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1.
A new numerical model that simulates a downgoing slab is used to study the conditions required to produce melting on its upper surface. Models with dip angles of 26.6° and 45°, rates of subduction of 0.7 and 5.6 cm y−1, varying heat sources and rising material from the top of the slab are included. The results indicate that melting will not be greatly affected by dip angle, though the rate of subduction and the amount of shearstrain heating are important. When melting occurs, material rising from the top of the slab may produce high heat flow values at the surface of the earth on the continental side of the ocean trench, if the process continues sufficiently long. The sinking slab produces a positive gravity anomaly on the continental side of subduction, which is reduced in amplitude when rising material is present.  相似文献   

2.
Stresses in a block around a dipping fracture simulating a damage zone of a fault are reconstructed by finite-element modeling. A fracture corresponding to a fault of different lengths, with its plane dipping at different angles, is assumed to follow a lithological interface and to experience either compression or shear. The stress associated with the destruction shows an asymmetrical pattern with different distances from the highest stress sites to the fault plane in the hanging and foot walls. As the dip angle decreases,the high-stress zone becomes wider in the hanging wall but its width changes negligibly in the foot wall.The length of the simulated fault and the deformation type affect only the magnitude of maximum stress,which remains asymmetrical relative to the fault plane. The Lh/Lfratio, where Lhand Lfare the widths of high-stress zones in the hanging and foot walls of the fault, respectively, is inversely proportional to the fault plane dip. The arithmetic mean of this ratio over different fault lengths in fractures subject to compression changes from 0.29 at a dip of 80°to 1.67 at 30°. In the case of shift displacement, ratios are increasing to 1.2 and 2.94, respectively.Usually they consider vertical fault planes and symmetry in a damage zone of faults. Following that assumption may cause errors in reconstructions of stress and fault patterns in areas of complex structural setting. According geological data, we know the structures are different and asymmetric in hanging and foot walls of fault. Thus, it is important to quantify zones of that asymmetry. The modeling results have to be taken into account in studies of natural faults, especially for practical applications in seismic risk mapping, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and tectonics.  相似文献   

3.
High-pressure and temperature experiments (28–62 GPa, and 1,490–2,000 K, corresponding to approximately 770–1,500 km depth in the mantle) have been conducted on a MgCO3 + SiO2 mixture using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with analytical transmission electron microscope observation of the product phases to constrain the fate of carbonates carried on the subducting basalt into the lower mantle. At these conditions, the decarbonation reaction MgCO3 (magnesite) + SiO2 (stishovite) → MgSiO3 (perovskite) + CO2 (solid) has been recognized. This indicates that above reaction takes place as a candidate for decarbonation of the carbonated subducting mid ocean ridge basalts in the Earth’s lower mantle.  相似文献   

4.
张平  韩立国 《世界地质》2017,36(1):255-265
基于谱元法计算理论,通过坐标旋转算法实现任意各向异性黏弹性介质中的地震波场计算,研究复合介质中地震波场特征。根据计算结果,qSV波表现为剪切滞弹性形变,qP波表现为膨胀滞弹性形变;品质因子不仅影响地震波振幅,还影响其传播频率;黏弹性介质吸收高频快,在一定频率范围内,黏弹性介质没有频散现象。  相似文献   

5.
We investigated space-time lithospheric stress patterns of the Baikal rift system according to the hierarchy of earthquakes using mechanisms of 265 KP  10 events recorded from 1950 to 1998 and seismic moments of 802 KP  11 events from 1968 to 1994. The lithosphere of the region was confirmed to undergo rifting with mostly normal-slip events, while local areas of frequent strike-slip and reverse motions may record stress heterogeneity. The dominance of rifting, although being evident in the stress dynamics, is unstable, which is indicated by increase in strike-slip and reverse motions to as many as normal slip events in the latest 1980s–earliest 1990s. The lithospheric stress patterns inferred from seismic-moment data are generally consistent with those derived from the classical focal mechanism method. The suggested approach of seismic zoning according to earthquake slip geometry may provide a more reliable background for successful mitigation of seismic hazard in the region.  相似文献   

