临海基坑工程支护设计与施工实践

在靠海基坑工程中地层相对比较复杂及并受海水影响,通过工程实例,介绍了在选择钻孔灌注桩施工时容易碰到的问题及解决方法,并介绍了施工要点,同时也验证了这些技术措施的可行性及经济性。     

Na-CMC栲胶泥浆在海水侵蚀地层的护壁效果

近年来我队302机在海边某金矿区施工.该区地层复杂,钻进时孔内经常出现坍塌、掉块现象,所用的泥浆又被侵入孔内的海水破坏,失去护壁性能,施工困难.为此我们配制了护壁性能较理想又抗海水侵蚀的Na-CMC栲胶泥浆.具体情况简介如下.     

广西北海银滩(中区)污水管非开挖定向钻铺管技术及泥浆工艺

广西北海银滩(中区)污水管排管工程中一段污水管位于北海海滩上。该段工程的地层为松散的砂、砾石层，地下水位高，同时受海水侵蚀影响，无法采用传统开挖铺管工艺施工，非开挖定向钻铺管成为首选。主要介绍了在此情况下的定向钻铺管技术及泥浆工艺，分析和探讨了泥浆在此类地层的定向钻进施工中的重要作用。     

山西地质趣谈（三）（连载）

石灰岩和白云岩都是海相地层中化学沉积岩。现代海水中每公升含钙400毫克,含镁1．35毫克,当它们与溶入水中的CO2结合时,钙就会以方解石CaCO3形式沉淀下来,而镁则以碳酸镁钙[CaMg（CO3）2]即白云石矿物沉积下来。由于海水中Mg很低,所以正常海水沉积中要沉积白云石就很困难了,正常开放水域的海水是难以沉积白云石的,只有在封闭一半封闭的海湾中,受太阳暴晒,海水被剧烈蒸发,海水中钙镁成分在高度浓缩环境下,才可能沉积白云石。因此旱古生代的地层中凡属白云岩为主的沉积地层,必定是不正常的泻湖（封闭一半封闭海湾的地理名称）环境。山西寒武系的上部,奥陶系的下部就是这样的沉积环境。     

下侏罗日当组中黄铁矿形态研究学及其地质意义

下侏罗统日当组地层是扎西康Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb多金属矿集区内重要的赋矿层和矿源层之一。为查明日当组中成矿元素的初始富集机理,开展了该地层中草莓状黄铁矿的形态学研究。结果表明日当组沉积时的底层海水是氧化-次氧化的;地层中草莓状黄铁矿在剖面上的粒径分布表明:日当组沉积过程中,其底层海水曾发生过短暂的充氧过程。该结果日当组沉积时的底层海水是含氧的,地层中所赋存的成矿元素,并非是在缺氧硫化的底层水体条件下,由矿物自生富集形成的。     

泥水平衡盾构用海水泥浆的改性试验研究

由于海水中富集大量可溶性盐类及各种金属离子成分,利用海水配置的海水泥浆具有比重大、胶体率低、稳定性差、失水量高等特点,不能满足泥水平衡盾构施工要求。为实现对海水泥浆改性以达到利用海水泥浆维持开挖面稳定,降低穿江越海盾构施工成本,选用CMC、纤维素PAC、聚丙烯酸铵等八种添加剂进行海水泥浆性质变化试验,优选出对海水泥浆改性明显的添加剂,分析优选添加剂掺入量和时间对海水泥浆性质的影响规律。同时,基于优选的添加剂CMC利用泥膜形成试验平台进行改性海水泥浆地层渗透试验。研究表明:不同添加剂对海水泥浆性质变化差异较大,增粘剂纤维素PAC、CMC对海水泥浆的改性效果稍好,24h离析出现浑浊层、混合层、絮凝沉淀层。海水泥浆对地层渗透的滤水量大于改性海水泥浆,泥皮也稍厚,但呈稀疏状态。可以推测,添加剂中和部分海水成分,呈絮凝沉淀,多余添加剂表现出对淡水泥浆的增稠作用。     

