西湖凹陷 Ｍ 气田区块低孔渗致密砂岩储层高精度三维孔隙压力场地震预测

西湖凹陷 Ｍ 气田区块泥岩超压为欠压实和生烃共同作用的结果,目的层砂岩具有低孔渗特征,导致流体孔隙压力预测难度大,为此,基于测井资料分析,建立了适用区块低孔渗地层和多压力异常成因特点的纵波速度压力预测模型,基于非欠压实成因异常压力对总孔隙压力的贡献程度的参数来表征多压力异常成因的压力预测,基于层控和断控多约束层速度反演的低频地震速度建模和叠前 ＡＶＯ 反演的精细三维地震速度场的构建策略获得用于地震压力预测所需的三维高精度速度场。实际区块三维地层孔隙压力场的预测结果表明,在工 区 实 测 点深度处的孔隙压力预测值与实测值之间的平均误差小于 ６％,验证了多压力异常成因情形下的压力预测的可靠性。      

地震岩石物理分析在致密砂岩储层预测中的应用

松辽盆地北部发育典型非常规致密砂岩油,基于"甜点"储层地震预测实际需求,采用面向储层预测的测井数据评价、岩石物理扰动模拟和地震数据刻度技术,分析该地区致密砂岩储层地震岩石物理规律.结果表明:研究区致密孔隙介质的弹性特征变化主要受岩性和物性控制,岩性控制作用更大,孔隙流体影响小;利用纵波阻抗和纵横波速度比(或泊松比)双元弹性参数交会可识别"甜点"储层;基于岩石物理刻度的叠前AVO反演是实现"甜点"储层地震预测的有效途径.研究区水平井钻探实例证明,地震岩石物理分析在基础资料认识、优化,以及"甜点"储层地震预测中具有重要作用.     

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷地层超压特征与油气赋存关系

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷超压发育广泛,基于钻井实测(DST)资料和测井资料,对车镇凹陷地层超压特征及超压与油气的赋存关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,始新统沙河街组三段和四段地层发育异常高压,异常压力主要出现在埋深2 100 m以下地层中,最大压力系数达到1.78。车镇凹陷泥岩声波时差对地层超压有较好的响应关系,在超压层段,声波时差明显偏离正常压实趋势,具有较高的声波时差值,通过典型单井泥岩声波时差确定了正常声波时差趋势线,并建立了地层压力预测模型,综合主要超压区域单井预测压力,分析了超压顶界面主要在2 100～3 200 m之间,发育单超压系统。剖面上压力体分布特征表明,压力体形成以洼陷深部位为中心向周围逐渐递减的压力结构。超压对油气运移和赋存起着控制作用,套尔河洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.6的压力体外围;车西洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.4的压力体外围。      

基于细菌觅食算法的砂砾岩岩性识别方法

砂砾岩储层岩性复杂多变,母岩成分变化大,孔隙结构复杂,难以精确划分岩性并建立准确的解释模型,导致储层参数计算精度不高。针对松辽盆地梨树断陷砂砾岩储层特点,选择多组分体积模型作为该地区的测井解释模型,将该地层看成由局部均匀的孔隙、泥质、石英、长石、岩屑等5部分组成。根据多组分体积模型建立相应的测井响应方程,引入细菌觅食算法作多组分矿物模型的优化算法,将优化结果与岩芯分析孔隙度及全岩矿物分析的体积分数进行对比,结果验证了细菌觅食算法反演砂砾岩储层多组分矿物模型的可靠性。采用该方法对松辽盆地砂砾岩储层测井资料进行处理,取得了较好的结果。     

基于等效岩石组分理论的低渗透储层渗透率模型研究

为了更精确地预测低渗透储层的渗透率,首先从岩石导电的物理机理角度考虑,把岩石孔隙等效为串联和并联2种组分,即等效岩石组分理论,然后根据流体渗流和电流传输的相似性,引入了有效流动孔隙度概念,提出了利用地层因素、束缚水饱和度和孔隙度计算储层渗透率的新方法。对我国西部某油田低渗透储层岩心进行了岩石物理实验分析及三维数字岩心重建,并利用新方法计算了低渗透储层岩心的渗透率。结果表明:计算渗透率与实验室岩心测量渗透率符合性很好,精度优于核磁共振Coates模型,这对利用测井资料更精确地预测低渗透储层渗透率具有重要的意义。      

