重磁电(井)震综合物探技术在识别达巴松凸起石炭系深部火山岩中的应用

近年来, 准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩勘探屡获突破, 展现了火山岩储层良好的勘探前景。由于准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩存在埋藏深度大, 受勘探手段和地球物理资料品质等因素的制约, 深层火山岩的识别与解释目前仍存在诸多困难和问题, 为油田地震勘探工作带来了极大困难。如何通过现有物探方法和技术提高深部火山岩的分辨、识别能力, 具有很强的理论和实际意义。由于特殊地质体在密度、磁化率或电阻率等物性组合方面存在特殊性, 因此可通过多方法综合物探技术对其进行综合识别、限定。本文在深入分析达巴松凸起钻井、物性资料的基础上, 利用重磁电异常信息模式判别技术, 预测了石炭系火山岩的平面展布, 缩小和锁定了深层火山岩地震勘探的有利靶区; 再以地震相分析、地震属性解释、构造制图及综合评价为主要技术手段, 对深层火山岩进行定量识别和预测, 落实和优选了深层火山岩有利勘探目标, 并取得了良好效果。总结了深层特殊地质体勘探的高精度地震资料采集和重磁电震(井)综合应用、联合反演解释等手段, 极大地提高了准噶尔盆地深层火成岩的勘探精度。     

滇东南海相火山岩型铜矿成因及找矿方向探讨

滇东南海相火山岩型铜矿系统研究程度较低, 找矿潜力较大。区内3个典型铜矿床地质特征及地球化学研究表明, 它们均为与海相火山岩有关的火山沉积改造型铜矿床。矿体受地层层位控制, 与中三叠世含矿变基性火山岩系关系密切。同时, 矿体受后期构造和热液改造, 经历了强烈的变质作用, 矿区侵入岩可能为矿体的二次富集提供了热液和物质来源。3个矿区的火山岩具有共性, 都具备成为矿源层的条件, 但成岩微构造环境有一定差异。区内找矿潜力较大, 在加强深部找矿的同时, 应重视火山岩的系统综合研究, 以选定新靶区。     

局部地震属性识别火山岩体

中国的火山岩储层具有很大的生油潜力,尤其在东北地区的松辽盆地,火山岩广泛发育,如何有效识别火山岩储层具有重要意义。地震属性是一种有效的储层特征分析工具,是研究火山岩空间分布的参数。频率、地震倾角和曲率等属性是利用地震数据识别火山岩的敏感特征。笔者提出利用局部地震属性方法,通过计算地震剖面的局部频率,在局部频率数据体上画出低频的区域范围,对同一剖面计算曲率,在曲率数据体上将高曲率值区域圈出,在地震剖面上将这两个区域进行叠置显示,能够自动识别出火山岩体的可能分布区域,为进一步识别火山岩储层提供指导。     

Imaging global chemical and thermal heterogeneity in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle with garnets and xenoliths: Geophysical implications

Suites of mantle-derived xenoliths in volcanic rocks provide estimates of the geothermal gradient and composition of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) at the time of the volcanic eruption. The development of single-grain thermometry and barometry, applied to xenocryst minerals in volcanic rocks, has greatly expanded the number of localities for which such data can be obtained and made it feasible to map the geology of the SCLM on a broader scale, both vertically and laterally. From garnet xenocrysts, it is possible to derive profiles showing mean values of olivine composition, bulk-rock composition, density and seismic velocities, as well as geotherm parameters and constraints on the thickness of the SCLM. Geochemical profiles, coupled with Re–Os dating of peridotites and their enclosed sulfide minerals, show that Archean or Proterozoic SCLM is preserved at shallow levels beneath many areas of younger tectonothermal age; this implies rapid vertical variations in Vs and Vp with depth, which may affect seismic interpretations. Data from several hundred localities worldwide define a secular evolution in the composition of the SCLM, related to the tectonothermal age of the overlying crust. Archean SCLM is typically strongly depleted in basaltic components, highly magnesian and thick (160–250 km), and has low geotherms; Phanerozoic SCLM is typically fertile (rich in basaltic components), Fe-rich, thin (50–100 km) and has a range of high geotherms; Proterozoic SCLM (much of which may be reworked Archean mantle) tends to be intermediate in all respects. The correlated variations in SCLM fertility, lithospheric thickness and geotherm reinforce the effects of each on seismic velocity, and produce more rapid lateral variations in seismic response than would result from thermal effects alone. These correlations are the key to using seismic tomography images to map the lateral extent of different types of SCLM.     