6.
A > 10‐km‐thick basin formed in Tertiary to Quaternary times in front and overlapping with the south‐east Carpathians. The Foc?ani Depression is part of this system and overlies the Vrancea seismogenetic volume, thought to correspond to the remnants of the continental slab subducted beneath the Carpathians. Slab detachment and its lateral migration are considered to control vertical movements in the area. We present the first complete analysis of subsidence patterns in the Depression and derive a substantially different picture. The strongest subsidence is Sarmatian in age, coeval with the main nappe emplacement events. Subsequently, subsidence did not stop and persisted until present times despite cessation of thrusting. The main depocentre remained the Foc?ani Depression and no significant lateral migration is detected. Post‐Sarmatian subsidence is contemporaneous with major exhumation/erosion in the Carpathians. The evolution of the basin is associated with a combination of vertical and far‐field horizontal stresses, and its position is controlled by pre‐existing lithospheric heterogeneities.  相似文献   

7.
Hydrous minerals within the subducting oceanic slab are important hosts for water. Clarification of the stability field of hydrous minerals helps to understand transport and distribution of water from the surface to the Earth’s interior. We investigated the stability of brucite, a prototype of hydrous minerals, by means of electrical conductivity measurements in both open and closed systems at 3 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 K. Dramatic increase of conductivity in association with characteristic impedance spectra suggests that partial dehydration of single-crystal brucite in the open system with a low water fugacity occurs at 950 K, which is about 300 K lower than those previously defined by phase equilibrium experiments in the closed system. By contrast, brucite completely dehydrates at 1300 K in the closed system, consistent with previous studies. Partial dehydration may generate a highly defective structure but does not lead to the breakdown of brucite to periclase and water immediately. Water activity plays a key role in the stability of hydrous minerals. Low water activity (aH2O) caused by the high wetting behavior of the subducted oceanic slab at the transition zone depth may cause the partial dehydration of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs), which significantly reduces the temperature stability of DHMS (this mechanism has been confirmed by previous study on super hydrous phase B). As a result, the transition zone may serve as a ‘dead zone’ for DHMSs, and most water will be stored in wadsleyite and ringwoodite in the transition zone.  相似文献   

8.
Zealandia was once located at the active Gondwana margin and experienced complicated tectonic evolution from continental breakup to subduction and oblique slipping along the plate boundary. Here, we investigate the lithospheric thermal and rheological properties via spatial variations in effective elastic thickness (Te). Using the topography, sediment thickness and gravity data, the fan wavelet coherence method is employed to recover Te values. The effects of dynamic topography and gravity in the subduction zone on the estimated Te are considered and removed. The final results reveal that the Te variation pattern generally coincides well with the tectonic regimes. Relatively high Te values up to 22 km are observed in North Island and the southernmost part of South Island, while central and northern South Island are dominated by smaller Te values (~15 km) similar to those of the surrounding submerged plateaus. We interpret the relatively high Te values as indicating the combined lithospheric strength due to the contacting plates in the subduction zone. To the north along the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone, the lithosphere surprisingly exhibits anomalously high Te values, ranging from 22 to 36 km, which contradicts the geological evidence of normal faults developed in the incoming Pacific Plate and the magmatism in the overlying Australian Plate that generally contribute to low lithospheric strength. We speculate that the high-Te zone is related to the large bathymetry and gravity anomalies in the bending plate and controlled by non-isostatic factors. Finally, we find widespread low Te values covering the entire arcs and oceanic basins in northern Zealandia, which may indicate that regional lithospheric thinning associated with delamination weakened the integrated strength of the lithosphere.  相似文献   