页岩油多孔介质孔隙尺度运移残留规律分析

页岩油在多孔介质孔隙尺度内流动过程复杂。基于水平集方法和N-S控制方程,建立页岩油多孔介质孔隙尺度运移模型,模拟页岩油多孔介质尺度多次运移过程,分析页岩油在多孔介质中的运移残留规律,以及孔隙尺度下初始运移速度、密度和动力黏度对页岩油运移周期的影响。结果表明：页岩油初次运移时优先从大通道突破并形成优势流动通道;初次运移后滞留残余气逐渐形成顽固残余油;随运移次数的增加,多孔介质中残余油增多,页岩油运移周期变短;页岩油初始运移速度对残余油体积分数影响较大,页岩油密度和动力黏度对残余油体积分数影响较弱。该结果为研究页岩油孔隙尺度运移特征提供参考。     

库车前陆盆地超压特征及测井响应

库车前陆盆地广泛发育超压,实测压力系数最高可达2.2。超压分布与构造挤压和膏盐岩盖层分布具有密切关系。在对库车前陆盆地超压特征分析的基础之上对泥岩和砂岩中超压与测井之间的响应关系进行了研究。研究结果表明,在库车前陆盆地膏盐岩封闭层内以及以下多套地层中均主要发育强超压,由于受构造挤压的影响,超压强度从北向南逐渐递减。在克拉和依南地区泥岩中超压与声波时差和电阻率具有明显的响应关系,在大北和迪那地区只有膏盐层中的泥岩超压与声波时差具有一定的响应关系,砂岩中超压只有在克拉地区与声波时差具有一定的响应。由于侧向构造挤压作用的增强导致岩石更为致密所以超压在不同地区与声波时差的响应存在差异性。因此只有当超压达到一定强度使泥岩中颗粒之间垂直有效应力小于40 MPa,砂岩中颗粒之间垂直有效应力小于25 MPa时,超压才与声波时差具有一定的响应关系。      

基于孔隙曲折度与等效岩石元素理论的致密砂砾岩导电模型

徐家围子地区深层致密砂砾岩储层岩性成分复杂、储层物性差、分选性差、非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂,给求取储层饱和度参数带来困难.为求取致密砂砾岩储层的含气饱和度,建立孔隙结构复杂的致密砂砾岩储层的导电模型.利用等效岩石元素理论,描述岩石孔隙中孔腔和吼道比对岩石导电性的影响,并引入孔隙曲折度阐述岩石孔隙弯曲程度对岩石导电性的影响;利用串并联导电理论,建立研究区基于孔隙曲折度与等效岩石元素理论的致密砂砾岩储层导电模型.利用徐家围子地区深层致密砂砾岩储层岩电实验数据分析模型精度.结果表明:该模型计算的岩样电阻率值与实验测量值平均相对误差为6.2%,表明该模型能够较好地描述致密砂砾岩储层的导电规律.利用建立的模型及确定的模型参数值对研究区2口试油井进行实际资料处理,2口井含气饱和度大于60%,表明该模型适用于徐家围子地区深层致密砂砾岩储层评价.     

变质岩岩石化学组分的测井评价及其在岩矿分析中的应用——以中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔超高压变质岩为例

为了更有效地利用测井资料识别岩性,以中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔超高压变质岩的测井与岩心化学分析资料为对象,研究两者之间的内在关系。从相关文献中搜集和整理了主孔的189个岩心样品的全元素分析资料,提取了岩心分析与测井响应的样本数据。在此基础上,分析了氧化物含量与常规测井响应的统计关系,并通过逐步线性回归方法,建立了氧化物含量的测井评价模型。利用测井资料,计算主孔72~2010m井段地层的氧化物含量,对主孔地层岩性和钛矿（化）发育特征进行解释。研究表明,对于复杂的变质岩类,常规测井响应与地层元素组分之间存在内在的联系;在获得岩心全元素分析数据的条件下,利用测井资料建立地层化学组分的评价模型,能够为岩性与含矿分析提供更为直接的数据。     

利用弹性参数识别致密砂岩储层流体性质

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构复杂,储层低孔、低渗、非均质性特征明显,储层流体识别困难。基于偶极声波测井资料,以致密砂岩岩石弹性参数为基础,利用指标法、交会图分析法、支持向量机进行储层流体性质识别的方法研究。结果表明:纵横波时差比、地层压缩系数与泊松比比值、纵波弹性模量差比可以作为气层识别的指标;引入流体敏感度评价参数,优选出能敏感反映储层含气性的弹性参数,如拉梅系数与密度之积、拉梅系数、体积模量、拉梅系数与剪切模量之比、弹性模量,结合支持向量机对流体进行识别,能够提高流体识别精度;对有试气结论的储层样本进行实际分类处理,利用支持向量机判别样本的成功率为92%。通过对苏里格气田的X350井进行实际分类处理,并经过试气结论验证,证明优选能敏感反映储层含气性的弹性参数,结合支持向量机对储层流体进行识别的方法是切实可行的。     