Formation Conditions and Distribution Regularities of Oil—gas Pools in Tertiary Volcanic Rocks in Western Huimin Depression,Shandong Province

The formation conditions and distribution regularities of oil-gas pools in volcanic rocks in western Huimin Depression have been studied in terms of geolgic,sesmic and well logging information,This paper discusses the types and lithofacies,development and distribution of Tertiary volcanic rocks in the area.The results demonstrate that volcanic activity occurred mainly during the period from the Sha-4 stage to the Guantao episode,i.e.,before the oil-generating period(before the end of the Guantao episode and the Minghuazhen episode).The activity did not destroy oil and gas formation and accumulation,but was favourable for the concentration of organic matter and its conversion to hydrocarbons;besides,volcanic rocks can serve as reservoir rocks and cap rocks,playing a role very similar to that of a syndepositional anticline,The volcanic rocks are distributed near the margins of the oil-generating depression;there are many secondary interstices in the rocks,which are connected with each other.These are the leading conditions for the formation of oil-generating period and their self-sealing or good combination with other cap rocks are important factors for forming volcanic rock-hosted oil and gas pools.The oil-gas pools associated with volcanic rocks in western Huimin are mainly distributed around the deep oil-generating depression,in the central up lift or the high structural levels on the margins of the depression.In particular,the sites where several faults cross are usually locatons where hith-yielding oil-gas pools in volcanic rocks are concentrated.     

塔里木盆地二叠系划分对比与火山岩分布

根据全盆地钻井与露头剖面对比和地震剖面追踪解释,探讨了塔里木盆地覆盖区二叠系岩石地层的划分对比。二叠系自下而上由一个自然伽玛曲线加积段、三个自然伽玛曲线退积段组成,加积段为南闸组、退积段分别为库普库兹曼组、开派雷兹克组和沙井子组。南闸组是塔里木盆地最后一次海侵形成的滨浅海灰岩泥岩薄互层为主的沉积。库普库兹曼组和开派雷兹克组是两个基性火山岩-酸性火山岩的旋回或基性火山岩-砂泥岩的旋回。沙井子组是一个与区域构造运动有关的冲积扇、辫状河-曲流河沉积的异旋回。二叠系火山岩在和田河、塔中西部和顺托果勒地区厚度较大,库普库兹曼组火山岩一般0~60m,开派雷兹克组火山岩一般0~200m,局部可超过400m。与库普库兹满组火山岩相比,开派雷兹克组火山岩分布范围由塔西南朝塔东北方向有所迁移。中西部的库普库兹曼组火山岩可能喷发于水下。火山通道多沿着古隆起上的断背斜、断鼻构造分布。火山岩可形成油气藏遮挡,或本身形成储层,但火山活动改造或不同程度地破坏了早期已有油气藏。     

