大亚湾表层沉积物重金属元素形态特征、控制因素及风险评价分析

为了解大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,对大亚湾海域23个点位表层沉积物中7种重金属元素（Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As）的质量分数、形态特征、来源控制因素以及潜在生态风险进行了研究。采用优化BCR提取法分析重金属元素赋存形态,并依据各种重金属元素的形态特征与沉积物基质属性进行了相关因子分析,了解其分布的控制因素。结果表明：大亚湾沉积物重金属元素呈现环带状分布特征,从岸向湾内逐渐减小;重金属元素质量分数的高值区主要分布于大鹏澳、哑铃湾及范和港附近;重金属元素赋存形态中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As主要以残渣态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cd主要以酸提取态存在;7种重金属元素各自非残渣态所占比率从大到小为Pb(78.83%)、Cd(78.65%)、Cu(48.54%)、Zn(48.10%)、Ni(38.31%)、Cr(28.43%)、As(27.76%),即Pb最高,As最低,表明Pb的迁移性最强;通过因子分析,大亚湾重金属主要为沿岸自然风化产物的输入,其次为工业废水及养殖污水。运用酸提取态风险评估法对重金属元素潜在生态风险进行评价,发现研究区所选重金属元素综合风险评价Cd为高风险,其余重金属为中-低风险等级。     

Heavy metals content and distribution in the surface sediments of the Guangzhou section of the Pearl River,Southern China

The long-term industrialization and urbanization of Guangzhou city may lead to heavy metal contamination of its aquatic sediment. Nevertheless, only few studies have been published on the distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in this urban river sediment. Thus, the major objective of this study was to quantitatively assess contamination of heavy metals and their chemical partitioning in the sediments of the Guangzhou section of the Pearl River (GSPR). Surface sediment samples were collected at 10 sites in the main river and 12 sites in the creeks of the GSPR. The total content of Cd was determined by graphite furnace atomic adsorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), and content of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The chemical partitioning of these heavy metals in the sediments of the main river was determined by the sequential selective extraction (SSE) method. Results indicated that the average total concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn in the sediments of the main river were 1.44, 63.7, 95.5, 253.6 and 370.0 mg/kg, respectively, whereas they were 2.10, 125.5, 110.1, 433.7 and 401.9 mg/kg in the sediments of the creeks. The sediment at M4 and C9 sites was heavily contaminated with about 8 and 11 of toxic unit, respectively. Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were mostly bound to organic matter and in the residual phase, whereas Cd was mostly associated with the soluble and exchangeable phase and the residual phase. The mobility and bioavailability of Cd, Zn and Cr in the sediments of the main river were relatively higher than Cu and Pb, due to higher levels in the soluble and exchangeable fraction and the carbonate fraction. The potential acute toxicity in the sediments of the main river and creeks was mainly caused by Cu contamination, accounting for 21.7–37.1% and 16.9–46.3% of the total toxicity, respectively, followed by Zn and Pb. Adverse biological effects induced by heavy metals would be expected in the sediments of the GSPR. Therefore, the sediments of the GSPR, especially at M4 and C9 sites, need to be remediated to maintain aquatic ecosystem health.     

Distribution and immobilization of heavy metals in Pliocene aquifer sediments in Wadi El Natrun depression, Western Desert

