饱和土体静态液化失稳理论预测

通过在屈服准则和剪胀性方程中引入材料状态参数,建立了一个与材料状态相关的本构模型,用于模拟不同初始孔隙比和围压下土体的应力-应变关系。基于二阶功理论,建立了饱和土体静态液化失稳理论判别准则。通过预测一系列饱和松砂三轴不排水试验结果,验证了所建立的本构模型及判别预测准则的合理性。分析结果表明,静态液化发生于土体硬化阶段,静态液化触发伴随着剪应力达到峰值,其后剪应力降低且孔隙水压力持续增长。进一步地,模拟了充分降解的城市固体废弃物在不排水条件下的应力-应变特性,并预测到了潜在失稳线及静态液化触发点。     

粉砂地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心试验及数值模拟

通过开展离心模型试验,对干粉砂及饱和粉砂中盾构隧道开挖面的失稳破坏特性和极限支护压力进行了研究。通过远程控制开挖面土体位移,获得了支护压力与开挖面位移间的关系曲线及开挖面达到主动极限平衡状态时的破坏模式。2组干砂离心模型试验结果表明,当隧道埋深与隧道直径比从0.5增大到1时,开挖面破坏模式从整体坍塌破坏转变为烟囱状,但极限支护压力变化较小。饱和砂土中的试验表明,开挖面水平方向破坏范围相比在相同埋深干砂中的范围扩大,极限支护压力显著增加。对开挖面破坏过程进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,获得了开挖面极限支护压力和破坏机制,所得结果与试验吻合较好。进一步通过数值模拟,分析了土体强度参数、隧道埋深及渗流对极限支护压力的影响规律。结果表明,渗流条件下开挖面破坏区域及极限支护压力均大于无渗流情况,极限支护压力随内摩擦角增大而减小,随隧道埋深增大而减小。     

Face stability analysis of shallow shield tunnels in dry sandy ground using the discrete element method

Controlling the face stability of shallow shield tunnels is difficult due to the inadequate understanding of face failure mechanism. The failure mechanism and the limit support pressure of a tunnel face in dry sandy ground were investigated by using discrete element method (DEM), which has particular advantages for revealing mechanical properties of granular materials. The contact parameters of the dry sand particles were obtained by calibrating the results of laboratory direct shear tests. A series of three-dimensional DEM models for different ratios of the cover depth to the diameter of the tunnel (C/D = 0.5, 1, and 2; i.e., relative depth) were then built to simulated the process of tunnel face failure. The limit support pressure, failure zone and soil arching were discussed and compared with other methods. The results of DEM simulations show that the process of tunnel face failure can be divided into two stages. With the increase of the horizontal displacement of the tunnel face, the support pressure decreases to the limit support pressure and then increases to the residual support pressure. The limit support pressure increases with the rise of relative depth and then tends to be constant. In the process of tunnel face failure, the failure zone is gradually enlarged in size and expands to the ground surface. The numerical results also demonstrate that soil arching occurs in the upper part of the failure zone and the soil becomes loosened in the failure zone. Consequently, the comprehensive analysis of tunnel face failure may help to guarantee safe construction during tunneling.     

颗粒物质在等比例应变加载下的分散性失稳模式

由地下水引起的静力液化可能是边坡失稳的隐含机制之一,松砂在不排水剪切条件下可能发生静力液化,密实的颗粒集合体在特定的应变路径下也会出现相似的现象,即试样整体发生急剧的失稳,应力状态尚处于峰值强度线以内。该种失稳模式称为分散性失稳,是为了强调失稳模式中没有出现应变局部化或者剪切带。采用连续-离散耦合分析方法,研究由不规则形状颗粒组成的密实集合体在等比例应变加载路径下的力学特性。根据Hill的材料失稳理论,当试样的应力增量 和应变增量 对应的2阶功 为负时,试样即发生不可逆的整体失稳破坏。以根据不同等比例应变路径得到 曲线为界,在 平面内将试样的应力状态分为剪缩区、剪胀-稳定区和剪胀-非稳定区,连接不同围压下试样发生分散性失稳时的应力状态形成失稳线发现,峰值强度线高于临界状态线,临界状态线高于失稳线。     