Carbonate pore type characterization using a statistical inversion method

For carbonate reservoirs, vertical pore type heterogeneity records regional depositional history. However, from the geophysics point of view, these microscopic characteristics cannot be described with conventional data-driven approaches. The author presents an upscale rock physics model which includes both modeling and inverting schemes in this study. According to the statistical comparability between lab measurements and well logs, the main idea is to study and utilize inherent statistical features in naturally occurred carbonate rocks. Firstly, using the critical porosity model as rock physical theory, relationships are built between pore structures and elastic responses. Furthermore, in logging data scale, key parameters are estimated through a statistical method, and thus pore types are classified. The methodology is successfully applied in the well YS1. It is believed that this method will be a promising tool on handing pore complexity and inversion uncertainty in carbonate reservoir exploration.     

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明：饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均...     

火山岩岩性、储层的岩石物理弹性参数判别:以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组为例

徐家围子断陷火山岩岩性种类多,岩性复杂,不同岩性岩石特征差异大,火山岩岩性、储层的地震预测难度大,亟待通过岩石物理的分析,有效指导火山岩储层地震预测。通过对13种弹性参数敏感性交会分析,首次利用密度和剪切模量将徐家围子断陷营城组复杂火山岩岩性划分为玄武岩类、安山岩类和流纹岩类3类,且同一岩类岩性都具有相同的储层参数特征,在区分岩性基础上,利用密度和纵波速度双参数可对3类岩性组的储层进行直接识别,为火山岩储层叠前反演预测技术提供理论基础。      

冻融循环作用下砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口特征分形研究

寒区岩石的力学特征往往受到冻融循环和荷载的共同影响,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口蕴含着与冻融循环和荷载有关的损伤演化信息,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口研究对冻融岩石断裂破坏机理分析有重要价值。为研究冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口形貌特征及其与宏观力学参数之间的关联性,通过摄影观测经历不同次数冻融循环的砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口形貌,采用像素点覆盖法计算断口分维值,探究了断口分维值与宏观力学参数之间的关系。结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,冻融砂岩的力学性能劣化,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、断口分维值、耗散能密度逐渐减小,峰值应变增大;单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度均与断口分维值之间存在指数关系,断口分维值越大,对应的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度越大。冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口分维值可作为寒区岩体断裂破坏机理分析的有效参数。      

Deformation and failure mechanism of phyllite under the effects of THM coupling and unloading

Although the study of TM(Thermo Mechanics),HM(Hydraulic-Mechanics) and THM(Thermo-Hydraulic-Mechanics) coupling under a loading test have been under development,rock failure analysis under THM coupling and unloading is an emerging topic.Based on a high temperature triaxial unloading seep test for phyllite,this paper discusses the deformation and failure mechanism of phyllites under the "H M,T→H,T→M" incomplete coupling model with unloading conditions.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and initial permeability decrease and the Poisson’s ratio increases with increasing temperature;the elastic modulus decreases and the Poisson’s ratio and initial permeability increase with increasing water pressure.During the unloading process,rock penetrability is small at the initial elastic deformation phase,but the penetrability increases near the end of the elastic deformation phase;mechanisms involving temperature and water pressure affect penetrability differently.Phyllite failure occurs from the initial thermal damage of the rock materials,splitting and softening(which is caused by pore water pressure),and the pressure difference which is formed from the loading axial pressure and unloading confining pressure.The phyllite failure mechanism is a transtensional(tension-shearing) failure.     

Sediment compaction and pore pressure prediction in deepwater basin of the South China Sea: Estimation from ODP and IODP drilling well data

Overpressure in deepwater basins not only causes serious soft sediment deformation, but also significantly affects the safety of drilling operations. Therefore, prediction of overpressure in sediments has become an important task in deepwater oil exploration and development. In this study, we analyze the drilling data from ODP Leg 184 Sites 1144, 1146, and 1148, and IODP Leg 349 Sites U1431, U1432, U1433, and U1435 to study the sediment compaction and controls in the northern South China Sea. Sedimentation rate, sediment content, distribution area, and buried depth are the factors that influence sediment compaction in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. Among these factors, the sediment content is the most important. The fitted normal compacted coefficients and mudline porosity for an interval of 50 m shows disciplinary variation versus depth. The pore pressure predicted from different fitted results shows varying overpressure situations. The normal compaction trend from Site 1144 reflects the porosity variation trend in stable deposition basins in the northern South China Sea. The predicted pore pressure shows overpressure at Site 1144, which is attributed to compaction disequilibrium. Nevertheless, the mixed lithology column may influence the predicted over-pressure at Site 1148, which is responsible for the confusing result. Above all, we find that sediment compaction should serve as a proxy for pore pressure in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.     

