软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。     

海相淤泥软土地基强夯置换砂桩试验分析

针对某海相淤泥软土的处理工程,选取了一强夯砂桩置换试验区,监测了强夯置换过程中夯坑及其周围土体的变形,超孔隙水压力的增长和消散情况以及深层土体水平位移。分析结果表明,单个置换砂桩夯击8次较为合理;强夯置换后静置一段时间,可以有效减小强夯过程中的超静孔隙水压力,且一遍强夯后静置7 d后超孔隙水压力基本消散完;深层土体的水平位移主要发生在地表以下3～6.5 m深度范围内。     

高能量冲击作用下淤泥孔压特征规律试验研究

以往动力排水固结室内试验,通常冲击能量不够,很难激发软土某些工程响应,对应加固机制难以发现。通过可提供高冲击能的多向高能高速电磁力冲击智能控制试验系统,针对淤泥类超软土进行静动力排水固结模型试验,获得了淤泥孔压等响应特征：夯击瞬间（6 ms）上部孔压增长及下降时间非常短,且其重复性好;初始两遍夯击结束后中部孔压变化呈双峰型,其时间间隔随着夯击遍数增加而逐渐变大,最后不复存在;每遍夯击瞬时中部土压均出现急剧增长与快速减小,增长幅度随夯击遍数增加呈减小趋势,但每遍夯完后数天内土压值均大于夯前值;每遍夯击孔压消散后最终值都小于初始孔压,说明在一定的排水条件下,淤泥这类超软土地基确实可夯击;夯击后残余应力作用机制存在,且其对沉降起主要作用,而一定静力荷载的这种机制不明显;排水板插设扰动效应不可忽视,但该扰动效应随软土埋深增大而减少。     

基于黏弹性理论的沉桩再固结问题分析

假设桩周土体为饱和黏弹性介质,采用Burgers流变模型进行描述,同时考虑竖向和径向固结,建立了固结控制方程。根据不排水和自由排水情况,将边界条件分为3类并分别得到超孔隙水压力消散的级数解答,该解答能够为孔压静力触探反求固结系数提供一定的理论依据。在此基础上编制了应用程序,对Burgers流变模型中主要参数进行了分析。结果表明,地基表面自由排水、桩端地基不排水条件下,在一定深度以内的桩周土体的固结速度随深度降低,但超过某一范围后固结速度趋于稳定;上、下边界均自由排水条件下,固结速度随深度增加呈现下降、稳定、升高;上、下边界均不排水条件时,孔压消散速度不随深度变化,可简化为本解答仅考虑径向固结的特例。同时土体的流变特性对超孔隙水压力消散的影响比较显著,流变参数G1/1的变化使超孔隙水压力趋于某不为0的定值,且该值随G1/1比值的增大而增加;其他参数不变时,土体剪切刚度比G1/G2的增大会引起孔压消散速度的下降。     

Radial consolidation with variable compressibility and permeability following pile installation

The excess pore pressure generated by pile installation gradually dissipates following installation, which mainly dominates the increase of pile capacity with time. The dissipation of the excess pore pressure following pile installation has been widely investigated by experimental and theoretical studies. However, in most research, the consolidation coefficients were assumed to be constant for simplification, which may lead to errors. In the present study, the dissipation of the excess pore pressure is analyzed by radial consolidation theory with a variable consolidation coefficient based on the linear responses of e − ln(p^′) and e − log(k). The governing equation of the radial consolidation considering variable compressibility and permeability are solved by the variable separation method. Bessel functions are used to solve the differential functions for the time independent part. The excess pore pressure immediately after pile installation is obtained from cavity expansion theory and is used as the initial condition of the consolidation process. Moreover, the influences of variable compressibility and permeability on the variation of consolidation coefficient and excess pore pressure dissipation are analyzed.     

