between the extent of the vibration at the building site (measured by the peak particle velocity), the distance of the building from the explosive, the energy content of the explosive and the frequency of detonating the explosives. These works are mainly limited to cases where the explosives are placed on the surface. However, the practical case requires that the explosive is considered to be buried, either on the sea-bed in offshore operations or underground in land explorations. This practical case has hitherto received little attention. The present work records an empirical relation based on field tests in Mid-Western and Rivers States of Nigeria. The depth of the buried explosive is now introduced as an additional parameter and the empirical relation shows its effect, along with the above parameters, on the extent of vibrations at the surface. An interesting, and rather unexpected, stationary point is consistently observed in the variation of peak particle velocity at the surface as the depth of the buried explosive increases while other parameters are kept constant.     

地震心理初探──献给松潘、平武地震廿周年纪念

根据心理学的基本概念，结合地震中的实例，探讨了恐震心理的产生、传播特点，同时对震前、震时、震后人们的心理状态作了初步分析、在地震过程的不同阶段采取不同的心理措施，可以达到降低震灾损失和减少伤亡的目的。     

An intense SFE and SSC event in geomagnetic H, Y and Z fields at the Indian chain of observatories

Changes in the three components of geomagnetic field are reported at the chain of ten geomagnetic observatories in India during an intense solar crochet that occurred at 1311 h 75° EMT on 15 June 1991 and the subsequent sudden commencement (SSC) of geomagnetic storm at 1518h on 17 June 1991. The solar flare effects (SFE) registered on the magnetograms appear to be an augmentation of the ionospheric current system existing at the start time of the flare. An equatorial enhancement in AH due to SFE is observed to be similar in nature to the latitudinal variation of SQ (H) at low latitude. AF registered the largest effect at 3.6° dip latitude at the fringe region of the electrojet. AZ had positive amplitudes at the equatorial stations and negative at stations north of Hyderabad. The SSC amplitude in the H component is fairly constant with latitude, whereas the Z component again showed larger positive excursions at stations within the electrojet belt. These results are discussed in terms of possible currents of internal and external origin. The changes in the Y field strongly support the idea that meridional current at an equatorial electrojet station flows in the ionospheric dynamo, E.Presently at: School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia     

Stresses and excess pore pressure induced in saturated poroelastic halfspace by moving line load

This paper examines stresses and excess pore fluid pressure that are induced in a saturated poroelastic soil of halfspace extent by a concentrated line load. The line load is moving at a constant velocity along the surface of the poroelastic halfspace. The governing equations for the proposed analysis are based on the Biot's theory of dynamics in saturated poroelastic soils. The governing partial differential equations are solved using Fourier transforms. The solutions for the stresses and excess pore pressure are expressed in the forms of inverse Fourier transforms. The numerical results are obtained by performing the numerical inversion of the transform integrals. A parametric study is presented to illustrate the influences of the velocity of moving load and the poroelastic material parameters on the stresses and excess pore pressure. At a high velocity, the maximum values of the stresses in a poroelastic halfspace are smaller than those in an elastic solid, whilst at a low velocity the stresses in a poroelastic halfspace are larger than those in an elastic halfspace. The potential of diffusivity has an important influence on the stresses and excess pore pressure.     

Bayesian data fusion in a spatial prediction context: a general formulation

In spite of the exponential growth in the amount of data that one may expect to provide greater modeling and predictions opportunities, the number and diversity of sources over which this information is fragmented is growing at an even faster rate. As a consequence, there is real need for methods that aim at reconciling them inside an epistemically sound theoretical framework. In a statistical spatial prediction framework, classical methods are based on a multivariate approach of the problem, at the price of strong modeling hypotheses. Though new avenues have been recently opened by focusing on the integration of uncertain data sources, to the best of our knowledges there have been no systematic attemps to explicitly account for information redundancy through a data fusion procedure. Starting from the simple concept of measurement errors, this paper proposes an approach for integrating multiple information processing as a part of the prediction process itself through a Bayesian approach. A general formulation is first proposed for deriving the prediction distribution of a continuous variable of interest at unsampled locations using on more or less uncertain (soft) information at neighboring locations. The case of multiple information is then considered, with a Bayesian solution to the problem of fusing multiple information that are provided as separate conditional probability distributions. Well-known methods and results are derived as limit cases. The convenient hypothesis of conditional independence is discussed by the light of information theory and maximum entropy principle, and a methodology is suggested for the optimal selection of the most informative subset of information, if needed. Based on a synthetic case study, an application of the methodology is presented and discussed.     