9.
10.
In many wellbore stability analyses, the ability to forecast both the occurrence and extent of plastic deformation and failure hinges upon a fundamental understanding of deformation mode and failure mechanism in the reservoir rock. This study focuses on analyzing plastic zones, localized deformations, and failures around a borehole drilled overbalanced or underbalanced through a highly porous rock formation. Based on several laboratory experiments, porous rocks are prone to deform under both shear-induced dilation and shear-enhanced compaction mechanisms depending on the stress state. The shapes of the deformation and failure patterns around the borehole are shown, depending on the initial stress state and the local stress paths. The inquiry of the local stress paths in the near-wellbore zone facilitates the understanding of the reasons for different types of failure mechanisms, including the mixed-mode and the plastic deformation structures. The modification of the 2D plane strain condition by imitating third stress in the numerical scheme helps us bring the stress paths closer to the real state of loading conditions. Our modeling reveals that the transition from isotropic to anisotropic stress state is accompanied by an increase in the deviatoric part of effective shear tensor that leads to the development of inelastic deformation, degradation, and subsequent rock failure. Particular interest is devoted to the modeling of strain localization especially in compaction mode around a wellbore and computing the amount of stress concentration at the tips of dog-eared breakouts. Stress concentration can result in a change in irreversible deformation mode from dilatancy to compaction, elucidating the formation of the shear-enhanced compaction phenomenon at the failure tips in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress.  相似文献   

11.
Flow of fluids and transport of solutes in porous media are subjects of wide interest in several fields of applications: reservoir engineering, subsurface hydrology, chemical engineering, etc. In this paper we will study two-phase flow in a model consisting of two different types of sediments. Here, the absolute permeability, the relative permeabilities and the capillary pressure are discontinuous functions in space. This leads to interior boundary value problems at the interface between the sediments. The saturation Sw will be discontinuous or experience large gradients at the interface. A new solution procedure for such problems will be presented. The method combines the modified method of characteristics with a weak formulation where the basis functions are discontinuous at the interior boundary. The modified method of characteristics will provide a good first approximation for the jump in the discontinuous basis functions, which leads to a fast converging iterative solution scheme for the complete problem. The method has been implemented in a two-dimensional simulator, and results from numerical experiments will be presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

12.
徐纪人  赵志新 《岩石学报》2007,23(12):3317-3324
苏鲁-大别造山带是华北、华南地块之间的大地构造交界带.本文分析研究了我国东部地区的3000余年的地震活动性,并根据1918~2006年问苏鲁-大别及其周围地区发生的1000余个地震的震源机制解,系统研究了地壳应力场和构造运动的区域特征,探讨了超高压变质带的折返机制.结果表明,苏鲁带以及华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直到琉球海沟的广阔地域里存在着的统一的、方位为170°的引张应力场的控制.右旋走滑运动是苏鲁地区和郯庐断裂带的现代构造运动的主要特征.地震发生类型多为右旋走滑型或右旋走滑正断层型地震.华南地区构造应力场主要表现为,受北西西向运动的菲律宾板块向欧亚板块碰撞挤压运动所产生的方位为110~120°挤压应力的控制.华北、华南地块之间现代地壳应力场的分界线,西部与秦岭带大致相符,在大别东开始则逐渐偏离大地构造,到黄山附近向东南偏转,在温州附近转为向东延伸,最终穿过东海直至琉球海沟.研究结果还表明,苏鲁-大别超高压变质带的折返运动机制,即致使大量超高压变质岩折返到上地壳或地表的岩石圈应力场背景原因为,中生代以来大华北地区存在着较强扩张应力场的主控作用.此外,岩石圈地幔的蘑菇云构造增强了华北地区扩张应力场及扩张构造运动,导致形成大量深裂谷、裂隙,深部物质上涌.苏鲁及东大别地带处于或接近蘑菇云构造运动发育地区的中心,深部地幔物质的上涌导致并加剧了超高压变质岩折返到上地壳或地表,形成了世界著名的苏鲁-别超高压变质带.  相似文献   

13.
Damage and fracture propagation around underground excavations are important issues in rock engineering. The analysis of quasi-brittle materials can be performed using constitutive laws based upon damage mechanics. The finite element code RFPA2D (Rock Failure Process Analysis) based on damage mechanics was used to simulate a loading-type failure process around an underground excavation (model tunnel) in brittle rock. One of the features of RFPA2D is the capability of modeling heterogeneous materials. In the current model, the effect of the homogeneous index (m) of rock on the failure modes of a model tunnel in rock was studied. In addition, by recording the number of damaged elements and the associated amount of energy released, RFPA2D is able to simulate acoustic activities around circular openings in rock. The results of a numerical simulation of a model tunnel were in very good agreement with the experimental test using the acoustic emission technique. Finally, the influence of the lateral confining pressure on the failure mechanism of the rock around the model tunnel was also investigated by numerical simulations.  相似文献   