准噶尔盆地滴西地区石炭系火山岩识别与预测

准噶尔盆地腹部滴西地区石炭系火山岩储层中已获重要的工业气流。然而由于成岩环境复杂,岩性多变,火山机构受后期风化剥蚀和构造作用的影响,保存不完整,使得该区火山岩研究难度大,认识程度较低。本文对滴西地区石炭系巴塔玛依内山组火山岩特征进行了研究,分析了该区典型岩性的岩心、岩石薄片及测井响应特征,提出了一套火山岩测井识别的方法。在此基础上,总结了典型岩性组合的地震反射特征,并对岩性的展布情况进行了预测。最后,对火山岩形成的环境进行了探讨。研究结果显示,滴西地区巴塔玛依内山组顶面的火山岩分布具有一定的分段特征,可以分为东部、中部、西部三段: 从成分上看,东部以酸性岩为主,西部以基性岩为主,中部则酸性岩、中性岩和基性岩皆较发育; 从火山岩产状上看,东部和西部以喷出产状为主,中部则侵入产状和喷出产状皆发育。巴塔玛依内山组火山岩体具有多期次的特点,各火山机构彼此叠置,时间和空间上具有一定的相关性。层状火山机构发育。本文的研究方法对准噶尔盆地内石炭系火山岩研究及火山机构的解剖具有借鉴意义,同时也为该区的油气勘探和开发提供一定的依据。     

Kalgan volcanic complex: optical properties of its alkali feldspar phenocrysts

The Mesozoic Kalgan volcanic complex is distributed around the city of Kalgan in an area of about 1000–1200 km² and contains a great variety of rocks, among which are basalts, augite clacites, quartz-trachytes, quartz porphyry, rhyolite and various kinds of glassy rocks, tuffs and other volcanic ejecta. These diverse forms of volcanic rock impart the splendid geomorphological features. Six extinct craters were found, all of the central type; positions of eruptive centers were shifted from the southeast of the area in the early period to the northwest later. Two vertical sections of volcanic bodies of quartz porphyry and rhyolite were chosen to study precisely the optical angles of feldspars from each specimen. Results showed that there are different variation features of 2V between the basal, intermediate and top portions of volcanic bodies. Values of 2V are smaller, and of 2Vd, greater in the basal and top portions than those in the intermediate portions. Two main varieties of alkali feldspar occur in the Kalgan volcanic rocks. One is high temperature variety-low sanidine (–)2V=26°?40°, distributed mainly in the rhyolite and glassy rocks; another is the intermediate temperature variety-high orthoclase (–)2V=40°–62° , found mostly in the quartz porphyry. But their compositions are all in the intermediate range of K-Na feldspar series. Variations of the optical angles of alkali feldspar in the Kalgan complex proved that 2V is a sensitive optical constant of petrogenesis. Its variation is not only shown in one and the same extrusive or intrusive body, but also in one and the same specimen of rocks or crystal, with some definite regulations. – Author.     

Geology and petrology of the Aragats massif (Armenia)

The Aragats upland is underlain by faulted schists of upper-Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic age. These are overlain by Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks and limestones and those, in turn, by Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks. A thick series of volcanic rocks whose , age has been in question overlies all those mentioned above. The present paper describes this series in great detail, characterizes it chemically, and gives new evidence on its age. On the basis of new finds of fossils in these rocks, and because they are cut by lower Miocene intrusive bodies, it is concluded that the volcanics in question are Oligocene. -- E. Ingersoll.     

华北中—新元古代火山岩及其对成矿作用的制约——以河北洞子沟银多金属矿床为例

华北地区中—新元古代发育有大红峪期、串岭沟期等多期火山岩,产出的主要岩石类型为碱性基性岩,包括响质碱玄岩、碱玄质响岩、响岩、副长岩、粗面岩、粗面玄武岩和粗面安山岩。该岩石为碱性,Ti含量高,微量元素表现为富集大离子亲石元素而贫高场强元素,显示其构造环境属拉张环境;微量元素比值和同位素分析显示岩浆为幔源,但受到大陆地壳的强烈影响,属裂谷环境。在该区发育有洞子沟、将军关、银冶岭、罗选厂、翟庄等一系列银多金属矿床(点)。这些矿床(点)在时间上和火山岩的形成时代基本一致,在空间上相互关联,许多矿体直接产于火山岩或火山机构中,矿石中发育与火山活动关系密切的低温硫化物矿物黝铜矿、自然铜、碲银矿等,从而证明中—新元古代火山作用对该区银多金属矿床的形成具有重要的作用。     