A new technique for determining the surface level of salt marshes and other uncompacted sedimentary environments

The method described involves the use of an electro-optical distance measurer mounted on a theodolite. Observations are taken onto a series of acrylic reflectors, aligned at right angles to the line of sight, and slope distances and vertical and horizontal angles are recorded. From these data it is possible to obtain surface heights to an accuracy of ±0·5 cm at 200 m and to avoid any direct disturbance of the site under investigation.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for seismic soil–pile-structure interaction

A three-dimensional method of analysis is presented for the seismic response of structures constructed on pile foundations. An analysis is formulated in the time domain and the effects of material nonlinearity of soil on the seismic response are investigated. A subsystem model consisting of a structure subsystem and a pile-foundation subsystem is used. Seismic response of the system is found using a successive-coupling incremental solution scheme. Both subsystems are assumed to be coupled at each time step. Material nonlinearity is accounted for by incorporating an advanced plasticity-based soil model, HiSS, in the finite element formulation. Both single piles and pile groups are considered and the effects of kinematic and inertial interaction on seismic response are investigated while considering harmonic and transient excitations. It is seen that nonlinearity significantly affects seismic response of pile foundations as well as that of structures. Effects of nonlinearity on response are dependent on the frequency of excitation with nonlinearity causing an increase in response at low frequencies of excitation.     

Degrees of melting in mantle diapirs and the origin of ultrabasic liquids

The temperature and degree of melting in an upwelling diapir in the mantle may be considerably less than that anticipated from an adiabatic cooling curve. Several geological and thermodynamic parameters may be incorporated to produce a more realistic melting model in diapirs. The latent heat of fusion of mantle material is the greatest buffer on degrees of melting. Models are presented which suggest that an uprising diapir intersecting the anhydrous solidus of mantle material at 50 kbars may be only 29% melted on reaching the surface. A diapir initiated at 100 kbars may be 69% melted. These are maximum values. These calculations imply that the generation of komatiitic liquids by diapiric uprise alone demands that the diapir originate at depths in excess of 300 km. Melting of mantle with an irregular geotherm is preferred for the origin of these liquids.     

Experience in seismic signal recording using broadband electrochemical seismic sensors

Development and application of broadband seismic sensors, namely velocimeters of electrochemical type (chemotrons), are considered. The principle of operation and design of modern electrochemical (molecular-electronic) converters of seismic signals for linear and rotary motions are described. The data on metrological certification and prolonged trials of these seismic sensors on test benches are presented. Their advantages as compared to stationary broadband seismic sensors of electrodynamic type lie in impact immunity, high power supply efficiency, operability at large inclinations and in a wide temperature range. Comparative analysis of records of the Sichuan Earthquake (China, May 12, 2008) obtained in Moscow on a test bench at the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences with help of an electrodynamic seismic sensor and on a test bench at the Design Bureau of Oceanological Equipment of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the help of an electrochemical sensor is presented in conclusion.     

Reversed Flow Test: A Borehole Logging Method for Estimating Pore Water Quality and Inflow Rates Along an Uncased Borehole Profile

There is often a need to estimate the variation in water quality and flow rate with depth in an aquifer given access only to an uncased borehole. In such situations, borehole logging techniques can be applied. This paper describes the Reversed Flow Test (RFT), a rarely used borehole logging method. The RFT is intended to provide information on pore water quality and inflow rates along the length of an uncased borehole profile. They are carried out by logging the conductivity of the borehole fluid under two pumping phases. During the first pumping phase the pump intake is located at the top of the borehole, and during the second the intake is located at the base. Provided the pumping rates are low and the system does not have marked lateral heterogeneity, stable conductivity profiles are often achieved within a relatively short time period. The data are interpreted to give estimates of electrical conductivity and inflow at each point in the profile. The test has been successfully carried out on a range of British aquifers, and four case histories are summarized here. In each case, the test was easily accomplished by two people in less than a day.