泥水平衡盾构用海水泥浆的改性试验研究

由于海水中富集大量可溶性盐类及各种金属离子成分,利用海水配置的海水泥浆具有相对密度大、胶体率低、稳定性差、失水量高等特点,不能满足泥水平衡盾构施工要求。为实现对海水泥浆改性以达到利用海水泥浆维持开挖面稳定,降低穿江越海盾构施工成本,选用CMC（羧甲基纤维素钠）、纤维素PAC（聚阴离子纤维素）、聚丙烯酸铵等8种添加剂进行海水泥浆性质变化试验,优选出对海水泥浆改性明显的添加剂,并分析优选添加剂掺入量和时间对海水泥浆性质的影响规律。同时,基于优选的添加剂CMC,利用泥膜形成试验平台进行改性海水泥浆地层渗透试验。研究表明：不同添加剂对海水泥浆性质变化差异较大,增黏剂PAC、CMC对海水泥浆的改性效果稍好,24 h离析出现浑浊层、混合层、絮凝沉淀层。海水泥浆对地层渗透的滤水量大于改性海水泥浆,泥皮也稍厚,但呈稀疏状态。可以推测,添加剂中和部分海水成分,呈絮凝沉淀,多余添加剂表现出对淡水泥浆的增稠作用。     

地铁暗挖隧道上覆地层大变形规律分析

地铁隧道施工扰动地层,地层应力释放产生相应变形,并且在不同条件下变形量表现出较大的差异。通过对深圳地铁Ⅰ期工程3A标国老区间隧道横断面地层深部位移的现场实测和回归分析,得出了深圳富水软弱地层中浅埋暗挖法施工地层运动的基本规律。由此提出控制地层大变形的技术措施,在Ⅰ期工程的后期施工中得到充分利用,取得了较好的指导施工效果。     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿ZK2102孔钻探施工技术

新疆哈巴河县阿舍勒矿区地层构造复杂破碎、蚀变强烈以及地层促斜严重,深部钻探施工难度较大。通过对钻探施工中的难点进行分析,总结了本地区钻探施工技术经验,针对钻探施工中存在的地层复杂破碎、钻孔漏失、地层促斜严重等问题,提出了应对的技术措施和钻探施工工艺。顺利完成了钻探任务,取得了可喜的钻探成果,为将来进行深孔施工积累了丰富经验。     

海水电阻率分层对海洋CSEM电磁响应的影响研究

海洋频率域可控源电磁法作为海底石油勘探一项新的技术手段,在深海油气勘探中已经取得许多成功的实例。但是,目前在海底地层电磁正演、反演技术中,很少考虑上部海水的电阻率分层对接收数据的影响。这里利用海洋电磁一维正演程序,研究了海水分层情况对理论数据的影响。通过比较分析,可以发现考虑海水电阻率分层对海洋电磁响应有较强的影响,因此,在实际海洋正反演过程中,海水电阻率层应该与地下地层一起参与反演解释,才能提高整体反演解释精度。     

山东省海（咸）水入侵演化趋势与防治对策探讨

山东省海（咸）水入侵主要有面状、带状、脉状或树枝状和越流等4种入侵方式。气候、地形地貌、地质与水文地质、风暴潮是发生海（咸）水入侵的自然因素;地下水超采、上游修建蓄水工程、发展海水养殖、扩建盐田、河道采砂和海岸带工程建设等人为因素是诱发海（咸）水入侵的主要原因。提出了工程措施和非工程措施两种防治海（成）水入侵的对策。     

杭州湾跨海大桥海域工程地质钻探技术与方法分析

杭州湾海域以“怒潮海湾”著称,潮差大、水流急,水文条件极其复杂。结合杭州湾跨海大桥水域工程地质钻探的实践经验,介绍了不同的海域条件下钻探设备的选择和平台搭建的方法,并对杭州湾复杂海域条件下工程地质钻探施工的技术与方法进行分析,总结出了一套经济、适用、简便与安全的海域工程地质钻探方法和技术措施。     

庆阳地区钻孔涌水事故综合处理技术

庆阳地区地下水异常丰富,地面高程在1 060m以下的钻孔有不同程度的涌水现象,给钻探施工带来了诸多难题。本文通过对施工区水文地质条件的分析,提出了涌水治理措施,即平衡地层压力法、密封器止涌、套管隔水分水法、随涌钻进等方法。同时对涌水钻孔的测井、封孔方法给予了说明。     