基于有效降雨阈值的澧源镇滑坡灾害危险性分析

以湖南省澧源镇为例,利用证据权模型和灰色关联度模型分别计算了坡度、地层岩性、斜坡形态、土地利用类型、人类工程活动5个因子二级状态证据权值和一级因子权重;综合2种模型确定全区滑坡易发性指数后,完成基于斜坡单元的全区滑坡易发性区划;根据研究区岩土体类型（碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩类和松散岩土体类）分组研究不同滑坡发生概率下的有效降雨阈值曲线（I-D曲线）。研究降雨时间为3日、有效强度为22.4 mm/d的降雨工况下各岩土体类型滑坡发生的时间概率。综合时间概率和易发性结果得到澧源镇基于有效降雨阈值的滑坡灾害危险性区划图。研究结果表明:澧源镇滑坡灾害高和极高易发区占研究区总面积的25%,主要沿澧河分布;极高危险区和高危险区占研究区总面积的14%,主要分布在澧河北侧。      

Prediction research of deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions

Weak rock zone (soft interlayer, fault zone and soft rock) is the highlight of large-scale geological engineering research. It is an important boundary for analysis of rock mass stability. Weak rock zone has been formed in a long geological period, and in this period, various rocks have undergone long-term consolidation of geostatic stress and tectonic stress; therefore, under in-situ conditions, their density and modulus of deformation are relatively high. Due to its fragmentary nature, once being exposed to the earth’s surface, the structure of weak rock zone will soon be loosened, its density will be reduced, and its modulus of deformation will also be reduced significantly. Generally, weak rock zone can be found in large construction projects, especially in the dam foundation rocks of hydropower stations. These rocks cannot be eliminated completely by excavation. Furthermore, all tests nowadays are carried out after the exposure of weak rock zone, modulus of deformation under in-situ conditions cannot be revealed. In this paper, a test method explored by the authors has been introduced. This method is a whole multilayered medium deformation method. It is unnecessary to eliminate the relatively complete rocks covering on weak rock zone. A theoretical formula to obtain the modulus of deformation in various mediums has also been introduced. On-site comparative trials and indoor deformation modulus tests under equivalent density conditions have been carried out. We adopted several methods for the prediction researches of the deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions, and revealed a fact that under in-situ conditions, the deformation modulus of weak rock zone are several times higher than the test results obtained after the exposure. In a perspective of geological engineering, the research findings have fundamentally changed peoples’ concepts on the deformation modulus of weak rock zone, provided important theories and methods for precise definition of deformation modulus of deep weak rock zone under cap rock conditions, as well as for reasonable engineering applications.     

莺歌海盆地莺歌海组二段泥岩盖层封闭性综合评价

通过实测莺歌海盆地莺歌海组二段泥岩盖层的排替压力,建立了盖层排替压力与声波时差的线性关系,进而提出了利用声波时差及地震速度资料求取排替压力的方法.接着,利用测井声波时差和地震速度资料,按等效深度法确定莺歌海组二段下部泥岩盖层的超压分布.综合考虑盖层累计厚度、排替压力、剩余压力、气藏内部压力、断裂对盖层破坏程度和天然气本...     

Numerical simulation of mechanical compaction of deepwater shallow sediments

To study the compaction law and overpressure evolution in deepwater shallow sediments, a large-strain compaction model that considers material nonlinearity and moving boundary is formulated. The model considers the dependence of permeability and material properties on void ratio. The modified Cam-Clay model is selected as the constitutive relations of the sediments, and the deactivation/reactivation method is used to capture the moving top surface during the deposition process. A one-dimensional model is used to study the compaction law of the shallow sediments. Results show that the settlement of the shallow sediments is large under their own weight during compaction. The void ratio decreases strictly with burial depth and decreases more quickly near the seafloor than in the deeper layers. The generation of abnormal pressure in the shallow flow sands is closely related to the compaction law of shallow sediments. The two main factors that affect the generation of overpressure in the sands are deposition rate and permeability of overlying clay sediments. Overpressure increases with an increase in deposition rate and a decrease in the permeability of the overlying clay sediment. Moreover, an upper limit for the overpressure exists. A two-dimensional model is used to study the differential compaction of the shallow sediments. The pore pressure will still increase due to the inflow of the pore fluid from the neighboring clay sediment even though the deposition process is interrupted.