深埋盾构隧道开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模式的上限分析

相对于盾构隧道施工的大量需求与快速发展的状况,国内在盾构工法特别是大型深埋盾构隧道施工技术和理论研究方面还存在不足,特别是水压条件下深埋盾构隧道开挖面稳定问题。基于极限分析上限法和水土压力统一参数,对考虑水压影响的均质土深埋隧道开挖面稳定性计算方法进行研究,建立了考虑水压影响的深埋盾构隧道开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模式模型,并推导了其极限支护压力计算公式。然后利用土层厚度加权平均法,可将上述方法应用于多层土深埋盾构隧道开挖面稳定性的评价中。最后,以上海长江盾构隧道实际工程为例,采用本文推导的极限分析上限三维对数螺旋破坏模式方法计算并分析其极限支护压力,并将计算结果与前人研究和规范方法计算的结果进行对比分析。通过该研究可改进与完善水压条件下深埋盾构隧道极限支护压力确定方法,从而为考虑水压条件下盾构隧道施工支护压力的合理确定提供理论依据。     

饱和砂土地层中隧道结构动力离心模型试验

饱和砂土地层中隧道结构可能会因地震地基液化而发生破坏。通过对可液化地层中地铁隧道结构的地震反应进行动力离心模型试验,研究了饱和松砂地基在地震作用下的反应特性、可液化地层中地铁隧道结构的上浮及变形特性和设置截断墙对限制隧道结构上浮的效果等问题。研究结果表明,地基液化引起的隧道衬砌上的附加变形内力以及隧道上浮量主要受地基液化时土水压力的变化影响。截断墙的设置限制了隧道两侧土体向隧道下方流动的趋势,有效减小了隧道结构的上浮量     

Analytical analysis of working face passive stability during shield tunneling in frictional soils

This paper develops the 2D and 3D kinematically admissible mechanisms for analyzing the passive face stability during shield tunneling using upper-bound analysis. The mechanisms consider trapezoidal distribution of support pressure along tunnel face and partial failure originated at tunnel face above invert. For cohesionless soils, the support pressure is a function of soil effective frictional angle φ′ which determines the inclination of failure block and the normalized soil cover depth C/D (soil cover depth/tunnel diameter) which affects the origination of the passive failure. For cohesive soils, the support pressure is a function of φ′, C/D, and the effective cohesion c′. The cohesion c′ has a relatively smaller impact on the support pressure than φ′ and C/D have. The mechanisms are verified by comparing the current solutions with a previous upper-bound solution. The comparison shows that the current solutions are a general solution which is capable of predicting the passive face failure originated at any depth along tunnel face and the previous solution is a particular solution with the assumption that the face failure originated at tunnel invert. The mechanisms are validated through application to a practical project of shallowly buried, large diameter underwater tunnel. The validation shows that the mechanisms are capable of assessing the tunnel face passive instability rationally.

     

饱和粉土静态液化性能试验研究

通过固结不排水三轴压缩试验,分析了围压、固结比和干密度等因素对饱和粉土静态液化特性的影响。试验结果表明,在干密度较小时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线呈现明显的硬变软化型,随轴向应变增大超静孔隙水压力增加、有效应力减小而发生静态液化,当干密度达到1.58 g· cm-3时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线表现出硬变硬化现象,超静孔隙水压力为负值或接近0,饱和粉土不再发生静态液化,即饱和粉土存在静态液化的干密度临界值;其他条件不变,随着围压、固结比或干密度的增大,偏应力峰值和残余强度均增大,静态液化势降低;根据有效应力路径建立了流滑面以作为饱和粉土稳定区与非稳定区的分界面。     

