2000年以来朝鲜植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性研究

生态环境的可持续与人类福祉和生态系统服务息息相关,研究植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性,探讨植被覆盖时空变化规律,探究气候因子对植被变化的驱动机制,对预见气候因子对生态系统影响、制定生态环境可持续保护策略具有深远意义。基于此,利用美国国家航空航天局发布的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相关的气候资料,通过对像元信息进行提取与分析,采用最大合成法、克里金插值法、相关分析法等方法,对2000-2016年朝鲜全境植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：朝鲜全境植被覆盖空间分布不均,北部盖马高原、东北部咸镜山区,中、东部山地丘陵区为高值区;西、南部平原地区,东部沿海地带为低值区。NDVI值整体上增加,局部减少,空间差异明显。植被生长受气温和降水双重驱动,其中,气温对植被年内生长变化比降水作用更大;而气温因素中,年平均气温对植被生长的影响程度略大,NDVI对降水的响应存在明显滞后效应;NDVI对温度和降水的响应程度与空间地理位置、高程有关。区域植被NDVI年际变化主要受年最低气温和人类活动的影响。     

重庆市气候因子变化及其与植被活动的相关性

全球变化背景下气候因子与地表植被的相互作用过程是地球科学领域的研究重点和热点。利用重庆市50年来气象站点数据和1999年以来的SPOT4-VGT NDVI数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验、时空分析、相关分析等方法,对年均温、年降水时空变化特征及其与植被活动变化之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,重庆市50 a间年均温、年降水量波动明显,其中年均温2002年以后增温趋势显著。植被覆盖近10 a呈明显增加趋势,且存在显著的时空差异。空间上,三峡库区及长江、嘉陵江沿岸NDVI增加最为明显;时间上,春季、秋季NDVI增加最为显著。植被覆盖年内周期变化与降水、特别是气温的相关性显著,但年际变化与年均温和年降水量变化相关性不显著。初步分析表明,人类活动,特别是农业生产、耕地保护和植被生态建设等,是近10 a重庆市植被覆盖上升的首要因素。     

北方农牧交错带植被覆盖的动态变化及其与气候因子关系

利用1991--2000年连续10a逐旬的NOAA时间序列数据,采用最大NDVI值法,分析我国北方农牧交错带植被覆盖的动态变化。结果表明：10a来,年最大NDVI值为0．736-0．848,1994年以后逐年下降;植被覆盖率呈降低趋势,轻度减少与轻度增加的比例差值平均达到38％。在此基础上,结合同期气象数据(月平均气温、降水数据),利用偏相关分析和复相关分析,探讨了不同时期(汛期与非汛期)农牧交错带最大NDVI变化气候驱动的区域分异,将研究区划分为气温相关型、降水相关型、降水气温相关型和非气温降水显著相关型四种类型。     

近10年蒙古高原植被覆盖变化及其对气候的季节响应

利用2001~2010年间MODIS NDVI数据、同期气象数据和MODIS土地覆盖分类产品,探讨蒙古高原植被覆盖变化趋势及其对气温和降水量的季节响应特征。结果表明,10 a来,蒙古高原植被覆盖度呈增加趋势和呈下降趋势的面积基本持平;春季和夏季植被覆盖度呈下降趋势,而秋季呈上升趋势,降水量是最主要的影响因子;在秋季5种植被类型均呈增加趋势,而在春季和夏季不同植被类型的增减趋势因植被类型而异。     

2000-2012年中国北方草地NDVI和气候因子时空变化

利用2000-2012年的MODIS NDVI数据,结合中国北方187个气象基准站年均温度和年降水量资料,对2000-2012年中国北方草地NDVI的时空变化特征和同期年均温度、降水量动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:(1)草地NDVI无明显变化的区域占北方草地总面积的64.35%,以荒漠草地为主;草地退化区域的面积(占北方草地总面积的23.97%)大于改善区域的面积(占北方草地11.68%)。(2)NDVI变异系数分析结果表明,2000-2012年以来中国北方草地68.37%区域呈稳定状态。其中,荒漠草地植被变异性较小,处于相对稳定状态的草地占其总面积的79.73%;而灌丛草地和典型草地的变异性较大,变化显著的草地分别占其草地面积的41.55%和45.92%。(3)北方草地区中,54.04%的区域年均温度呈升高趋势,大于温度呈降低趋势的区域,温度升高幅度最大为0.159 ℃·a^-1;年降水量呈增加趋势的面积达71.01%,远大于呈减少趋势的面积,降水量增加的最大幅度为23.29 mm·a^-1。     

