THE EFFECT OF SLOPE-ASPECT ON TURBULENT TRANSFER IN AN ALPINE FELLFIELD: NIWOT RIDGE,FRONT RANGE,COLORADO

This study investigates the impact of local convergence and divergence of air on turbulent transfer at a mid-latitude alpine fellfield site. Pairs of simultaneous wind and temperature profile measurements on a knoll crest and primary slope (aspect =0, 90, 180, and 270°) are analyzed assuming the logarithmic law. Friction velocity (u*) and roughness length (z₀) vary systematically from windward to leeward slopes. General relationships of the form u* = f(u) are derived for conditions of westerly flow with wind speed (u) ranging between 2 and 24 m s^-1. Coefficients in the empirical equations for estimating u* at sites on the knoll from wind speed measurements on the crest vary in a consistent manner with respect to local convergence and divergence. Large differences in z₀ values between windward and leeward sites correspond with contrasts in surface temperature.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘反向沙丘形态演化过程

沙丘形态演化是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。反向沙丘是指在相反方向风作用下形成的沙丘,有两个落沙坡,分别对应两个风向,在主风向作用下形成横向沙丘,但在相反方向风作用下,沙丘顶部向主风方向移动,从而形成反向沙丘。反向沙丘存在于任何有两个相反方向风的地区。以腾格里沙漠东南缘平坦沙地上发育的反向沙丘为研究对象,2010年对沙丘迎风坡和背风坡不同部位坡度进行1年期野外测量,旨在阐明反向沙丘的形态演化过程。结果表明：反向沙丘形态演化包括3个阶段：横向沙丘—过渡态—反向沙丘,但研究区的沙丘形态演化经历5个阶段：横向沙丘—过渡态—反向沙丘—过渡态—横向沙丘。不同演化阶段的沙丘迎风坡和背风坡角度发生明显变化。该研究结果增加人们对反向沙丘形态演化过程的认识,对区域风沙地貌改造利用提供理论依据。     

塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠抛物线形沙丘的粒度分布模式

对新疆伊犁河谷塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠抛物线形沙丘表层78个风成沙样的粒度分析表明,平均粒径均值为220 μm,平均中值粒径为299 μm,标准偏差平均为1.98,偏度平均为-0.29。纵向分布上,从风蚀洼地到迎风坡下部,风成砂的平均粒径和分选性波动变化明显,沿迎风坡向上平均粒径减小,在脊线附近有较粗粒径的分布带。在沙丘背风坡平均粒径减小、负偏增加、分选性较差。在粒度参数等值线及三维分布方面,风蚀洼地和迎风坡下部呈现沿沙丘轴向交替分布的封闭等值曲线,两侧沙臂粒度参数大小波动变化,沙臂北翼坡脚粒度组成呈现很高的负偏和峰度值,反映在区域风况作用下,抛物线形沙丘本身地形起伏、两侧沙臂灌丛沙堆分布对沙丘表面风沙流运移有影响,风沙流与沙臂斜交在背风坡产生涡流引发较强的沉积作用。     

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

GIS analysis at 30-m resolution reveals that effectiveness of slope-destabilizing processes in the San Francisco Bay area varies with compass direction. Nearly half the soil slip/debris flows mapped after the catastrophic rainstorm of 3–5 January 1982 occurred on slopes that face S to WSW, whereas fewer than one-quarter have a northerly aspect. Azimuthal analysis of hillside properties for susceptible terrain near the city of Oakland suggests that the skewed aspect of these landslides primarily reflects vegetation type, ridge and valley alignment, and storm–wind direction. Bedrock geology, soil expansivity, and terrain height and gradient also were influential but less so; the role of surface curvature is not wholly resolved. Normalising soil-slip aspect by that of the region's NNW-striking topography shifts the modal azimuth of soil-slip aspect from SW to SE, the direction of origin of winds during the 1982 storm—but opposite that of the prevailing WNW winds. Wind from a constant direction increases rainfall on windward slopes while diminishing it on leeward slopes, generating a modelled difference in hydrologically effective rainfall of up to 2:1 on steep hillsides in the Oakland area. This contrast is consistent with numerical simulations of wind-driven rain and with rainfall thresholds for debris-flow activity. We conclude that storm winds from the SE in January 1982 raised the vulnerability of the Bay region's many S-facing hillsides, most of which are covered in shallow-rooted shrub and grass that offer minimal resistance to soil slip. Wind-driven rainfall also appears to have controlled debris-flow location in a major 1998 storm and probably others. Incorporating this overlooked influence into GIS models of debris-flow likelihood would improve predictions of the hazard in central California and elsewhere.     

