麻粒岩相条件下蠕状石成因的一种解释

关于蠕状石的成因，施工地质学家提出各种不同的成因假说，多数人认为是交代生成的。根据蠕状石总是产在麻粒岩相变质岩和相应的混合岩中，并常出现于斜长石，正长石和石英的接触部位，含蠕状石的斜长石的折射率低于不含蠕状石的斜工石以及近年来花岗质岩和石熔融实验研究获得的成果，笔者认为，蠕状石是在麻粒岩相变质条件下，由溶熔作用在变质岩中局部产生的花岗质熔浆于冷却结晶过程中最后共结产生的。     

蠕英石的成因

蠕英石常见于中酸性侵入岩和片麻岩中。蠕英石石英含量与蠕英石斜长石An值或岩石中Ca含量呈正比关系。条纹钠长石、甚至钾长石的残余体出现在蠕英石中,说明蠕英石是含钙的销质气液对钾长石发生交代作用的产物。尽管有多种形态和产状的蠕英石,其成因却都是相同的。岩石受变动后形成的蠕英石应晚于未变动时形成的蠕英石。     

新元古代帽碳酸盐岩中帐篷状构造的成因

帐篷构造是碳酸盐岩中的一种特殊沉积组构,因其倒“V”字形形态类似于帐篷(tepee)而得名,被认为是一种无成因意义的沉积组构。传统的帐篷构造在海相至陆相碳酸盐岩中都有发育,形态和胶结物的不同反映了沉积环境的变化,其成因为裂隙填充的胶结物结晶膨胀导致层面突起变形。新元古代帽碳酸盐岩中广泛发育有倒“V”字形的类似构造,但由于形态和成因上都和传统的帐篷构造有所区别,被称为“帐篷状构造”(te-pee-likestructure)。目前其成因解释主要有:“巨风暴潮波痕”、“甲烷气体渗漏”、“地下水侵位”和“晶体结晶”的假说。由于帐篷状构造的形成过程与机制和帽碳酸盐岩的成因密切相关,对帐篷状构造的进一步研究必将帮助我们对新元古代冰期结束机制的理解。     

赣北彭山中更新统“蠕虫”状结构的特征及成因分析

作者以中更新统实测剖面为例，分析了赣北彭山一带中更新统红土中的白色“蠕虫”状结构特征及其成因，认为其由“微裂隙水流淋溶”和（或）“植物微根系吸收”所形成。     

东川落雪式铜矿的含铜“礁—硅岩组合与海底喷流热液成矿

从区域地质背景，岩石学，岩石化学，微量元素，氧同位素及稀土元素组成等方面论证东川铅矿含铜“礁－硅岩组合”中的含铜硅质条带－硅质白云岩为海底喷流热水沉积成因；提出了该类层状铜矿的深源含铜富硅混合热液海底喷流－生物富集的沉积成岩成矿模式，并提出了东川落雪层状“马尾丝”铜矿合矿岩系为“含铜礁－硅岩组合”的新观点。     

华南中二叠统眼球状石灰岩特征及成因的思考

眼球状石灰岩是华南地区中二叠统常见的一种碳酸盐岩岩石类型,由“眼球”和“眼皮”组成,广泛分布于中二叠统栖霞组下部和茅口组中下部。关于眼球状石灰岩特征和成因的研究,已经取得了较为丰富的成果,笔者对这些成果进行了评述:对眼球状石灰岩的分布特征、岩石学特征及地球化学特征进行了总结;对其各种成因观点进行了讨论。在此基础上,阐述了眼球状石灰岩特征研究存在的争议,指出了下一步研究应关注的方面,尤其是在微观特征及地球化学特征方面,同时认为眼球状石灰岩的石油地质意义应该引起足够的重视。     