盾构施工引起的固结沉降分析

盾构在低渗透性土层中开挖,常常伴随着地表下沉,究其原因为超孔隙水压力消散引起固结沉降的结果。为对盾构施工引起土体的固结沉降进行研究,首先,根据隧道施工前后土体应力的变化值,应用Henkel超孔隙水压力理论,推导了隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力的计算公式,并采用数值分析方法,考虑了由于土体的固结引起的沉降变形。研究成果应用到上海地铁2号线,根据具体的地质条件进行理论计算分析。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力最大值位于隧道起拱线处,地表固结沉降预测值与实测值吻合较好。     

饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解

假定土体在固结过程中压缩性和渗透性的变化成正比,基于 - 及 - 关系,推导出饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解,分别给出了按沉降定义和按有效应力定义的每层土平均固结度及整个土层总固结度的计算公式。采用Fortran语言编制了相应的计算程序,将计算得到的结果与已有双层地基一维非线性固结解析解计算结果进行比较,验证该解析解的正确性。利用该程序分析成层地基一维非线性固结性状,分别讨论了初始竖向渗透系数、初始体积压缩系数、荷载值及土层厚度对地基固结性状的影响。分析结果表明：在成层地基一维非线性固结过程中,初始竖向渗透系数对超静孔压的影响较为复杂,对上下层地基固结速率影响不同;初始体积压缩系数增大,超静孔压增大,固结速率变小;所加荷载值越大,超静孔压消散越慢,固结发展越慢;超静孔压消散速率不仅取决于土层厚度,同时取决于各层土渗透性的相对大小。     

沉积泥砂非线性大变形固结沉降计算模型

沉积形成的水底黏性泥砂自重固结过程表现出显著非线性大变形固结特征,应采用大变形固结理论进行泥砂沉积固结计算。基于软黏土一维非线性大应变固结理论,应用有效应力、渗透系数与孔隙比间扩展幂次函数固结本构关系,由达西定律、有效应力原理、连续介质方程等建立大变形固结控制方程,根据固结单元孔隙水渗流、单元变形与泥砂沉积层固结沉降耦合关系形成黏性泥砂大变形自重固结数值模型。泥砂自重作为固结荷载,数值模型假定沉积泥砂各向同性且固结沉降应变、孔隙水渗流仅发生于竖直方向,为一维单向沉积固结过程;采用泥砂沉降柱试验确定泥砂非线性扩展幂次函数关系参数。模型应用中,划分竖向固结单元,由沉积泥砂固结本构关系确定各固结单元有效应力及超孔隙水应力,通过超孔隙水应力时间维度上的消散过程及各固结参数间的耦合关系计算泥砂固结沉降。数值模型计算结果表明,沉积黏性泥砂自重固结初期表现为有效应力调整过程,初始有效应力与孔隙比根据固结本构关系匹配调整为扩展幂次函数关系;沉积泥砂应变与应力固结度存在20%左右误差,泥砂固结沉降发展快于超孔隙水应力消散过程,证明沉积泥砂固结沉降变形的发展与超孔隙水应力消散并非同步耦合。计算模型应用于室内沉降柱试验模拟淤积黏性泥砂自重固结沉降预测中,模型输出与试验结果符合良好。     

盾构施工引起地表固结沉降问题的研究

将隧道周围土体视为均质连续各向同性的饱和弹性介质,采用保角变换的方法将含有隧道的半无限平面映射为同心圆环计算域。根据Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立隧道在不透水的情况下周围土体超孔隙水压力分布的控制方程。然后,采用分离变量法计算得到土体超孔隙水压力分布的解析解,最后,根据弹性理论计算得出隧道中线上方地表固结沉降的计算公式。结合算例,分析盾构施工扰动程度、土体渗透系数、土体弹性模量及隧道埋深等因素对隧道中心上方地表处固结沉降的影响。研究结果表明,地表固结沉降的增加值与隧道外侧初始超孔隙水压力值C0的变化量成正比例关系,施工扰动程度越大所引起的固结沉降越大;土体的渗透系数越大固结沉降速度越快,但土体的渗透系数与最终的地表固结沉降量无关;土体的弹性模量越大,最终的地表固结沉降量越小;隧道埋深越深,地表固结沉降所需时间越长,最终的地表固结沉降量也越大。     