14.
中国岩石圈应力场与构造运动区域特征   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
徐纪人  赵志新 《中国地质》2006,33(4):782-792
笔者系统分析了1918—2005年间中国大陆及其周缘发生的3130个中、强地震的震源机制解,根据其特征进行了岩石圈应力场构造分区,首次得到区域应力场的压应力轴和张应力轴空间分布的统计数字结果。在此基础上研究了应力场的区域特征、探讨了其动力学来源以及构造运动特征。总体结果表明,中国大陆及其周缘岩石圈应力场和构造运动可以归结为印度洋板块、太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间相对运动,以及大陆板内区域块体之间的相互作用的结果。印度洋板块向欧亚板块的碰撞挤压运动所产生的强烈的挤压应力,控制了喜马拉雅、青藏高原、中国西部乃至延伸到天山及其以北的广大地区。在青藏高原周缘地区和中国西部的大范围内,压应力P轴水平分量方位位于20~40°,形成了近NE方向的挤压应力场。大量逆断层型强震集中发生在青藏高原的南、北和西部周缘地区,以及天山等地区。而多数正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部高海拔的地区,断层位错的水平分量位于近东西方向。表明青藏高原周缘区域发生南北向强烈挤压短缩的同时,中部高海拔地区存在着明显的近东西向的扩张运动。中国东部的华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,又受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直到琉球海沟的广阔地域里存在着的统一的、方位为170°的引张应力场的控制。华北地区大地震的震源机制解均反映出该区地震的发生大体为NEE向挤压应力和NNW向张应力的共同作用结果。台湾纵谷断层是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间碰撞挤压边界。来自北西向运动的菲律宾海板块构造应力控制了从台湾纵谷、华南块体,直到中国南北地震带南段东部地域的应力场。地震的震源机制结果还表明,将中国大陆分成东、西两部分的中国南北地震带是印度洋板块、菲律宾海板块与太平洋板块在中国大陆内部影响控制范围的分界线。  相似文献   

15.
研究目的】内蒙古赤峰五十家子岩体位于大兴安岭南段成矿带的西南部,对其进行系统的年代学和地球化学研究有助于丰富对区域构造-岩浆演化和成矿规律的认识。【研究方法】本文基于岩石学与地球化学研究工作,采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、主微量元素分析和锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试等方法分析了岩体成因。【研究结果】LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,五十家子岩体中的斑状含黑云母二长花岗岩、斑状含黑云母正长花岗岩和斑状黑云母正长花岗岩分别形成于(150.3±1.3) Ma,(145.9±1.8) Ma和(137.1±2.2) Ma,属晚侏罗世至早白垩世的产物。地球化学组成上,该花岗岩体具有富硅、富碱、低铝、低钙的特点,属于碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示斑状含黑云母正长花岗岩具有正的εHft)值(+7.5~+14.3)和年轻的二阶段模式年龄(tDM2=285~718Ma),与大兴安岭南段晚中生代花岗岩εHft)值相近,表明其源区物质中年轻下地壳的贡献占主导地位,斑状含黑云母二长花岗岩中暗色包体的发育指示其可能经历了岩浆混合作用。【结论】根据本文研究结果,结合区域地质背景,五十家子岩体可能形成于晚中生代岩石圈伸展减薄环境下,软流圈上涌导致年轻下地壳发生部分熔融形成初始岩浆,并与幔源岩浆混合,后经高程度分异演化并于浅部侵位,最终固结形成了五十家子花岗岩体。五十家子岩体具有显著的高分异和深源浅侵位特征,与区域内锡多金属成矿作用有密切的成因联系。创新点:采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法获取五十家子岩体3个岩相的形成时间,依据岩相学特征、成岩时间、地球化学特征、锆石Hf同位素特征及区域地质背景综合分析岩体成因。  相似文献   