The Pliocene aquifer receives inflow of Miocene and Pleistocene aquifer waters in Wadi El Natrun depression. The aquifer also receives inflow from the agricultural activity and septic tanks. Nine sediment samples were collected from the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi E1 Natrun. Heavy metal (Cu, Sr, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Co, Mo, and Pb) concentrations of Pliocene aquifer sediments were investigated in bulk, sand, and mud fractions. The determination of extractable trace metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Pb) in Pliocene aquifer sediments using sequential extraction procedure (four steps) has been performed in order to study environmental pathways (e.g., mobility of metals, bounding states). These employ a series of successively stronger chemical leaching reagents which nominally target the different compositional fractions. By analyzing the liquid leachates and the residual solid components, it is possible to determine not only the type and concentration of metals retained in each phase but also their potential ecological significance. Cu, Sr, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Al concentrations are higher in finer sediments than in coarser sediments, while Ba, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Co, Mo, and Pb are enriched in the coarser fraction. The differences in relative concentrations are attributed to intense anthropogenic inputs from different sources. Heavy metal concentrations are higher than global average concentrations in sandstone, USEPA guidelines, and other local and international aquifer sediments. The order of trace elements in the bulk Pliocene aquifer sediments, from high to low concentrations, is Fe?>?Al?>?Mn?>?Cr?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?V?>?Sr?>?Ba?>?Pb?>?Mo?>?Cd?>?Co. The Pliocene aquifer sediments are highly contaminated for most toxic metals, except Pb and Co which have moderate contamination. The active soluble (F0) and exchangeable (F1) phases are represented by high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn and relatively higher concentrations of Pb and Cd. This may be due to the increase of silt and clay fractions (mud) in sediments, which act as an adsorbent, retaining metals through ion exchange and other processes. The order of mobility of heavy metals in this phase is found to be Pb?>?Cd?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Fe?>?Mn. The values of the active phase of most heavy metals are relatively high, indicating that Pliocene sediments are potentially a major sink for heavy metals characterized by high mobility and bioavailability. Fe–Mn oxyhydroxide phase is the most important fraction among labile fractions and represents 22% for Cd, 20% for Fe, 11% for Zn, 8% for Cu, 5% for Pb, and 3% for Mn. The organic matter-bound fraction contains 80% of Mn, 72% of Cu, 68% of Zn, 60% of Fe, 35% of Pb, and 30% of Cd (as mean). Summarizing the sequential extraction, a very good immobilization of the heavy metals by the organic matter-bound fraction is followed by the carbonate-exchangeable-bound fraction. The mobility of the Cd metal in the active and Fe–Mn oxyhydroxide phases is the highest, while the Mn metal had the lowest mobility.     

Distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc in marine sediments in Hong Kong waters

Partitioning of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) in marine sediments collected from various sites in Hong Kong waters were determined using sequential extraction method. Sediments from Kellette Bank, located in Victoria Harbour, had higher metal concentrations especially Cu and Zn than most other sites. Slightly over 20% of total Cu and Cr existed as readily available forms in Peng Chau and Kellette Bank. At most sampling sites, over 15% of the Cu existed as the exchangeable form indicating that Cu could be readily released into the aqueous phase from sediments. A significantly higher percentage of Pb and Zn was associated with the three non-residual fractions. Hence, there is a greater environmental concern for remobilization of Pb and Zn compared with Cr. The high amount of residual Cd (>50%) and the relatively lower Cd content indicate that little environmental concern is warranted for the remobilization of Cd. Distribution of metals in sediments collected from different depth at Kellette Bank shows that metal concentrations decreased with profile depth. The levels of Pb and Zn associated with the two readily available fractions increased sharply in the surface sediment. These metals represented the pollutants, which were introduced into the area in the mid-eighties through early nineties as a result of rapid economic and industrial development in the territory. As significant portions of these metals were bound to the readily available phases in the surface sediments, metal remobilization could be a concern. An erratum to this article can be found at     

上海滨岸带潮滩表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布与环境质量评价

１９９８年３月、７月、１０月,在对上海潮滩进行连续采样和观测的基础上,用原子吸收法测试了７０个沉积物中的Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｄ．Ｃｒ的含量。结果表明：（１）上海潮滩重金属含量有如下顺序：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｐｂ〉〉Ｃｄ。（２）从高潮滩到中低潮滩,重金属的含量递减。（３）不同的采样位置对重金属的含量有显著影响。（４）由于季节的变化,重金属元素的含量变化的幅度也很大,就现有三个季度数据对东海农场进行统计     

长江口海域表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态特征

通过长江河口地区水下表层沉积物样品多种化学元素的赋存形态分析测试数据,综合分析重金属元素的赋存形态特征。研究结果显示：镉、汞、铅残渣态所占比例均小于50%,锌、砷、铬、铜、镍残渣态占比均大于50%;8个元素的残渣态与全量呈显著正相关关系。沉积环境和沉积物粒径对重金属元素赋存形态具有重要影响。沉积物的物质来源、矿物组成特征、水动力作用与沉积物粒度和物理化学条件等是长江口地区表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态的主要控制因素。     