成都地铁卵石层中盾构施工开挖面稳定性研究

随着我国社会经济的发展,越来越多的城市开始规划和修建地铁,在此期间,部分城市在地铁建设中遇到了地质条件非常复杂的砂卵石土层,特别是正在建设中的成都地铁1、2号线,区间隧道几乎全部从卵石土层中穿越,根据设计,成都地铁1、2号线部分区间隧道采用加泥式土压平衡盾构法施工。利用土压平衡式盾构施工时,开挖面支护土压力控制是保证掘进顺利进行的关键,目前国内外在这方面的研究主要集中于砂土和黏性土,关于卵石土盾构隧道开挖面变形与破坏的研究很少。基于此,根据卵石土具有强烈离散特性的特点,利用颗粒离散元数值方法,对卵石土层土压平衡式盾构施工中开挖面支护应力不足引起开挖面的变形及破坏问题进行了分析研究,探讨了隧道开挖面变形及破坏问题。研究结果显示:（1）开挖面极限支护应力远小于土体原位静止土压力;（2）开挖面失稳后,开挖面前部的滑动块为一曲面体。这为卵石土地层中盾构开挖面控制压力的确定提供参考。     

Static Liquefaction Analysis Considering Principal Stress Directions and Anisotropy

Static liquefaction failure of a sloping ground occurs when the shear stress applied by a monotonic triggering load exceeds the undrained yield (peak) shear strength of the saturated liquefiable cohesionless soil. Current practices for determining the in-situ undrained yield strength for ground subject to static shear stress either rely on a suite of costly laboratory tests on undisturbed field samples or empirical correlations based on in-situ penetration tests which do not account for the effects of anisotropic consolidation, intermediate principal stress, and mode of shear on the degree of strain-softening and brittleness of cohesionless soils. This study investigates the effects of variations in the direction and relative magnitudes of principal stresses associated with different modes of shear and ground slopes on static liquefaction failure of cohesionless soils. Empirical relationships are developed between soil brittleness index and maximum excess pore water pressure ratio to characterize soil shearing behavior observed in a database of 271 undrained laboratory shear tests collected from the past literature. The application of these relationships for estimating the static liquefaction triggering strength of cohesionless soils under sloping grounds is described for plane-strain boundary conditions and the results are compared with those back-calculated for several cases of static liquefaction flow failures. The proposed procedure incorporates variations in mode of shear and initial stress anisotropy in an empirical formulation based on in-situ penetration tests.     

砂卵石地层土压盾构掘进掌子面稳定性室内试验与三维离散元仿真研究

采用?800 mm模型土压盾构开展室内掘进试验,以探究砂卵石中土压盾构隧道掌子面失稳诱发地层变形特征。同时,补充开展三维离散元仿真以挖掘室内试验难以获取的掌子面失稳信息,并研究隧道埋深对掌子面稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明：砂卵石地层中盾构隧道掌子面失稳发展到地表后,沉降曲面呈上大下小逐步收缩的沙漏状,影响范围小于砂土地层。考虑盾构动态掘进过程后,卵石颗粒接触关系变化十分剧烈,掌子面稳定性被削弱,极限支护压力随之增大。掌子面极限支护压力随隧道埋深基本呈线性增加,极限支护压力与初始支护压力之比则随埋深增大而减小。掌子面失稳机制可根据隧道埋深划分为3种模式。与既有研究相比,考虑了盾构动态掘进过程与实际工程更加接近,可为确保砂卵石地层土压盾构隧道施工掌子面稳定提供参考。     

Influence of pore pressure on plastic deformation and strength of limestone under compressive stress

This study is devoted to experimental investigation of effects of pore pressure on plastic deformation and failure of a water-saturated limestone. The experimental study is composed of three different groups of laboratory tests. The basic mechanical behavior of the rock is first characterized by drained triaxial compression tests on water-saturated samples without pore pressure. The results are compared with those obtained in a previous study from triaxial compression tests on saturated samples with a constant pore pressure. In the second group, water injection tests under a confining pressure of 20 MPa and different values of deviatoric stress are realized to study the effect of pore pressure increase. Finally, undrained triaxial compression tests are carried out for investigating the coupling effect of plastic deformation and pore pressure variation. Based on experimental data, the validity of effective stress concept for plastic yielding and failure strength is discussed.