下扬子地区下三叠统蠕虫状灰岩及其成因

华南下三叠统中上部普遍发育蠕虫状灰岩,宏观上可以分为深色“蠕体” 和浅色“基质”。对于 其成因的认识一直存在很大的争议,主要的观点有化学凝聚说、生物扰动说和机械成因说等。笔者通过对下扬 子地区5条典型剖面进行野外详细分层描述、采样、薄片观察以及实验分析,并与中上扬子地区进行对比研究, 对蠕虫状灰岩进行了详细的定义,并将蠕虫状灰岩分为4类：连续成层蠕虫状灰岩、生物爬迹／钻孔蠕虫状灰 岩、呈似层状／杂乱条带状排列的蠕虫状灰岩和混染状蠕虫状灰岩,其在剖面上具有典型的变化规律。蠕虫状灰 岩发育的层段少见宏体化石,遗迹化石、微生物的分布与蠕虫状灰岩之间具有一定的联系。早三叠世缺氧、H_２S和CO_２ 含量增加、海水呈碱性、喜氧生物匮乏等为蠕虫状灰岩的形成创造了前提条件,灰泥在早三叠世特殊的 海洋化学条件下开始沉积分异,后经历了同沉积成岩作用和不同程度的宏体生物、微生物作用,因此形成了不 同类型的蠕虫状灰岩。蠕虫状灰岩发育时为海洋缺氧、有毒气体释放的后期,海水X（Mg）／X（Ca） 值开始降低, 碳同位素值回升,随后生物逐渐活跃起来,环境也逐渐改善。因此蠕虫状灰岩可以被认为是生物复苏、环境改 善的标志。     

走滑蠕变断层的数值模拟以及对于加利福尼亚海沃德断层的推论

走滑断层虽然在大的应力释放事件之间大多处于闭锁状态，但在某些情况下，仍能够发生蠕滑。地表蠕滑发生在两个大型大陆走滑断裂系：土耳其的北安那托利亚断裂和加利福尼亚的圣安德烈斯断裂及其相关断裂上。虽然在这些断层上记录到了蠕滑现象，但是，断层闭锁段与蠕滑段之间的相互作用以及导致蠕滑的条件却并未得到较好的解释。     

阿尔金断裂东段断层滑动方式的研究

采用宏观、微观相结合的方法 ,对阿尔金断裂东段断层滑动方式进行研究 ,结果表明 :(1)阿尔金断裂东段由多条羽列状次级断层所组成 ,相邻两次级断层间的夹角 :A段 15,B段 12,C段 5;(2 )断层物质具明显的组构现象 ,眼球状流动构造 ,较小的剪切破裂角等是阿尔金断裂东段断层蠕动的结果 ;(3)断层泥石英碎砾 SEM特征显示阿尔金断裂东段 Q3以来主要是蠕滑 ,但不同区段稍有不同。综上所述 ,阿尔金断裂东段断层活动主要是蠕滑 ,愈向东其蠕滑程度愈高。     

四川宝珠寺水库库岸滑坡特征及成因分析

宝珠寺水电站库区滑坡分布密集，活动频繁，危害大。文章在对库区的地质构造、地形地貌、地层岩性和水文地质条件等工程地质环境进行详细研究基础上，以金洞集镇Ⅱ号滑坡和营盘乡左坝滑坡为例，系统深入地研究了库区滑坡的分布规律、滑坡特征及其成因。认为由于其独特的物质组成及特定环境条件，库区滑坡在滑动过程中整体性差，极易形成次级滑体，且对库水和降雨的作用较为敏感，多为具反复性、间歇性和继承性的长期蠕滑型滑坡。文章最后提出了库区滑坡的防治对策。     

Nucleation and growth of myrmekite during ductile shear deformation in metagranites

Myrmekite is extensively developed along strain gradients of continuous, lower amphibolite facies shear zones in metagranites of the Gran Paradiso unit (Western Alps). To evaluate the role of stress, strain energy and fluid phase in the formation of myrmekite, we studied a sample suite consisting of weakly deformed porphyric granites (WDGs), foliated granites (FGs) representative of intermediate strains, and mylonitic granites (MGs). In the protolith, most K‐feldspar is microcline with different sets of perthite lamellae and fractures. In the WDGs, abundant quartz‐oligoclase myrmekite developed inside K‐feldspar only along preexisting perthite lamellae and fractures oriented at a high angle to the incremental shortening direction. In the WDGs, stress played a direct role in the nucleation of myrmekites along interfaces already characterized by high stored elastic strain because of lattice mismatch between K‐feldspar and albite. In the FGs and MGs, K‐feldspar was progressively dismembered along the growing network of microshear zones exploiting the fine‐grained recrystallized myrmekite and perthite aggregates. This was accompanied by a more pervasive fluid influx into the reaction surfaces, and myrmekite occurs more or less pervasively along all the differently oriented internal perthites and fractures independently of the kinematic framework of the shear zone. In the MGs, myrmekite forms complete rims along the outer boundary of the small K‐feldspar porphyroclasts, which are almost completely free of internal reaction interfaces. Therefore, we infer that the role of fluid in the nucleation of myrmekite became increasingly important as deformation progressed and outweighed that of stress. Mass balance calculations indicate that, in Al–Si‐conservative conditions, myrmekite growth was associated with a volume loss of 8.5%. This resulted in microporosity within myrmekite that enhanced the diffusion of chemical components to the reaction sites and hence the further development of myrmekite.     