白音诺尔铅锌矿区河流沉积物重金属的形态分布特征

为了研究内蒙古赤峰市巴林左旗白音诺尔铅锌矿区采矿对哈力黑河生态环境造成的影响,从上游向下游采集了6个河流沉积物样品,测定其pH、LOI、粒度以及As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等5种重金属的总量和赋存形态,并对测试结果进行分析。研究结果表明:（1）1#尾矿库是造成沉积物中Pb、Zn和Cd等重金属显著升高的主要原因。（2）沉积物重金属与粗粉砂（16~63 μm）的相关系数为0.79~0.95,表明重金属易富集于粗粉砂上,而沉积物的pH和有机质对重金属总量的变化影响不显著。（3）沉积物中As和Pb以残渣态和铁锰结合态为主,分别占总量的78.82%~89.87%和36.96%~78.20%。Cu和Zn以残渣态、强有机结合态和铁锰结合态为主,分别占总量的76.38%~85.96%和74.94%~90.34%。Cd则以离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态和强有机结合态为主,占总量的51.15%~79.53%,而离子交换态Cd占了总量的5.72%~49.63%。因此,Cd对河流生态环境的潜在威胁最大。（4）离子交换态Cd与沉积物pH相关系数为-0.813,两者呈极强负相关性。当沉积物pH由弱酸性转化为弱碱性时,离子交换态Cd含量从33.44%降低至5.72%,显著减小。     

Anthropogenic components of heavy metal (Cd,Zn, Cu,Pb) budgets in the Lot-Garonne fluvial system (France)

Heavy metal (Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb) mass balances in the Lot-Garonne fluvial system have been established for 1999 and 2000. The mean annual discharges of these years are close to the mean discharge of the previous decade. The estimated annual dissolved and particulate fluxes in this model watershed integrate daily input from diffuse and point sources, diffusive fluxes at the water/sediment interface, changes in the dissolved-particulate partition and changes in sediment stock. Cadmium, Zn, Cu and Pb entering the Gironde estuary via the Garonne River (11–14 t a⁻¹ of Cd; 1330–1450 t a⁻¹ of Zn; 126–214 t a⁻¹ of Cu and 127–155 t a⁻¹ of Pb) are mainly transported in the particulate phase and the major part (i.e. ∼74 to 96% for Cd, ∼60% for Zn, ∼50 to 60% for Cu and ∼80% for Pb) is transported by the Lot River. The main anthropogenic heavy metal point source is located in a small upstream watershed (Riou-Mort River) accounting for at least 47% (Cd), ∼20% (Zn), ∼4% (Cu) and ∼7 to 9% (Pb) of the total heavy metal inputs into the Garonne River, although it contributes only 1% of the discharge. Mass balances for 1999 suggest that under mean annual hydrologic conditions on the basin scale, the heavy metal budget of the Lot-Garonne fluvial system is balanced and that the stocks of Cd [200 t; Environ. Tech. 16 (1995) 1145] and Zn in the Lot River sediment are constant under mean discharge conditions. Heavy metal input by molecular diffusion at the sediment surface represents an important component of dissolved metal inputs into the system (e.g. 30% for Cu). Except for Cu, these dissolved inputs are totally removed from solution by SPM. Based on the generally constant Zn/Cd (∼50) concentration ratio in sediment cores from the polluted Lot River reaches and the sediment stock of Cd [200 t; Environ. Tech. 16 (1995) 1145], the present day Zn stock in the Lot River sediments has been estimated at about 10,000 t. In addition to the mobilization of river-bed sediment and associated heavy metals by intense floods, local human activities, including river-bed dredging, may strongly modify the heavy metal budget of the river system. In 2000, the dredging-related remobilization of polluted Lot River sediment released 2–6 t Cd. This additional Cd point source was estimated to account for 15–43% of the gross inputs into the Gironde Estuary.     

Concentrations and solubility of heavy metals in muck sediments from the St. Lucie Estuary,U.S.A.

To evaluate muck sediments as a potential soil amendment, total and Mehlich III-extractable concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co in 59 muck sediment samples from the St. Lucie Estuary were analyzed. A seven-step chemical fractionation procedure was used to assess the potential mobility of heavy metals. Except for Cd, the average total concentrations of the metals are lower than the reported average concentrations of these elements in municipal composts in the U.S.A. The concentrations were also below critical levels for the safe use of wastes and byproducts in agriculture, as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Co in the sediments were predominantly associated with silicate minerals in the residual form. Most metals in the muck sediments occur predominantly in weakly mobile or nonbioavailable forms. Use of mucks in neutral pH upland soils should not pose any significant hazards or risk to the environment. However, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co, especially Zn, Cu, and Pb, could be more readily released from the muck sediments under acidic soil conditions.     