     

四氢呋喃水合物沉积物静动力学性质试验研究

利用研制的天然气水合物沉积物合成与力学性质测试一体化试验设备,以粉细砂土和蒙古砂土作为沉积物骨架,对四氢呋喃(THF)水合物沉积物进行了静动三轴试验,获得了水合物分解前后沉积物样品的应力-应变关系、强度和液化特性,对两种骨架的水合物沉积物的性质进行了对比,同时将水合物分解后的沉积物与对应的饱和土的动三轴试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：水合物沉积物均表现为塑性破坏;围压越大,水合物沉积物强度越高;水合物分解导致沉积物的强度大幅降低;水合物分解后沉积物液化所需的时间较饱和水沉积物缩短     

Face stability analysis of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests

This paper investigates the face stability of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests. A half-circular tunnel model with a rigid front face was designed and tested. The ground movement was mobilized by pulling the tunnel face backwards at different speeds. The support pressure at tunnel face, settlement at ground surface, and internal movement of soil body were measured by load cells, linear variable differential transducers, and a camera, respectively, and the progress of face failure was observed through a transparent lateral wall of model tank. The tests show that, as the tunnel face moves backwards, the support pressure at the tunnel face drops sharply initially, then rebounds slightly, and tends to be stabilized at the end. Similarly, the ground surface settlement shows a three-stage variation pattern. Using the particle image velocimetry technique, the particle movement, shear strain, and vortex location of soil are analyzed. The variation of support pressure and ground surface settlement related to the internal movement of soil particles is discussed. The impact of the tunnel face moving speed on the face stability is discussed. As the tunnel face moves relatively fast, soil failure originates from a height above tunnel invert and an analytical model is developed to analyze such failure.     

泥浆渗透对盾构开挖面稳定性的影响研究

泥水平衡盾构开挖时,泥浆与开挖面上的土体会形成一层不透水的泥膜,以便泥浆压力有效地作用在开挖面上。但由于刀盘的不断切削,泥膜并不能完全地阻止泥浆对前方土体的渗透,特别是在渗透性较大的砂性土体,或在特殊地质条件下出现泥浆与土体性质不匹配的时候。这种渗透将会减小泥浆对开挖面的支撑作用,过剩泥浆压力将以渗透力的形式作用于开挖面土体。为了定量考虑渗透对开挖面稳定性的削弱,提出了针对泥水平衡盾构开挖面稳定性的泥浆渗透模型。结合极限平衡法的村山公式,考虑泥水的渗透区域与滑动面之间的几何关系对泥水压力进行折减,得到了泥浆渗透模型的开挖面稳定性安全系数,并采用此渗透模型探讨了泥浆渗透对开挖面稳定性的影响。通过与工程算例对比分析表明,实际工程中所需的泥浆压力明显大于“薄膜模型”的计算结果。因此,采用渗透模型进行开挖面稳定性分析是合理、有效的。     