厦门海底隧道围岩稳定动态反演分析

位移反分析法作为联系理论与实际的桥梁,为工程决策、设计与施工提供了切实可行和有效的方法。为解决海底隧道勘察、设计与施工技术难题,减小设计与施工风险,通过对先行服务隧道建立动态反演预测模型,及时对主隧道前方地质情况进行超前预报,并对围岩稳定性进行准确判断,根据反馈信息,对主洞前方设计与施工方案进行科学合理地组织,必要情况下须对原设计的隧道支护参数与施工方法作调整和修正,做到动态信息化设计与施工,确保海底隧道顺利穿越。     

Periodic accumulation and destruction of aeolian erg sequences in the Permian Cedar Mesa Sandstone, White Canyon, southern Utah, USA

The Permian Cedar Mesa Sandstone represents the product of at least 12 separate aeolian erg sequences, each bounded by regionally extensive deflationary supersurfaces. Facies analysis of strata in the White Canyon area of southern Utah indicates that the preserved sequences represent erg‐centre accumulations of mostly dry, though occasionally water table‐influenced aeolian systems. Each sequence records a systematic sedimentary evolution, enabling phases of aeolian sand sea construction, accumulation, deflation and destruction to be discerned and related to a series of underlying controls. Sand sea construction is signalled by a transition from damp sandsheet, ephemeral lake and palaeosol deposition, through a phase of dry sandsheet deposition, to the development of thin, chaotically arranged aeolian dune sets. The onset of the main phase of sand sea accumulation is reflected by an upward transition to larger‐scale, ordered sets which represent the preserved product of climbing trains of sinuous‐crested transverse dunes with original downwind wavelengths of 300–400 m. Regularly spaced reactivation surfaces indicate periodic shifts in wind direction, which probably occurred seasonally. Compound co‐sets of cross strata record the oblique migration of superimposed slipfaced dunes over larger, slipfaceless draa. Each aeolian sequence is capped by a regionally extensive supersurface characterized by abundant calcified rhizoliths and bioturbation and which represents the end product of a widespread deflation episode whereby the accumulation surface was lowered close to the level of the water table as the sand sea was progressively cannibalized by winds that were undersaturated with respect to their potential carrying capacity. Aeolian sequence generation is considered to be directly attributable to cyclical changes in climate and related changes in sea level of probable glacio‐eustatic origin that characterize many Permo‐Carboniferous age successions. Sand sea construction and accumulation occurred during phases of increased aridity and lowered sea level, the main sand supply being former shallow marine shelf sediments that lay to the north‐west. Sand sea deflation and destruction would have commenced at, or shortly after, the time of maximum aridity as the available sand supply became exhausted. Restricted episodes of non‐aeolian accumulation would have occurred during humid (interglacial) phases, accumulation and preservation being enabled by slow rises in the relative water table. Subsidence analysis within the Paradox Basin, together with comparisons to other similar age successions suggests that the climatic cycles responsible for generating the Cedar Mesa erg sequences could be the product of 413 000 years so‐called long eccentricity cycles. By contrast, annual advance cycles within the aeolian dune sets indicate that the sequences themselves could have accumulated in just a few hundred years and therefore imply that the vast majority of time represented by the Cedar Mesa succession was reserved for supersurface development.     

舟山深水港域开发建设的自然地质环境

本文从水深、水文、岸线、地貌及工程地质条件等诸方面阐述了中国舟山海域的自然地质环境, 说明了该港域具有建设大型深水港址的优越条件, 其开发建设将对中国东中部的经济发展具有重大意义。     

VMS矿床成矿流体的组成,来源及作用机制

ＶＭＳ矿床是一类非常重要的有色金属矿床，其成因与火山岩及海水密切相关。流体包裹体成分及氢氧同位素特征表明成矿流体主要为加热的海水，可能有岩浆水的参与。渗入火山岩层的海水在深部热源作用下发生对流，并萃取了火山岩中的金属。成矿流体在海底喷溢，与海水混合反应，造成矿石沉淀。整个成矿演化过程经历了复杂的流体—岩石反应和流体—流体反应，这些反应在成矿中起着非常重要的作用。     