低能量强夯法加固粉质黏土地基试验研究

结合上海某铁路集装箱中心站地基处理工程,针对其场区上部粉质黏土、下部砂质粉土的地基条件,对低能量强夯法加固此类地基的适用性进行了现场试验研究。通过对夯击过程中超静孔隙水压力随夯击次数、深度、距离的变化规律及在不同性质土层中的增长与消散规律的研究,提出了运用试验手段确定强夯夯击次数、夯点间距、有效加固深度及两遍强夯间隔时间等施工参数的方法。同时,用静力触探试验和标准贯入试验对地基加固的效果进行了检验,结果说明低能量强夯法加固粉质黏土地基的适用性,从而进一步拓宽了低能量强夯法的应用范围。     

动力排水固结法加固软土路基的模型试验研究

软土中孔隙水压力长消规律是研究动力排水固结法加固机制及控制施工效果的关键因素。针对这一问题,设计了动力排水固结法加固软土路基的模型试验装置并进行了试验。试验模拟某高速公路现场条件,按不同锤重、不同落距、不同锤底面积等工况分别进行。重点研究了动力排水固结法加固软土路基时,夯击击数、夯击能、夯锤重量及落距等参数在不同组合情况下土体不同深度处孔隙水压力的长消规律。研究表明,夯击能相同的情况下增加夯击次数将导致孔隙水压力消散减慢,但保持夯击能不变的情况下增加锤重比增加落距的加固效果好;高夯击能能使孔隙水压力有较大增幅,相应的加固范围也会增大。为了促使孔隙水压力消散,施工时宜采取多遍夯击,逐遍增加夯击能的施工方法     

软土固结系数刍议

在土的固结分析中,要正确估算土体中超静孔隙水压力的消散与沉降过程,重要的是确定可靠的固结系数C_v值.通过在天仙一级公路软弱地基路基工程沿线选择的二个试验场地上开展原位试验及室内试验,并结合珠江口某海区软土的固结试验数据,研究软土固结系数的规律,探讨其确定方法.研究表明：（1）由原位孔隙水压力消散试验得到的固结系数C_v值比室内高压固结试验时间平方根法所得到的相应值大一个数量级;（2）由室内高压固结试验时间平方根法所得到的固结系数C_v值大于时间对数法、反弯点法、三点法及司各脱法所得到的C_v值.（3）由于反弯点法、三点法及司各脱法确定固结系数C_v值有其各自的优点,在实际工程中均值得去尝试和推广.     

黄泛区路基强夯时超孔隙水压力变化规律试验研究

滨德高速公路所经地区主要由黄河冲积而成,场区地层以粉土和粉质黏土为主。在试验区不同地层深度处埋设孔隙水压力计,通过观测、分析强夯各个过程中超孔隙水压力的变化规律,得出以下结论:在2 000 kN.m夯击能的作用下,第1～2遍夯击时最佳夯击数为8～9击,第3遍夯击时最佳夯击数为6～8击;夯击后,浅层的超孔隙水压力基本均大于深层的超孔隙水压力,消散时间也相对较长,并且浅层孔隙水压力受夯击影响的水平距离较深层的大;在2 000 kN.m夯击能的作用下,强夯最大影响深度为8～9 m,有效加固深度为6～8 m,有效加固深度系数α=0.134～0.179;6～7 m深处孔隙水压力水平最大影响距离小于10 m,有效影响宽度基本为5～7 m。     