兴城南部深层气田火山机构地震反射特征识别

营城组火山岩是松辽盆地北部大庆兴城深层天然气的主要储集体,天然气的富集主要受火山机构控制。火山机构由3个基本要素组成,即火山堆积高地、围斜构造和火山口,在地震剖面和水平切片上反射特征明显。本文通过大量地震剖面和水平切片的研究,从火山机构的外部形态、内部结构及其与上叠沉积层的接触关系入手,归纳总结出火山机构的14种地震反射特征,进而在兴城南部营城组识别出15个火山机构。地下火山机构的识别与研究对于松了盆地深层天然气勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Reflection and refraction seismics in areas of complex geology. An example in the Northern Apennines

An experimental survey, employing refraction wide-angle reflection seismic techniques (DSS: deep seismic soundings) was carried out in the Northern Apennines (North Italy). The main objective of the experiment was the application of DSS to better-define the structure of the upper crust, down to about 15 km depth, in the crucial Alps–Apennines boundary zone. A second objective was to understand the potential of DSS as a complementary tool in areas of complex geology, where the results of near vertical reflection (NVR) are generally poor. The results of the experiment show that DSS, if properly planned, can continuously follow deep markers, and therefore impart a greater significance to faint and discontinuous NVR, as well as data on the P– wave velocity of the seismic units.     

Basin-scale structure control of Carlin-style gold deposits in central Southwestern Guizhou,China: Insights from seismic reflection profiles and gravity data

Carlin-style gold deposits are widely distributed in Southwestern Guizhou, China. Research has dominantly focused on deposit-scale geology and structural control of mineralization. The relationship between the gold deposits and regional structures, in particular their control on the formation and distribution of those deposits is less well understood. Here we use seismic survey and gravity data to reveal the basin-scale structure control of the gold deposits in central Southwestern Guizhou. The seismic reflection profiles show strong reflection horizons including Upper Permian coal measures, and Dongwu and Guangxi unconformities. The seismic data provide important evidence of the basinal structural style and the relationship between fault-related folding and the Carlin-style gold deposits. Regional gravity data also revealed several paleo-uplifts, which appear to control the distribution of Carlin-style gold deposits.The Carlin-style gold deposits are spatially and temporally associated with fault-related folds. Based on their location, we classify the gold deposits into two types, (1) low-angle thrust-controlled deposits; and (2) high-angle reverse fault-related deposits. In the low-angle thrust-controlled deposits, main thrusts are listric, strike NW-SE and dip southwest. These thrusts detach into coal measures, tuffs and volcanic rocks and are bedding-parallel in the vicinity of the Dongwu unconformity. Gold ore bodies are found in the thrusts and characterized by cutting-layer veins near the surface and bedding-parallel veins at depth. The high-angle reverse fault-related deposits are located in the hinge of northeast-southwest-striking fault-related folds, with high-angle reverse faults near the hinge of folds crosscutting the Upper Permian coal measures, volcanic rocks and Dongwu unconformity, and then into the limestone of Middle Permian Maokou Formation. Ore bodies are bedding-parallel in anticline culminations where interlayer fracture zones in Upper Permian coal measures and volcanic rocks are generated by high-angle reverse faulting.We consider that the formation of the gold deposits is part of the tectonic evolution in the area. The two sets of NW-SE- and NE-SW-striking fault-related folds were successively formed during the closure of eastern Tethys Ocean in Late Triassic, and major gold deposits formed in the fault-related folds. The Dongwu unconformity and faults provided conduits for ore fluid flow, and the coal measures and the tuffs of Dachang Member acted as detachment layers and hosts for ore deposition.     