Mechanism of Salt Contamination of Karstic Springs Related to the Messinian Deep Stage. The Speleological Model of Port Miou (France)

Submarine karstic springs are frequent on the Mediterranean shore but most of them are brackish which prohibits their use. The numerous attempts to catch these springs ended in failure. Recent studies on the development of karst systems and the paleogeography of the Mediterranean sea explain these failures. Studies on the shores of south-eastern France have enabled us to propose an operating model that explains the mechanism of salt contamination.

The Port Miou system (Cassis, France) is a two kilometers long submarine gallery developped in the limestone series of Calanques (Marseille, France). The average discharge is between 2 to 5 m3/s but the water is brackish. In the 70's a dam was built to prevent sea intrusion in the cave but the water remained brackish upstream of the dam. The use of helium, and then rebreathers by cave divers, made it possible to explore a vertical pit down to -179 m below the sea level at the end of the cave. At that depth, the water is still brackish.

Important quantity of titanium was observed at the surface of the cave sediment upstream of the dam and at the end of the cave. The titanium comes from the residual product of a factory of alumina that is discharged in the Cassidaigne submarine canyon, at a depth of 300 m b.s.l., a few kilometers south to the spring. This residual product locally called «red mud» is very rich in titanium. This supports the model of a sea water aspiration in a deep gallery connected to the canyon. The Cassidaigne canyon that cuts a limestone plateau with dolines and caves is probably a pocket valley. Its presence is related to the several stages of lowering of the Mediterranean sea at the Messinian Deep Stage that allowed the existence of cave networks up to several hundreds of meters below the present sea level. The sea water is now sucked into the system.

A similar example exists in Kefalonia island (Greece) where a sea intrusion is observed in coastal sinkholes. This model explains why the different attempts to diminish the salinity of these brackish springs, by construction of dams close to the outlets, have failed.     

海水入侵模拟方法VFT3D及应用

海水入侵是困扰沿海地区经济社会发展的重大资源、环境问题,严重影响沿海地区地下水资源。定量模拟、预测和可视化管理是对海水入侵进行有效监测和机理分析的重要手段。基于前期海水入侵模拟的理论研究及方法,提出了海水入侵模拟及预测模型VFT3D,该模型综合考虑地表水-地下水对海水入侵的协同控制作用,能够模拟变密度地下水流及复杂反应性迁移,实现模拟海水入侵的完整水文循环过程。文章介绍了VFT3D模型,利用VFT3D模型模拟了一个海水入侵案例,并与SEAWAT模型模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明VFT3D 模型模拟水头与SEAWAT模型模拟结果相差不大,但SEAWAT模型无法模拟海水入侵中复杂的化学反应过程。VFT3D 模型模拟发现,水文地球化学过程（阳离子吸附交换作用）对阳离子（Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+）运移产生明显影响,同时引起过渡带中离子组分浓度发生变化,对海水入侵过程产生较大影响。因此,考虑变密度和复杂反应过程,才能更加准确地描述海水入侵,从而有利于地下咸水治理工程的科学实施。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘岐山地区中奥陶统沉积特征及沉积环境研究

本文通过野外剖面实测、样品采集、薄片鉴定等手段,收集地球化学数据及前人研究材料,对岐山地区岩性组合、沉积构造进行了研究,分析其中奥陶统沉积环境演化过程。结果表明,岐山地区在中奥陶统下马家沟组早期沉积白云岩,为局限海台地环境;下马家沟组中、晚期沉积中厚层状灰岩,为开阔海台地环境;上马家沟组沉积厚层的纹层状灰岩夹碎屑流、浊流等深水沉积建造,水体逐渐加深,并进入台地前缘斜坡沉积环境;峰峰组发育厚层的纹层状灰岩,为台地前缘斜坡环境并向深水海盆靠近。由此判断岐山地区应为南缘凹陷上,除淳化-旬邑次级凹陷以外的另一个水体更深、坡度更大的次级凹陷。