Mechanisms of myrmekite formation: case study from the Weinsberg granite,Moldanubian zone,Upper Austria

Myrmekites have attracted the attention of petrographers over more than a century, and several genetic models have been proposed. We report on myrmekites from the Weinsberg granite of the Moldanubian zone of Upper Austria. Based on petrographic evidence, fluid-mediated replacement of alkali feldspar by myrmekite during the sub-solidus evolution of the granite is inferred. The replacement was metasomatic on the scale of the myrmekite domains requiring addition of sodium and calcium and removal of potassium from the reaction site. In contrast, silica and aluminum were conserved across the reaction front. Myrmekite formation appears to have been synchronous with and related to the hydration of orthopyroxene and concomitant replacement of primary magmatic plagioclase by biotite at around 500 °C. The evolution of the myrmekite microstructure and a peculiar composition zoning of the plagioclase constituting the myrmekite matrix is qualitatively explained by a model for discontinuous precipitation, which accounts for chemical segregation by diffusion within the reaction front and the propagation of the reaction front with finite mobility as potentially rate limiting processes. Constraints on the underlying reaction rates are derived from the preserved microstructure and chemical pattern. Crystal orientation imaging by electron backscatter diffraction reveals grain-internal deformation, which is primarily concentrated in the quartz and less pronounced in the plagioclase matrix of the myrmekite. This is interpreted as a growth feature related to different transformation strain at the segments of the myrmekite reaction front, where quartz and plagioclase are formed.     

Myrmekite associated with alkali feldspar megacrysts in felsic rocks from New South Wales

Comparison of myrmekites in undeformed and deformed ‘porphyritic’ felsic rocks shows that they have different morphologies and spatial distributions within their megacrysts. In particular, plagioclase inclusions in the undeformed megacrysts carry myrmekite rims which may be explained by solid-state exsolution, as may the quartz blebs in associated perthitic plagioclase. Myrmekite at the rims of the megacrysts may be due to an interaction between exsolution and metasomatic processes. Stress concentrated at the margins of pre-existing megacrysts in the deformed rocks and the occurrence here of random non-coherent plagioclase nuclei will explain the preponderance of myrmekite at this location.     

K- and Si-Metasomatism, Mineral Transformation and Formation of Granitoids from Basic Rocks in Qooshchi Area, NW Iran. A Mineralogical Context

The Qooshchi area lies to northwest of Orumieh Lake in western Azerbaijan, NW Iran. A basement metamorphic complex, consisting of Precambrian schists and gneisses, has been intruded by gabbres and diorites. Granitolds are grouped into five suites according to their mineralogy, texture and exposed features. The main body, pink Qooshchi granite, and apophyse-like, myrmekite-bearing granit-oids are discussed in this paper. On the basis of field observations and microscopic studies, an intensive metasonmtism has overprinted the country rocks, especially gabbros, transforming them into a more felsic composition. A prior event of intensive deformation and cataclasis preceded the metasonmtism, al-lowing the introduction of hydrothermal fluids. K-metasonmtism converted plagiuclase into K-feldspar (microdme), myrmekite, and sodic plagioclase as Si-metasomatism replaced the ferromagnesian silicates by quartz. Apophyse-like bodies within gabbros, called leucometasomatites, are formed during this process.     

Growth of myrmekite coronas by contact metamorphism of granitic mylonites in the aureole of Cima di Vila, Eastern Alps, Italy

In the contact aureole of the Oligocene granodiorite of Cima di Vila, granitic pegmatites of Variscan age were strongly deformed during eo‐Alpine regional metamorphism, with local development of ultramylonites. In the ultramylonite matrix, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, muscovite and biotite, microstructures show grain growth of quartz within quartz ribbons, and development of decussate arrangements of mica. These features indicate that dynamic recrystallization related to mylonite development was followed by extensive static growth during contact metamorphism. K‐feldspar porphyroclasts up to 1.5 cm are mantled by myrmekite that forms a continuous corona with thickness of about 1 mm. In both XZ and YZ sections, myrmekite tubules are undeformed, and symmetrically distributed in the corona, and oligoclase‐andesine hosts have random crystallographic orientation. Myrmekite development has been modelled from the P–T–t evolution of the ultramylonites, assuming that the development of the ultramylonites occurred during eo‐Alpine metamorphism at c. 450 °C, 7.5 kbar, followed by contact metamorphism at c. 530 °C, 2.75 kbar. Phase diagram pseudosections calculated from the measured bulk composition of granitic pegmatite protolith indicate that the equilibrium assemblage changes from Qtz–Phe–Ab ± Zo ± Cpx ± Kfs during the ultramylonite stage to Qtz–Pl(An_30–40)–Ms–Kfs–Bt(Ann₅₅) during the contact metamorphic stage. The thermodynamic prediction of increasing plagioclase mode and anorthite content, change of white mica composition and growth of biotite, occurring during the end of the heating path, are in agreement with the observed microstructures and analysed phase compositions of ultramylonites. Along with microstructural evidence, this supports the model that K‐feldspar replacement by myrmekite took place under static conditions, and was coeval with the static growth accompanying contact metamorphism. Myrmekite associated with muscovite can develop under prograde (up‐temperature) conditions in granites involved in polymetamorphism.     