祁连山MODIS LST时空变化特征及影响因素分析

地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)是研究区域尺度和全球尺度上地表能量和水平衡物理过程中不可缺少的参数。祁连山LST的时空变化规律及其影响因素模式未知。通过采用趋势分析法和相关性分析法,探讨2000—2017年间祁连山LST〖WTBZ〗的时空变化特征及与植被的相互关系,分析各植被类型下地表温度的时空分异特征。结果表明：（1） MODIS LST产品的精度能够满足祁连山地表温度时空变化分析的要求。（2） 祁连山LST时间序列呈 “上升—下降—上升—下降”的波动变化,整体呈小幅上升趋势,以0.17 ℃·（10 a）^-1的速率波动上升,冬季LST上升趋势最显著（63.37%）,变化率为0.22℃·（10 a）^-1;空间上呈西北降低东南升高的变化趋势,显著上升面积（14.89%）远大于下降面积（0.90%）。（3） 祁连山年均LST与NDVI呈负相关,显著相关区域占22.56%,夏季NDVI对LST的调控作用较显著（25.45%）;荒漠NDVI对LST的影响大于其他植被类型。（4） 海拔对各植被类型LST有强烈的影响,相关性依次为荒漠>林地>草甸>耕地;然而,夏季LST与海拔的相关性因植被覆盖增加而显著降低。（5）祁连山LST上升是NDVI、海拔以及植被类型综合影响的结果。     

1982-2006年蒙古高原植被覆盖时空变化分析

在利用HANTS方法对GIMMS NDVI数据进行时间序列平滑处理的基础上,对蒙古高原1982-2006年植被覆盖时空动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:蒙古高原植被覆盖年平均上升趋势为0.0004·a-1,其中蒙古国的上升趋势(0.0005·a-1)比中国内蒙古(0.0003·a-1)更加显著,而内蒙古多年平均NDVI比蒙古国高0.0433;从不同类型植被NDVI变化趋势看,除森林和戈壁荒漠的NDVI变化趋势较平稳外,草地、农田和灌丛均呈显著的上升趋势;从空间分布趋势看,在过去的25年内植被覆盖呈增加趋势的地区主要分布在高原南部——内蒙古农牧交错区和蒙古国中、西和北部的山脉及其环抱的大湖盆地地区,而植被覆盖呈下降趋势的地区主要集中在高原中部的干旱地带和东部呼伦贝尔地区;从时间推移规律看,蒙古高原植被覆盖在4个不同研究时间段内(20世纪80年代、90年代、21世纪初和过去25年间)呈增加(包括显著增加)趋势的面积均大于呈下降趋势的面积,且其面积按20世纪80年代＜90年代＜21世纪初的顺序依次增加.     

中国植被NDVI与气候因子的年际变化及相关性研究

根据1982-2006年全国GIMMS NDVI资料,以及全国583个气象站点的气温和降水量数据,以像元为计算单元,分别以植被分区和气象站点为对象分析了植被NDVI、≥10℃积温和降水量的年际变化及相关关系。结果表明:(1)全国及各分区≥10℃积温均呈显著的增加趋势,降水量和植被NDVI整体上呈减小趋势,植被覆盖面积略有增加,且≥10℃积温增速越大则降水量减速越小。(2)全国植被NDVI与≥10℃积温和降水量分别呈微弱的负相关和正相关。由于地形地貌、地理位置以及人类活动作用的差异性,不同植被分区相关性有所差异。(3)秦岭-淮河以北地区,降水量是影响植被生在的限制性气候因子。而秦岭-淮河以南地区,植被NDVI与≥10℃积温和降水量的分布无显著性规律。     

2000—2019年中国西北地区植被覆盖变化及其影响因子

中国西北地区土地荒漠化问题严重,生态环境脆弱。厘清该地区植被覆盖时空变化特征及影响因子,对生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于MOD13A3数据,通过最大值合成法处理获得2000—2019年归一化差值植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）时序数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst指数法及地理探测器对研究区植被覆盖的时空变化特征及影响因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年,研究区植被覆盖整体呈增长趋势,NDVI年增长速率为0.0027（P<0.05）,均值为0.252。空间分区年增长速率有差异,黄河流域片区（0.0062）>半干旱草原片区（0.0026）>内陆干旱片区（0.0018）。（2）研究区植被覆盖呈增长趋势的面积占55.77%,退化区域占3.76%,增长的土地利用类型以耕、林、草地为主。植被覆盖变化趋势具有持续性的区域面积占总面积的31.87%,其中持续性改善面积（17.04%）大于持续性退化面积（1.27%）,黄河流域片区增长情况及持续性增长情况最优。（3）影响植被覆盖空间分布的主要因子按影响力依次为降水、气温、日照、相对湿度,但对各分区的影响程度略有差异。黄河流域片区、内陆干旱片区空间分布受降水影响最大,半干旱草原区受日照影响最大。（4）研究区植被覆盖变化以自然因子与人类活动共同驱动为主,自然因子对植被生长的促进作用大于人类活动,且自然因子对植被覆盖变化的贡献率更高。本研究结果可为评估气候变化背景下西北地区生态环境变化提供参考。     