榆靖高速公路防护体系近地面流场特征

通过野外调查及风场观测,研究了在主导风向为NW-SE时,榆靖高速公路K404处上风向植被防护体系的地面流场变化特征。结果表明:（1）风速和地形存在较好的相关性。在流动沙丘和固定沙丘迎风坡,风速放大率均为正,背风坡为负,背风坡没有产生回流,风速整体减小。风速放大率计算结果表明,愈接近地面风速的变化程度越大,风速放大率绝对值与垂直高度呈指数函数关系,风速放大率的大小与沙丘类型无关。（2）接近公路的贴地面风速显著下降,现有植被防护体系能够缓解流沙危害,植被的防风效果较好。（3）流动、半固定、固定沙丘的迎风坡地表风速廓线基本符合对数律,丘顶和背风坡风速廓线偏离对数曲线,固定沙丘粗糙度高于流动沙丘。     

沙粒起动风速的影响因素研究

通过对风场中沙床表面沙粒的受力分析,建立了坡面沙粒起动风速的理论公式,并将计算结果与已有实验研究结果进行了比较,结果表明,给出的理论计算公式是正确的。在此基础上,详细讨论了坡角、风向角、荷质比、电场力以及空气上升力对坡面沙粒起动风速的影响。其结果是：坡角一定时,沙粒的起动风速随风向角的增大而增大;风向一定时,背风坡沙粒的起动风速随坡角的增大而变小;弱电场中电场力对沙粒起动风速几乎没有影响,强电场中随着沙粒荷质比的增大,起动风速明显减小;空气上升力明显使沙粒起动风速减小。     

Variations of horizontal and vertical velocities over two-dimensional transverse dunes: A wind tunnel simulation of the effect of windward slope

The changes in wind velocity induced by dune topography have an important significance in dune dynamics. In this paper, the horizontal and vertical velocities over six transverse dune models were measured non-intrusively by means of Particle Image Velocimetry in a wind tunnel. The windward slope angle and the free-stream wind velocity both affected the horizontal and vertical velocity components. On the windward side, the acceleration of horizontal velocity depended mainly on the windward slope angle and the height above the dune surface, but was also affected by the free-stream wind velocity. The speed-up ratio increased with increasing slope angle but decreased with increasing height. The ascending vertical velocities also increased with increasing slope angle and free-stream wind velocity. The maximum values moved upper along the dune when the windward angle became steeper. In the leeward sides, the horizontal velocity decreased and reversed because of airflow separation; the maximum reverse velocity in the separation cell was about 17% of the free-stream wind velocity. Behind the dune crest, the airflow moves downwards, and its maximum downward velocity is found near the flow reattachment point. Finally, we discussed the significance of these velocity variations for sediment transport and dune dynamics.     

河北昌黎黄金海岸横向沙脊表面的粒度分布模式

河北昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区内的横向沙脊规模高大、形态典型,对其表面采集的47个沙丘表面沉积物粒度样品的分析结果,该海岸横向沙脊表面粒度总体上是中砂、分选好、对称和中等峰态,但脊顶、坡部及坡脚的粒度分异明显,自沙脊两侧坡脚向脊顶粒径变细、分选变好,向陆背风坡的细化与分选优于向海迎风坡,脊顶粒径最细,向陆背风坡脚最粗,是一种新型的沙丘表面粒度分布模式。该粒度分布模式是该区域主风向与强风向交替变化及其风速差异、沙脊高大且两侧不对称等组合作用的结果。     