Structural genesis of the Eunsan and Moisan low-sulphidation epithermal Au–Ag deposits, Seongsan district, Southwest Korea

The Seongsan district in the Jindo–Haenam basin of southwest Korea comprises Precambrian gneissic basement, overlain and intruded by Cretaceous volcanic (98–71 Ma) and plutonic (86–68 Ma) rocks, respectively. Haenam Formation volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks are the dominant rock type exposed in the district and are the main host to high-sulphidation (82–77 Ma) and low-sulphidation (79–73 Ma) epithermal deposits. The Eunsan and Moisan low-sulphidation epithermal deposits have similar vein mineralogy, zoned hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages, structural framework and interpreted deformation events. These similarities suggest that they formed by district-scale hydrothermal fluid flow at about 77.5 Ma. At this time, ore fluid movement along subvertical WNW-trending faults was particularly focussed in dilatant fault bends, jogs, and at intersections with N-trending splays. At Eunsan, Au–Ag ore shoots coincide with these areas of structural complexity, whereas at Moisan, narrower ore zones correspond with several parallel, poorly connected veins. A secondary control on the location of ore zones is the intersection between mineralised WNW-striking structures and rocks of the Haenam Formation. The higher permeability and porosity of these rocks, in comparison with mudstones and siltstones of the underlying Uhangri Formation, resulted in the more efficient lateral migration of ore fluids away from subvertical faults and into wall rocks. The intersection between subvertical WNW-striking faults and the gently dipping Haenam Formation imparts a low angle SW plunge to both ore bodies. WNW-striking post-mineralisation faults displace ore zones up to 100 m and complicate the along-strike exploration and mining of WNW-trending ore zones. Future exploration strategies in the district involve the systematic testing of WNW-trending mineralised structures along strike from known deposits, with a particular emphasis on identifying structurally complex areas that experienced local dilation during the mineralisation event. Poorly exposed regions have historically been under-explored. However, based on the proposed exploration model for the Eunsan and Moisan deposits, these areas of poor outcrop are now considered important target areas for hidden ore bodies using ground-based geophysical exploration tools, such as seismic surveys.     

赣南燕山早期双峰式火山—侵入杂岩的Rb—Sr同位素定年及意义

通常认为中国东南大陆中生代时地壳裂解作用发生在燕山晚期。对赣南地区广泛分布的双峰式火山岩和Ａ型花岗岩进行了Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ同位素定年研究,确定基性端元玄武岩的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄为１７０－１８０Ｍａ,酸性端员流纹岩和Ａ型花岗岩的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄为１６０－１８０Ｍａ,表明它们形成于中侏罗世早期。由此提出东南太陆中生代时最早的裂解作用应该始于燕山早期。     

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡带火山岩储层岩相特征及主控因素

综合岩石薄片、岩心观察、各类测井资料以及三维地震资料,对准 噶尔盆地西北缘中拐凸起东斜坡带佳木河组火山岩的岩石学特征、测井响应特征、地震响应特征进行研究,总结出该区的火山岩岩性岩相识别模板及分布规律。采用不同曲线交会图对火山岩大类进行识 别,采用FMI成像测井“结构特征+构造特征”模板识别成分相近的火山岩亚类,共识别出3大类8种火山岩岩性,结合地震相特征,识别出4种火山岩岩相。研究区北部以爆发相火山角砾岩为主,在JIN215 、JIN218井及其以北地区存在多个复杂叠置的火山机构;南部则以喷溢相的熔结角砾岩和中性熔岩为主,局部发育火山沉积相。在此基础上,结合试油资料及裂缝预测分析,认为该区火山岩储层受到岩 性岩相、构造裂缝和风化淋滤作用的共同控制,靠近佳木河组顶部风化淋滤带裂缝发育区的爆发相火山角砾岩是最为有利的储集层类型。     

用三维解析信号技术处理华南航磁异常

处于低纬度的华南发育了大量的花岗岩和火山岩 ,其磁场特征不同于其他地区。本文用三维解析信号技术对华南航磁异常进行了处理 ,以探索在不同地质背景地区的解析信号技术的应用效果。根据解析信号的强弱 ,对华南磁场进行了分区 ,并结合地震和华南花岗岩同位素地球化学的研究成果探讨了磁场分区的深部地质背景。     