基于MODIS/NDVI的新疆伊犁河谷植被变化

利用2000-2010年16 d合成的MODIS/[NDVI]数据,结合植被异常指数、趋势线分析和Hurst指数等分析方法,对新疆伊犁河谷植被覆盖的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1） 伊犁河谷内植被覆盖随海拔增高而先增加后减小,最高植被覆盖区位于2 000～2 500 m的高程带;2000-2010年伊犁河谷各高程带内植被覆盖整体下降趋势明显,但海拔低于1 000 m的高程带除外。（2）受干湿环境影响,伊犁河谷全区平均被植异常指数最高值出现在降水最多的2002年,最低值出现在降水最少的2008年,但不同区域植被异常指数的变化存在较大差异。（3）伊犁河谷内植被覆盖增加和减小的区域分别占总面积的4.09%和19.34%,增加区域主要位于伊犁河两岸的平原区,减小区域主要位于乌孙山两端以及伊犁河谷周围海拔2 000 m左右的低山区域;变标度极差分析结果表明,伊犁河谷内植被覆盖年际变化呈现很强的持续性,未来一定时间内将保持现有变化趋势不变。     

近15a新疆不同类型植被NDVI时空动态变化及对气候变化的响应

为了研究新疆不同类型植被对气候变化的响应,以地带性划分的植被类型作为研究对象,1998-2012年为时间尺度,利用GIS的空间分析方法结合数学统计方法,分析了新疆各地带植被覆盖变化的时空分布特征;并采用"多元回归+残差插值"的方法,模拟了气温和降水量的空间分布;利用SPOT VGT/NDVI数据以及气候数据(气温和降水量数据),分析了5个不同地带植被的动态变化、年际变化和生长季内各月变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)新疆各地带植被覆盖度存在着显著差异,其中,温带北部草原地带高植被区和浓密植被区的范围较广,植被覆盖度较高,而高寒荒漠地带的极低植被区占该地带面积的一半以上,且植被覆盖度最低。(2)新疆各地带植被覆盖在近15 a间呈波动增加的趋势,5个地带的植被覆盖均有所改善,其中,高寒荒漠地带和暖温带半灌木、灌木地带的植被覆盖改善较为明显,其余3个地带均有少部分地区出现轻微改善现象。(3)温带半灌木、矮乔木荒漠地带,暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带和温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带4~10月的平均气温呈上升趋势,而温带北部草原地带、高寒荒漠地带对应的平均气温则出现下降趋势。5个地带的降水量在该时段内均表现为下降趋势。(4)基于年际尺度,新疆各地带植被NDVI与气温、降水量的相关性均不显著;基于月尺度,各地带植被NDVI受降水量的影响比气温大。同时,仅有暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带植被NDVI与气温存在1个月的滞后性,其余4个地带对气温和降水均不存在滞后性。     

祁连山西段草地土壤氮矿化及影响因子的关系研究

以祁连山西段草地土壤氮为研究对象,采用PVC管野外培养法,测定分析土壤氮及其理化指标,计算氮矿化量、矿化速率,分析引起土壤氮矿化的主要环境变量。结果表明：（1） 全氮、pH值在海拔上均差异显著（P<0.05）,有机质差异不显著（P>0.05）, NH⁺ ₄-N在2 700 m、2 800 m、2 850 m、2 900 m、3 000 m、3 050 m差异显著（P<0.05）,其他海拔差异不显著（P>0.05）,NO₃^--N在海拔上差异显著（P<0.05）。（2） 野外培养能促进土壤氮矿化,矿化速率在海拔上遵循二次多项式。（3） 土壤理化指标对土壤氮矿化速率影响大小依次为：pH值 > K > NH₄⁺-N>全氮>水分>温度>容重,土壤氮矿化速率与全氮、K、pH值、NH₄⁺-N、水分之间均有较显著的相关性（P<0.05）,与全氮、K、NH₄⁺-N、水分之间有二次多项式显著相关性,与pH值有显著的线型正相关,容重有对数正相关,土温有幂函数正相关,后两者相关性不强。（4） 通过研究发现能促进土壤氮矿化各变量因子的赋值范围为：pH值（7.2～8.4）、水分（21.8%～33.27%）、土温（4.41～8.91 ℃）。     