白银东大沟水体和底泥中重金属污染评价

为了给白银东大沟河道生态治理和底泥处理风险评价提供科学参考,分析了东大沟水体中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg和底泥中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg重金属的含量水平、分布特征及含量变化趋势,并采用内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分别对水体和沉积底泥中的重金属污染累积程度、潜在风险进行评价。研究结果表明,东大沟水体中6种重金属平均含量在0.005 7～4.796 0 mg/L之间,其含量大小依次为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>As>Hg。随水流方向,水体中As含量表现为升高趋势,其余重金属含量则呈显著降低趋势。底泥中6种重金属平均含量在(61.6～5 999.3)×10-6之间,其含量大小依次为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Hg。东大沟河段底泥中的重金属含量有起伏,但整体表现为随水流方向含量显著降低的趋势。参照相关评价标准,东大沟水体的主要重金属污染物为Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,其单因子污染程度Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu,综合指数评价表明东大沟水体存在不同程度的污染;底泥主要重金属污染物为Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu,为复合污染,其生态危害风险程度Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr,潜在生态风险指数评价表明东大沟大部分河段底泥潜在生态风险指数为严重。     

The distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in water,sediments, and fish of Chaohu Lake,China

In this study, the concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the water, sediments, and nine tissues of eight fish species in Chaohu Lake were detected. And the ecological risk of sediments and food safety caused by heavy metals were evaluated. The mean concentrations of metals (As: 8.21, Cd: 0.58, Cu: 2.56, Cr: 0.50, Ni: 26.47, Pb: 3.51, Zn: 23.05 μg/L) in the water were found lower than the threshold values for the first-grade water quality (China environmental quality standards for surface water). The mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sediments were 41.79, 19.31, 7.61, 7.09, and 102.85 μg/g, respectively, while the concentration of As and Cd was recorded below the detection limit. The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that metals in the sediments posed low ecological risk. The bioaccumulation of metals in fish tissues showed relatively high concentrations in liver, brain, kidney, and intestines while low levels of metals were detected in muscle. A fascinating phenomenon was firstly noticed that all metals highly existed in fish brain and exhibited an especially significant positive correlation with the metal concentrations in sediment, indicating a health risk for Chinese due to their consumption favor of fish head.     

Evidences for heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of seagrass ecosystem of Lakshadweep archipelago, India

Surface sediments of nine islands of Lakshadweep were evaluated for their heavy metal concentration (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Sediments of thirteen seagrass and seven non seagrass sites were collected randomly and analysed for heavy metal concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. Heavy metals like Cu, Ni and Zn were found in higher concentrations in the seagrass sediments, whereas other heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Pb were higher in non seagrass sediments. Different pollution indices were calculated to evaluate contamination level of all heavy metals in the sediments. Cadmium recorded higher contamination factor (1.733–21.067), enrichment factor (276.10–12,270) and Geo-accumulation Index (0.208–3.811) both in seagrass and nonseagrass sediments. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis coupled together with correlation co-efficient was used to identify the possible sources of heavy metal pollution in the region. Average concentrations of Cd in Lakshadweep islands were slightly higher than effective range, low but still below effective range medium. All other metals were still below these ranges indicating fairly uncontaminated sediment in the region.     

Environmental assessment of heavy metal contamination in bottom sediments of Al-Kharrar lagoon,Rabigh, Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

In order to assess the pollution levels of selected heavy metals, 45 bottom sediment samples were collected from Al-Kharrar lagoon in central western Saudi Arabia. The concentrations of the heavy metals were recorded using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded the environmental background values. However, the heavy metal contents were less than the threshold effect level (TEL) limit. The concentrations of heavy metals in lagoon bottom sediments varied spatially, but their variations showed similar trends. Elevated levels of metals were observed in the northern and southern parts of the lagoon. Evaluation of contamination levels by the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) of the US-EPA revealed that sediments were non-polluted-moderately to heavily polluted with Pb; non-polluted to moderately polluted with Cu; and non-polluted with Mn, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The geoaccumulation index showed that lagoon sediments were unpolluted with Cd, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo, and Se; unpolluted to moderately polluted with Zn and Co; and moderately polluted with Pb, Cr, Cu, and As. The high enrichment factor values for Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Co, and Zn (>2) indicate their anthropogenic sources, whereas the remaining elements were of natural origins consistent with their low enrichment levels. The values of CF indicate that the bottom sediments of Al-Kharrar lagoon are moderately contaminated with Mn and Pb.     