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘风蚀空间分布规律及其影响因素

为科学治理黄河乌兰布和沙漠沿岸风沙入黄问题,以该河段风沙危害严重的刘拐沙头流动沙丘为研究对象,开展沿岸沙丘风蚀与沉积规律及其影响因素研究。结果表明：（1）沙丘不同部位风蚀与沉积存在差异,与风速在沙丘的空间分布相关。迎风坡坡脚、坡中以风蚀为主,风蚀速率分别为1.07、1.31 cm·d^-1;坡顶风蚀和沉积交替进行,风蚀速率2.16 cm·d^-1,沉积速率1.36 cm·d^-1;沙丘背风坡受反向气流影响以沉积为主,沉积速率2.19 cm·d^-1,风蚀主要出现夏秋季节反向风时期;丘间地受上风向沙丘阻挡的影响,一般以沉积为主,平均沉积速率0.12 cm·d^-1。丘间地净风蚀量与背风坡显著差异（P<0.05）,但与坡脚、坡中和坡顶差异不显著（P>0.1）;背风坡净风蚀量与坡脚、坡中和坡顶极显著差异（P<0.01）。从总风蚀速率来看,风沙活动活跃强度排序：坡顶 > 背风坡 > 坡中 > 坡脚 > 丘间地。（2）冬春季节风蚀与夏秋季节存在显著差异（P<0.05）,风力和降水的季节性差异是造成风蚀季节性差异的主要因素。研究结果可为沿岸流动沙丘风沙入黄防治和完善黄河沿岸风沙防护体系提供参考。     

不同坡角公路路基流场的风洞实验

根据内蒙古S315一级公路黑风口路段风沙危害现状,基于风洞模拟实验,采用毕托管测定不同坡角路基模型断面的风速,通过对流场分布、风速廓线及风速减弱率的分析探讨沙漠公路风沙危害的形成机理。结果表明：坡角对路基两侧的积沙范围和风蚀强度有重要影响。风速一定时,坡角越大,路基两侧积沙范围越大,与之对应的防护范围也应加大。路基坡角一定时,路基背风侧积沙范围随风速增大整体可能呈扩大趋势,坡角越大,扩大趋势越不明显,导致大量沙粒堆积在背风坡脚附近,这就需在坡角较大的公路背风侧多设置几道阻沙栅栏和固沙方格来降低风速、防治沙害。风沙流对迎风坡脚和迎风坡肩的风蚀作用最强,在实际应用中,应重点对这两个部位进行工程砌护,以防路基塌陷造成交通事故威胁公路安全运营。     

荒漠人工植被区浅层土壤水分空间变化特征分析

研究土壤水分的空间变异及时间动态特征有助于在水文过程与生态格局之间建立定量的联系,由于土壤水分对整个地球系统的重要性,它的时间和空间变化日益引起水文界的广泛关注。干旱荒漠区年降水量稀少,土壤水分在整个生物过程中的作用就显得尤为重要。试验于2005年4月到10月在中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站人工植被区进行,主要观测1956年植被区表层（0—15 cm）和亚表层（15—30 cm）土壤水分的空间格局与动态分布及其相关影响因素。结果表明:人工植被区表层土壤水分含量明显高于亚表层,其空间变异程度为中等,空间分布的时间差异性显著;降雨是引起干旱沙地表层土壤水分空间变异的决定因素,植物根系是引起亚表层水分空间变异的重要因素。从不同微地形来看,土壤水分含量值表现为丘间低地＞背风坡＞迎风坡,变异程度丘间低地小于迎风坡和背风坡;地形是决定背风坡表层和亚表层以及迎风坡亚表层土壤水分空间分布的主要因素,而迎风坡表层土壤水分变化受风力等环境因子的影响较大。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙灌丛林土壤理化性质及分形维数

以腾格里沙漠固沙灌丛林为研究对象,选择大、中、小沙丘的迎风坡、丘顶和背风坡为研究样地,调查不同沙丘微地形土壤理化性质和土壤粒径分布的分形特征,阐明沙丘大小和微地形差异对固沙灌丛林土壤理化性质和土壤分形维数分布的影响规律.结果表明:(1)土壤含水率和全碳含量均表现为背风坡中部显著高于丘顶;土壤容重表现为迎风坡中部、丘顶和...     