东祁连山南坡现代花粉雨与植被

1 Introduction A significant problem in the analysis of pollen spectra is the incomplete comprehension of the relationship between modern pollen spectra and the vegetation that produces them. Pollen precipitation reflects many factors: pollen production,…     

Surface pollen and its relationship to vegetation on the southern slope of the eastern Qilian Mountains

The objective of this study is to investigate pollen-vegetation relationship in the Qilian Mountains. The eastern Qilian Mountains are located in the transitional zone of the Tibetan Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the arid region of Northwest China, which is one of the key areas of global environmental change. A total of 13 surface pollen samples from main vegetation have been collected. Pollen percentages were calculated in all samples. In order to reveal the relationship between pollen composition and the vegetation types from which the soil samples have been collected, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) ordination method was employed on the pollen data. The results show that dominating vegetation types can be recognized by their pollen spectra: Picea crassifolia forest, alpine shrub and alpine meadow as well. Altitude and temperature determine the distribution of the surface pollen and the vegetation. The good agreement between modern vegetation and surface samples across this area provides a measure of the reliability of using pollen data to reconstruct paleoenvironment and paleovegetation patterns in this or other similar regions. However the loss of Betula pollen in forest needs further investigation. Pollen oxidation is the most important factor contributing to the damage of modern pollen in the study area. Pollen concentrations decrease with the increase of pH values of soils, and decrease sharply when the pH exceeds 7.6.     

祁连山冰川变化及其脆弱性

Glaciers are a reliable freshwater resource in arid regions of West China and the vulnerability of its changes is closely related to regional ecosystem services and economic sustainable development. Here, we took the Qilian Mountains as an example and analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier changes from 1998 to 2018, based on remote sensing images and the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory. We estimated the basic organizational framework and evaluation index system of glacier change vulnerability from exposure, sensitivity and adaptability, which covered the factors of physical geography, population status and socio-economic level. We analyzed the spatial and temporal evolutions of glacier change vulnerability by using the vulnerability evaluation model. Our results suggested that:(1) Glacier area and volume decreased by 71.12±98.98 km² and 5.59±4.41 km³, respectively, over the recent two decades, which mainly occurred at the altitude below 4800 m, with an area shrinking rate of 2.5%. In addition, glaciers in the northern aspect(northwest, north and northeast) had the largest area reduction. Different counties exhibited remarkable discrepancies in glacier area reduction, Tianjuan and Minle presented the maximum and minimum decrease, respectively.(2) Glacier change vulnerability level showed a decreasing trend in space from the central to the northwestern and southeastern regions with remarkable differences. Vulnerability level had increased significantly over time and was mainly concentrated in moderate, high and extreme levels with typical characteristics of phases and regional complexity. Our study can not only help to understand and master the impacts of recent glacier changes on natural and social aspects but also be conducive to evaluate the influences of glacier retreat on socio-economic developments in the future, thus providing references for formulating relevant countermeasures to achieve regional sustainable development.     

Inter-annual variations in vegetation and their response to climatic factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2010

To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive： regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.     

2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积时空变化特征

科学监测祁连山积雪面积及变化特征对该区域气候研究、雪水资源开发利用、环境灾害预报及生态环境保护等具有重要意义。基于2001—2017年MOD10A2积雪产品和气象数据,分析祁连山积雪面积动态变化特征及与气温降水关系。结果显示:(1) 2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积年际波动趋势较大,呈减小趋势,多年平均积雪面积约为5×104km2,占祁连山总面积的25. 9%;年内变化成"M"型,即在一个积雪年中有两个波峰和波谷,波峰出现在11月和1月,波谷出现在7月;季节变化波动趋势较大,夏冬季积雪面积减小趋势大于春季,秋季呈现略微增加趋势。(2)祁连山区积雪面积主要分布在3 000～4 000 m及4 000～5 000 m,积雪覆盖率随着海拔上升呈现逐渐增大的趋势;祁连山区不同坡向积雪覆盖面积差异较大,积雪覆盖率差异较小;积雪频率高值区呈典型的条带状分布,与祁连山地形相一致,呈西北—东南分布,且分布西部大于东部。(3)初步分析认为祁连山积雪面积变化对气温要素更敏感。     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is...     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.