Liquefaction potential of coastal slopes induced by solitary waves

Tsunami runup and drawdown can cause liquefaction failure of coastal fine sand slopes due to the generation of high excess pore pressure and the reduction of the effective over burden pressure during the drawdown. The region immediately seaward of the initial shoreline is the most susceptible to tsunami-induced liquefaction failure because the water level drops significantly below the still water level during the set down phase of the drawdown. The objective of this work is to develop and validate a numerical model to assess the potential for tsunami-induced liquefaction failure of coastal sandy slopes. The transient pressure distribution acting on the slope due to wave runup and drawdown is computed by solving for the hybrid Boussinesq—nonlinear shallow water equations using a finite volume method. The subsurface pore water pressure and deformation fields are solved simultaneously using a finite element method. Two different soil constitutive models have been examined: a linear elastic model and a non-associative Mohr–Coulomb model. The numerical methods are validated by comparing the results with analytical models, and with experimental measurements from a large-scale laboratory study of breaking solitary waves over a planar fine sand beach. Good comparisons were observed from both the analytical and experimental validation studies. Numerical case studies are shown for a full-scale simulation of a 10-m solitary wave over a 1:15 and 1:5 sloped fine sand beach. The results show that the soil near the bed surface, particularly along the seepage face, is at risk to liquefaction failure. The depth of the seepage face increases and the width of the seepage face decreases with increasing bed slope. The rate of bed surface loading and unloading due to wave runup and drawdown, respectively, also increases with increasing bed slope. Consequently, the case with the steeper slope is more susceptible to liquefaction failure due to the higher hydraulic gradient. The analysis also suggests that the results are strongly influenced by the soil permeability and relative compressibility between the pore fluid and solid skeleton, and that a coupled solid/fluid formulation is needed for the soil solver. Finally, the results show the drawdown pore pressure response is strongly influenced by nonlinear material behavior for the full-scale simulation.     

盾构掌子面三维破坏模型构建与极限支护力计算

为明确盾构施工掌子面滑移破坏机制并确定掌子面支护力的合理范围,基于滑移线理论和极限分析上限定理,利用空间离散技术提出了一种盾构施工掌子面三维滑移破裂模型。依据大主应力拱理论计算滑移区顶部竖向土压力值,并以此作为滑移破坏区上部的竖向荷载计算掌子面极限支护力。研究表明,土拱效应显著影响掌子面前方土体竖向应力的大小及分布规律;将本模型与已有研究方法进行比较,验证了本模型获取的掌子面极限支护力极限分析上限解在黏性土地层以及摩擦土地层中的适用性。同时本模型构建的掌子面破坏区域形态更加贴近离心试验结果与数值计算结果。     

Effects of principal stress rotation on wave-induced soil response in a poro-elastoplastic sandy seabed

In this study, a constitutive model is developed in order to investigate wave–seabed interactions. This model takes into account the impact of principal stress rotation (PSR) and is based on the generalized plasticity theory, in which plastic strain generated by PSR is considered an additional item in the constitutive relationship of soil. The normalized loading direction and plastic flow direction were determined based on the stress tensor invariant. Comparisons between the present model and previous Hollow Cylinder Apparatus tests and geotechnical centrifugal wave tests show good agreement. Numerical results show the effects of PSR on predictions of liquefaction potential due to: (a) the cumulative impact of plastic strain in the seafloor and (b) the buildup of pore pressure. Parametric study shows that the model parameters, including the wave and seabed parameters, have significant effects on the wave-induced soil liquefaction.

     

考虑盾构掘进速度的隧道掘进面稳定性分析

隧道在低渗透性土壤中掘进,盾构掘进速度的改变将引起作用在掘进面上支护压力的显著变化。考虑盾构掘进速度以及土体的渗透系数的影响,通过伽辽金有限元法推导三维稳态渗流有限元方程,使用FORTRAN代码编制数值分析程序计算稳态地下水流条件下隧道掘进面附近水头分布。维持掘进面稳定极限支护压力由有效支护压力和渗透力共同构成,前者基于土体稳定的极限平衡理论计算结果,后者通过隧道掘进面附近水头分布推导得出。结果发现,低渗透性土层中进行隧道掘进,盾构掘进速度的改变对隧道掘进面附近水头分布产生很大影响,掘进速度的增加将引起作用在隧道掘进面上支护力的显著增加。理论分析结果与实验数据取得较好的一致,验证了该理论与方法的合理性和有效性。