湖南洞庭湖水系As和Cd等重金属元素分布特征及输送通量

土壤地球化学调查显示,长江沿岸,尤其湖南洞庭湖流域存在以镉为主的重金属高值带。为进一步确定As和Cd等重金属元素在河流中的存在形式、迁移方式和通量等地球化学特征,本研究在洞庭湖水系主要干支流的关键位置布置采样点,分夏季丰水期和冬季枯水期两次,采集了原水、0.45μm过滤水和0.20μm过滤水等水样品,以及悬浮物固体样品,分析了水和悬浮物样品中As和Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量。结果发现,As元素在湘江、资水、湘江上游支流西河和耒水中含量最高,耒水、西河及湘江的Pb、Zn含量相对偏高,Cd在湘江、耒水及汨罗江的含量也明显高于其他河流;研究区河水中As、Ni、Cd和Zn等元素在水中离子态比例较大,其溶解态含量受河水pH和温度的控制,湘江、西河、耒水和汨罗江中悬浮物As、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和Cu等元素含量远高于其他水系悬浮物,这与这些流域内存在多金属矿区密切相关;不同元素在河水中迁移途径有很大差别,As以溶解态和胶体态为主要迁移形式,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Ni等重金属元素以悬浮物形式迁移的比例最大;主要入湖河流中,湘江输入洞庭湖的As、Zn、Cu和Cd总量最大,年通量分别为961.43 t、478.90 t、101.67 t、59.58 t。     

应用潜在生态风险指数法评价滇池沉积物中的重金属污染

测定了滇池8个断面表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb及Cd),结果表明,除Cd外,Cu、Zn及Pb在沉积物中的含量较高,这几种元素的含量顺序为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd。同时采用Hakanson指数法评价了沉积物中重金属生态风险,结果显示:滇池表层沉积物中重金属元素的潜在生态风险整体表现为轻微。其中海口西和观音山东断面总的重金属潜在生态风险指数最高。对于晖湾、观音山西、白渔口及海口西断面,Cu表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子;对于罗家营、观音山中及滇池南断面,Pb表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子;对于观音山东断面,Cd表现为首要潜在生态风险因子。     

北部湾海域表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征及潜在生态危害评价

为深入了解北部湾海域沉积物污染现状及生态风险,分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg 6种重金属元素在北部湾海域表层沉积物中的含量及分布特征,并运用潜在生态危害指数法评价了这些重金属元素对研究区生态系统的潜在危害。结果表明: Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd元素含量不高,仅部分站位Hg元素含量高于国家Ⅰ类海洋沉积物标准值; 6种重金属元素在雷州半岛、海南岛西北部以及海南岛南部分布趋势相似,高值区均出现在东方市附近。主成分分析结果表明,重金属来源主要有3个途径,分别是工业及生活排污、农业(农药、化肥等)残留和有机物降解,前3个主成分贡献率分别为47.13%、18.44%和18.35%。单项重金属元素潜在生态风险等级评价结果显示,研究区重金属元素潜在生态风险强弱次序为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn,As、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cd重金属元素潜在生态风险等级为轻微,而Hg潜在生态风险等级达到了强级。多项重金属元素潜在生态危害评价综合分析结果显示,北部湾海域生态风险等级为中等,部分区域生态风险等级达到了强级,特别是昌化江入海口附近地质环境较差,相关部门应予以足够重视。     

Distribution patterns and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Beibu Gulf