16.
17.
This paper presents a three‐dimensional energy‐based solution for the time‐dependent response of a deeply embedded and unsupported semi‐infinite tunnel of circular cross‐section. The tunnel is taken to be excavated quasi‐instantaneously from an infinite rock body that initially exhibits an isotropic stress state and that is made up of a homogeneous, isotropic and viscoelastic material. The viscoelastic behaviour is modelled by means of Burger's model, and the rock is taken to behave volumetrically linear elastic and to exhibit exclusively deviatoric creep. This viscoelastic problem is transformed into the Laplace domain, where it represents a quasi‐elastic problem. The displacement fields in the new solution are taken to be the products of independent functions that vary in the radial and longitudinal directions. The differential equations governing the displacements of the system and appropriate boundary conditions are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy. The solutions for these governing equations in the Laplace domain are then obtained analytically and numerically using a one‐dimensional finite difference technique. The results are then transformed back into the time domain using an efficient numerical scheme. The accuracy of the new solution is comparable with that of a finite element analysis but requires much less computation effort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(Sand Hills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。  相似文献   

19.
李涛  王宗秀 《地学前缘》2005,12(3):125-136
与洋陆俯冲关系不同,在板内汇聚过程中,大陆岩石圈固有的多圈层、多界面结构的特点,使得地块的俯冲变形伴有多圈层顺层拆离解耦的行为,使变形结构复杂化。虽然多圈层界面拆离解耦所引发的地震点群空间分布不像洋陆俯冲关系那么规则完美,但是依据地震群与破裂位置、破裂与岩石圈分层力学特性的依次控制关系,运用深度/频次、平面密度等统计方法,再以各种地球物理实测手段得到的岩石圈结构构造数据作为界面标定依据,还是能够得出诸如拆离解耦的界面深度、界面归属和区域层间变形范围等重要的几何学信息,这些变形几何学、运动学数据是构建大陆岩石圈板内汇聚造山特别是盆山耦合模式时的关键性的依据。文中通过对塔里木盆地及周缘造山带的相关研究,在岩石圈层拆离解耦状态及其与盆山构造格局之间的关系方面得出以下几点认识:(1)塔里木盆地及周缘造山带岩石圈的主拆离解耦层均发育于中地壳,但随各区中地壳的具体深度位置不同而有所差别;(2)塔西南/西昆仑盆山构造耦合关系是构建于岩石圈尺度上的,塔北/南天山盆山耦合关系是构建于地壳尺度上的;(3)地震活动的密集程度及密集带的展布与天山的变形强度、隆升状态和地貌阶段类型的变化规律有着近乎完美的精确匹配关系;(4)塔北/南天山和塔西南/西昆仑对应于岩石圈的强拆离解耦区,塔东北/东天山和塔东南/阿尔金山之间无耦合关系,其边缘带对应于岩石圈弱拆离解耦和无拆离解耦区;(5)塔里木盆地总体上的弱变形状态与其岩石圈弱或未拆离解耦类型占据总面积90%的情形相适应;(6)塔里木地块以驱动、阻挡约束、平移滚筒约束和克拉通过渡等多重“身份”存在于相邻单元“包围”的力学环境中。  相似文献   

20.
A solution is derived for the heat flow and consolidation which occur when a heat source is buried deep in a porous thermoelastic soil having anisotropic flow properties. This solution is used to examine the pore pressure generation and dissipation near both point and cylindrical heat sources. An increase in temperature will tend to generate an increase in excess pore pressure. However, the pore water will tend to flow from regions of high excess pore pressure to regions of low excess pore pressure, and so consolidation will occur, and temperature-generated excess pore pressures will tend to dissipate. Many natural soils exhibit horizontal layering and so have a higher horizontal than vertical permeability. It is shown that in soils the excess pore pressure generated by a heat source is significantly less than that in an isotropic soil having an equal vertical permeability.  相似文献   

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