额尔古纳地区有色、贵金属成矿特征

额尔古纳地区是一个重要的有色、贵金属成矿省.区内金、银、铅、锌、铜等矿产具明显分带性,可划分为耳布尔、上护林及恩和3个成矿小区,分别以银铅锌、铜多金属、金为主.该区在J₃-K₁时期发生了强烈的构造-岩浆活动,这些矿产在成因上均与J₃-K₁时期酸性岩浆侵入作用密切相关,成矿热液主要来源于岩浆热液.矿体主要受次级张性裂隙控制,以NW向为主.成矿时代主要为J₃-K₁.     

Relationships between ultrapotassic and carbonate-rich volcanic rocks in central Italy: petrogenetic and geodynamic implications

The Pleistocene intra-Apennine volcanic (IAV) centres occurring east of the potassium-rich Roman comagmatic province show variable petrological and geochemical composition. Some rocks have a strongly undersaturated ultrapotassic kamafugitic affinity with K₂O/Na₂O=8–20, whereas the rocks from the southern center of Mt. Vulture are still strongly undersaturated in silica but are enriched in both Na₂O and K₂O with K/Na around unity. Carbonate-rich pyroclastic rocks, believed to represent carbonatitic magmas, are found in the IAV centers. Kamafugites have high abundances of LILE and high LILE/HFSE ratios, and their incompatible element patterns resemble closely those of ultrapotassic rocks from the adjoining Roman province. The Vulture volcanics also display high contents of LILE, but their LILE/HFSE ratios are intermediate between intraplate alkaline rocks and kamafugites. The carbonate-rich rocks exhibit an exotic mineralogy and high enrichments in LILE, which speaks for a carbonatitic affinity. However, they have similar incompatible element patterns but consistently lower abundances of almost all the elements than the associated silicate volcanics. These data favour the hypothesis that the IAV carbonate rocks may represent mixtures of silicate magmas and geochemically depleted carbonate material. The sedimentary carbonates that crop out extensively along the Apennine chain may be the source of barren carbonate material. Overall, geochemical data of IAV centres and of the rocks from the Roman province display strong geochemical and isotopic evidence of being generated in an upper mantle that was modified by addition of upper crustal material brought down by subduction processes. A possible exception is represented by Mt. Vulture which, however, occurs east of the main axis of the Apennines, on the western margin of the foreland Adria plate. The occurrence of strongly undersaturated alkaline rocks requires magma generation at high pressures and . This is in agreement with the hypothesis that subduction processes under the Apennines occurred by consumption of poorly hydrated thinned or delaminated continental crust.     

Seismic Facies in a Deepwater Area of a Marine Faulted Basin: Deepwater Area of the Paleogene Lingshui Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin

In recent years, deep water areas have become popular exploration fields because of their abundant hydrocarbon resource potential. There are only relatively poor planar seismic profiles and no wells for deepwater areas of the Lingshui Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin. A lot of faults developed and strata are fragmented due to high temperatures and high pressure, and this has resulted in dim sequence boundaries. Based on seismic data of the deepwater area and well data of bordering shallow water areas, Lingshui Formation was divided into four third class sequences; namely SI, SII, SIII and SIV, and the three-dimensional isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Lingshui Formation in the studied area was shaped. Based mainly on seismic attributes such as amplitude, continuity, internal structure and external shape, six typical seismic facies were identified, including mat-shaped, filling, wedge-shaped, foreset, moundy-shaped and lenticular-shaped, and a seismic facies distribution map was subsequently drawn. With studies on wells of bordering shallow water areas, regional sedimentary characteristics, and isopach map as references, sedimentary planar distribution features were analyzed. The deepwater area of the Lingshui Formation has mainly developed littoral and shallow sea. Sandstone bodies of fan delta, braided river delta, slope fan, basin floor fan, and turbidite fan are at an interdigitate junction to marine hydrocarbon source rocks and thus are favorable prospecting targets.