The contents and distribution patterns of the heavy metals including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As and Hg in the surface sediments of Beibu Gulf have been analyzed to understand the current pollution situation and the eclogical risk in Beibu Gulf. Hakanson's Potential Ecological Risk factors and indices were used to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals to marine ecosystem in Beibu gulf. The results showed that the contents of Cu,Pb,Zn,As and Cd were low, but in some sites Hg was higher than National Marine Sediments of I Quality Standard. The distribution trend of all the six heavy metals was similar in Leizhou Peninsula, Northwest and South Hainan Island, and the high value zone appeared in the vicinity of Dongfang City. The results of principal component analysis showed that the three major sources of heavy metals contamination were industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater and degradation of organic matter, with the first three principal components contribution rates of 47.13%, 18.44% and 18.35%. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals for the single element shows that the potential ecological risk order of these heavy metals is Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn.And the potential ecological risk of As, Pb, Cu, Zn and Pb is minor, and the potential ecological risk of Hg is great. The comprehensive analysis of potential ecological risk of heavy metals show that Beibu gulf is of intermediate level, while some areas have reached strong level. The estuary of Changhua River has the lowest sediment environmental quality, and more attention must be paid to these areas.     

重金属污染评价及方法对比——以福建浅海沉积物为例

应用地质累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及生态危害指数法,对福建浅海沉积物461个底泥样品中7种重金属（Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、Cd、As）进行了污染评价对比.结果表明：①各主要海湾浅海沉积物中超标重金属为Cr、Cu（Cr占24.1%,Cu占15.0%）,其次为Pb、Zn（Pb占6.3%,Zn占5.0%）;②九龙江口潜在生态危害最大,Cd潜在生态风险最高,地质累积指数超标的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn潜在生态风险并不大;③三种评价方法各有侧重点和优缺点,各具合理性和局限性,若能结合应用,可较为合理地对重金属污染状况进行系统评价.     

Heavy metal pollution in freshly deposited sediments of the Yamuna River (the Ganges River tributary): a case study from Delhi and Agra urban centres, India

 The Yamuna River sediments, collected from Delhi and Agra urban centres, were analysed for concentration and distribution of nine heavy metals by means of atomic adsorption spectrometry. Total metal contents varied in the following ranges (in mg/kg): Cr (157–817), Mn (515–1015), Fe (28,700–45,300), Co(11.7–28.4), Ni (40–538), Cu (40–1204), Zn (107–1974), Pb (22–856) and Cd (0.50–114.8). The degree of metal enrichment was compared with the average shale concentration and shows exceptionally high values for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in both urban centres. In the total heavy metal concentration, anthropogenic input contains 70% Cr, 74% Cu, 59% Zn, 46% Pb, 90% Cd in Delhi and 61% Cr, 23% Ni, 71% Cu, 72% Zn, 63% Pb, 94% Cd in Agra. A significant correlation was observed between increasing Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu concentrations with increasing total sediment carbon and total sediment sulfur content. Based on the Müller's geoaccumulation index, the quality of the river sediments can be regarded as being moderately polluted to very highly polluted with Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the Delhi and Agra urban centres. The present sediment analysis, therefore, plays an important role in environmental measures for the Yamuna River and the planning of these city centres. Received: 21 June 1999 · Accepted: 1 October 1999     

Competitive adsorption,release and speciation of heavy metals in the Yellow River sediments,China

The competitive adsorption and the release of selected heavy metals and their speciation distribution before and after adsorption in the Yellow River sediments are discussed. The adsorption of metals onto sediments increases with increasing pH value and decreases with increasing ionic strength. The competitive coefficient K _c and the distribution coefficient K _d are obtained to analyze the competitive abilities of selected heavy metals, which are ranked as Pb > Cu >> Zn > Cd. The competition among selected heavy metals becomes more impetuous with increasing ion concentration in water. Speciation analysis was done by an improved analytical procedure involving five steps of sequential extraction. Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly transformed into the carbonate-bound form (50.8–87.7%) in adsorption. Most of (60.7–77.3%) Cd was transformed into the exchangeable form, and the percentage of carbonate-bound Cd was 19.7–30.4%. The release reaction was so quick that the release capacity of selected heavy metals from sediments to aqueous solution reached half of the maximum value only in 30 s. As opposed to adsorption, the release capacities of selected heavy metals were ranked as Cd > Zn >> Cu > Pb. In this study, Cd produces the most severe environmental hazards, because its concentration in the release solution is 85.8 times more than the human health criteria of US EPA.