Advective heat transfer and fabric development in a shallow crustal intrusive granite — the case of Proterozoic Vellaturu granite,south India

Syntectonic plutons emplaced in shallow crust often contain intermediate-to low-temperature deformation microstructures but lack a high-temperature, subsolidus deformation fabric, although the relict magmatic fabric is preserved. The Proterozoic Vellaturu granite emplaced at the eastern margin of the northern Nallamalai fold belt, south India during the late phase of regional deformation has a common occurrence of intermediate-to low-temperature deformation fabric, superimposed over magmatic fabric with an internally complex pattern. But high-T subsolidus deformation microstructure and fabric are absent in this pluton. The main crystal plastic deformation and fluid enhanced reaction softening was concentrated along the margin of the granite body. Resulting granite mylonites show Y-maximum c-axis fabric in completely recrystallized quartz ribbonds, dynamic recrystallization of perthites, and myrmekite indicative of fabric development under intermediate temperature (∼ 500–400°C). The weakly-deformed interior shows myrmekite, feldspar microfracturing and limited bulging recrystallization of quartz. The abundance of prism subgrain boundaries is indicative of continuing deformation through low-temperature (∼ 300°C). The relative rates of cooling influenced by advective heat transfer and deformation of the pluton seem to control the overall subsolidus fabric development. The rapid advective heat transfer from the interior in the early stages of subsolidus cooling was followed by slow cooling through intermediate temperature window as a well-developed phyllosilicate rich mylonitic skin around the granite body slowed down conductive heat loss. Low-T crystal plastic deformation of quartz was effected at a late stage of cooling and deformation of the shallow crustal granite body emplaced within the greenschist facies Nallamlai rocks.     

Unusual sphalerite,chalcopyrite, and stannite intergrowths at tin deposits

Unusual intergrowths of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and stannite have been described in two samples from the St. Agnes (Cornwall) and Sinancha (southern Primorye) tin deposits. Possible origins of these sulfide intergrowths and their implications for understanding the formation conditions of the deposits are discussed on the basis of ore microscopy and analytical data. At the St. Agnes deposit, the intergrowths appeared due to the breakdown of a high-temperature solid solution with formation of a Zn-stannite matrix, chalcopyrite lamellae, and rounded drop-shaped inclusions of sphalerite. At the Sinancha deposit, the rare myrmekite stannite-sphalerite intergrowths are interpreted as eutectic textures of mutual penetration that resulted from ore metamorphism at the contact of a dike.     

Cooling process of a granitic body deduced from the extents of exsolution and deuteric sub-solidus reactions: Case study of the Okueyama granitic body, Kyushu, Japan

The variation in cooling processes with depth in a magma body is evaluated quantitatively by analysis of the extent of exsolution coarsening and deuteric coarsening as sub-solidus reactions. This method is applied to evaluation of the Okueyama granitic body of central Kyushu, Japan. Exsolution coarsening has produced microperthite textures in this body, while deuteric coarsening has resulted in patchperthite, myrmekite, and reaction rims, respectively. Through measurement of six textural parameters, including the width and spacing of lamellae and the thickness of myrmekite and reaction rims, the extent of these sub-solidus reactions is shown to increase systematically with depth in the granite body, indicating that the Okueyama cooled gradually from the roof. The hornblende–plagioclase and ternary feldspar thermometers indicate temperature a range of 710 to 620 °C for volume diffusion associated with exsolution coarsening, while deuteric coarsening is found to have occurred at temperatures below 500 °C on the basis of the ternary feldspar thermometer. The cooling period corresponding to exsolution coarsening is estimated using a one-dimensional heat transfer model, yielding periods of 820 y at the roof and 1390–1890 y at the base of the exposure (1000 m below the roof) depending on total depth of the original magma body.