Discussion on wind factor influencing the distribution of biological soil crusts on surface of sand dunes

Biological soil crusts are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions, whose formation and development have an important impact on the restoration process of the desert ecosystem. In order to explore the relationship between surface airflow and development characteristics of biological soil crusts, we studied surface airflow pattern and development characteristics of biological soil crusts on the fixed dune profile through field observation. Results indicate that the speed of near-surface airflow is the lowest at the foot of windward slope and the highest at the crest, showing an increasing trend from the foot to the crest. At the leeward side, although near-surface airflow increases slightly at the lower part of the slope after an initial sudden decrease at upper part of the slope, its overall trend decreases from the crest. Wind velocity variation coefficient varied at different heights over each observation site. The thickness, shear strength of biological soil crusts and percentage of fine particles at crusts layer decreased from the slope foot to the upper part, showing that biological soil crusts are less developed in high wind speed areas and well developed in low wind speed areas. It can be seen that there is a close relationship between the distribution of biological soil crusts in different parts of the dunes and changes in airflow due to geomorphologic variation.     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风沙流结构变异

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面气流和输沙率的野外观测和分析结果表明,沙丘表面约90%的风沙输移集中在距沙面0.10 m高度范围内,输沙率随高度递减的形式在沙丘各部位因风速、下垫面状况和坡面形态不同而发生变异。沙丘迎风坡坡脚因出露坚硬、含砾石地表,颗粒跃移高度大,风沙流上层相对输沙率大;迎风坡沙粒沿坡向上运动,颗粒跃移高度减小,风沙流中近地表相对输沙率大;沙丘背风坡沙粒沿坡向下运动,加之来自丘顶变型跃移物质的影响,风沙流上层相对输沙率较大;脊线受迎风坡各个断面地形差异的影响,各观测点间风沙流结构差异显著。风沙流结构在迎风坡和丘顶均遵循指数递减规律(Q=aexp(-z/b)),其中,指数函数拟合中系数a与输沙率具有良好的幂函数关系,随风速增加而增加,但二者关系较弱;b与二者无相关性。背风坡风沙流结构具有明显的分段现象,以0.10 m高度为界,下层符合指数函数,上层符合幂函数。     

科尔沁沙地沙丘水分深层渗漏量和侧向运移量

沙丘水分的深层渗漏和侧向运移与深层土壤水、地下水及相邻丘间低地的水分状况密切关联。以科尔沁沙地典型流动沙丘迎风坡坡底\,迎风坡坡中、坡顶、背风坡坡中和背风坡坡底监测点为例,采用自制的水分渗漏量及侧向运移量的监测装置,测定了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘各坡位入渗到0~100 cm土层雨水沿坡面的侧向运移量及入渗到100 cm以下的深层渗漏量。结果表明:生长季(5-10月)流动沙丘坡顶、迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处累积深层渗漏量分别为44.46、78.65、61.84、147.6 mm,分别占同期降雨量的17.03%、30.12%、23.68%、56.53%;迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处的累积侧向运移量分别为32.35、96.47、82.59mm,分别占同期降雨量的12.39%、36.95%、31.63%。迎风坡坡中(P<0.01)和坡顶(P<0.05)的月深层渗漏量与月降雨量均显著正相关;背风坡坡中(P<0.01)和背风坡坡底(P<0.05)的月侧向运移量与降雨量均显著正相关。     

科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物运移特征

通过测定科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物的运移量,分析了沙丘类型和生境变化对凋落物运移的影响,并探讨了是否可以通过凋落物运移量的变化来判断营养物质的迁移。结果表明:科尔沁沙地沙丘凋落物的运移过程主要发生在非生长季,呈明显的单峰型季节波动。凋落物运移量在不同沙丘的丘间地、迎风坡、丘顶和背风坡均表现出明显的空间差异性,丘顶的凋落物运移量最大,迎风坡次之,丘间地和背风坡相对较小。凋落物运移量有随距地表高度增加而下降的趋势,距地表高度为0~25 cm时,凋落物运移量最大,显著高于25~50、50~75、75~100 cm 3个高度区间。凋落物运移量与风速在流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘均呈显著的二次曲线正相关,显示风速是影响凋落物运移量动态变化的重要因素。     

Vertical distribution of soil moisture and surface sandy soil wind erosion for different types of sand dune on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land, China

Soil moisture is a critical state affecting a variety of land surface and subsurface processes. We report investigation results of the factors controlling vertical variation of soil moisture and sand transport rate of three types of dunes on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m at different topographic sites on the dunes, and were analyzed for soil moisture, grain-size distribution and surface sediment discharge. The results show that: (1) The average soil moisture varies in different types of dunes, with the following sequences ordered from highest to lowest: in the shrubs-covered dunes and the trees-covered dunes the sequence is from inter-dunes lowland to windward slope to leeward slope. The average moisture in the bare-migratory sand dunes is sequenced from inter-dunes lowland to leeward slope to windward slope. (2) Vegetation form and surface coverage affect the range of soil moisture of different types of dunes in the same topographic position. The coefficient of variation of soil moisture for shrubs-covered dunes is higher than that of other types of dune. (3) The effect of shrubs on dune soil moisture is explained in terms of the greater ability of shrubs to trap fine-grained atmospheric dust and hold moisture. (4) The estimated sand transport rates over sand dunes with sparse shrubs are less than those over bare-migratory dunes or sand dunes with sparse trees, indicating that shrubs are more effective in inhibiting wind erosion in the sandy land area.     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘掘穴蚁（Formica cunicularia）筑丘活动及其对土壤的作用

 以科尔沁沙地典型流动沙丘作为研究对象,通过调查不同坡度地形上掘穴蚁的蚁丘直径、密度和盖度分布,讨论了不同坡度地形对掘穴蚁筑丘活动的影响,并分析了掘穴蚁筑丘对不同坡度地形土壤的作用。结果表明,迎风坡和背风坡的坡底、坡中及丘顶对蚁丘直径、密度和盖度分布影响明显,其中蚁丘直径迎风坡坡中显著小于其他坡度地形（P<0.05）;密度和盖度分布顺序均表现为:丘顶>坡中>坡底。掘穴蚁筑丘改变了土壤性状,导致土壤含水量升高,pH值变小而电导率变大,有机质和全氮含量增加;微地貌条件下,蚁丘含水量和全氮含量迎风坡坡底较高,而蚁丘有机质含量背风坡坡底较高,但蚁丘土壤pH值和电导率丘顶较小。整个流动沙丘土壤基质均比较疏松,流动沙丘微环境易受风力作用而改变,从而影响掘穴蚁的筑丘活动分布,但不同坡度地形间蚁丘分布差异基本上均没有达到显著水平（P>0.05）。     

半干旱区沙地高速公路防风固沙林营造技术及其效益研究

榆靖高速公路穿越毛乌素沙地腹地,风沙对公路的危害十分严重,主要表现为风沙对路面和路基边坡的风蚀和沙埋。提出了榆靖高速公路两侧防风固沙林综合防护体系,从公路路基向外依次为平整固沙绿化带,上、下风侧带宽都为20 m;草方格沙障与植物固沙带,上风侧带宽为260～330 m,下风侧带宽为100～150 m;前沿阻沙带,设置1～1.2 m高的高立式栅栏,走向与主风方向垂直;封沙育林育草保护带,上风侧带宽为300～500 m,下风侧带宽为200～300 m。4个防护带融为一体,起到了降低风速,固定流沙的作用,发挥出强大的防风固沙效益,极大地减少了风沙对公路的危害,保证公路畅通无阻,安全运营。