An analytical solution for the consolidation around a driven pile

Field studies have shown that the driving of a displacement pile into cohesive soil generates large excess pore pressures in the vicinity of the pile. These pore pressures are often larger than the effective overburden pressure and facilitate the installation of the pile. The subsequent increase in bearing capacity of the pile is largely controlled by the dissipation of the excess pore pressures and a consequent increase in the effective stresses acting on the pile. The paper presents a closed formanalytical solution for the radial consolidation of the soil around a driven pile, assuming that the soil skeleton deforms elastically. This assumption is examined in the light of the predicted effective stress changes in the soil and is shown to lead to, a realistic model for the decay of pore pressure near the pile with time after driving. Although the solution may be applied to any initial distribution of excess pore pressure, attention is focussed on that due to the expansion of a cylindrical cavity in an ideal elastic, perfectly plastic soil. The resulting logarithmic variation of excess pore pressure with radius is considered to be close to that generated around a pile as a result of driving. In addition to giving estimates of the time needed for a driven pile to achieve its maximum strength, the solution may also be used in the analysis of pressuremeter tests to provide in-situ measurements of the coefficient of consolidation of the soil.     

A method to estimate the degree of consolidation of a non-homogeneous clay layer

A method is derived to estimate the degree of consolidation of a saturated, non-homogeneous clay layer. In this method, the diffusion equation govering the dissipation of pore water pressure is transformed so that the pore water pressure can be expressed by a Fourier series. The Fourier coefficients are then evaluated along the trajectory of the diffusion process. The Fourier series does not converge point-wise to the pore water pressure; instead, it converges to the pore water pressure in the mean., The Fourier series can be used to estimate the degree of consolidation, because, by Schwartz's inequality, convergence in the mean implies convergence in the degree of consolidation.     

絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固滩涂软土的模型试验研究

针对真空预压作用下排水板淤堵与排水条件受限等问题,提出絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法。首先通过沉降柱试验确定合适的有机絮凝剂,然后采用该絮凝剂,分别在 48 h（开始介入真空预压,固结度为0 ）、60 h（排水速率明显下降,固结度为60%）及 84 h（排水速率近乎 0,固结度为 80%）时介入电渗,开展不同电渗介入时间的絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固试验。试验从排水量、十字板剪切强度、含水率与孔压等对比分析联合加固的有效性,确定其最佳电渗介入时间。试验结果表明：当固结度为 80% 时介入电渗,絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法能够有效地抑制排水速率减小的趋势,增长有效排水时间。同时,土体的抗剪强度和承载力亦得到大幅提升,孔压消散更加均匀。此外,在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的作用下,初始排水速率快,在一定程度上使土体的渗透性得到提升,有效地解决了排水板淤堵问题,说明絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法具有较强的优越性。     

考虑渗透系数变化的非饱和土固结性状分析

基于Fredlund非饱和土一维固结理论,研究了有限厚度的表面透水透气、底面不透水不透气的线弹性和黏弹性非饱和土地基在加荷随时间指数性变化时的一维固结特性。分别得到了两类地基在固结过程中同时考虑液相、气相渗透系数非线性变化和仅考虑液相渗透系数变化两种情况下的半解析解答。利用典型算例进行计算,分析了不同情况下两类地基中超孔隙水、气压力消散以及地基固结度随时间的变化规律,并与不考虑渗透系数变化时的半解析解计算结果进行了对比。结果发现：固结过程中渗透系数呈非线性变化;只考虑液相渗透系数变化时,超孔隙气压力的消散变化不大,超孔隙水压力的消散加快;气相渗透系数变化对超孔隙气的消散产生明显影响,对超孔隙水压力消散影响不大。同时考虑液相和气相渗透系数变化时,土体中超孔隙水、气压力的消散均有明显变化,土体固结速度也相应加快;分析结果对非饱和土固结的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

Secondary consolidation of clay as an anomalous diffusion process

Secondary consolidation of clay soil is considered as a result of anomalous diffusion of pore water pressure from the micropores to the macropores. By using simplified pore geometry, a heuristic approach allows us to infer the expression of the associated rate of vertical secondary deformation written as a fractional derivative of the pore pressure. The insertion of this expression into the 1D Terzaghi's theory leads to a particular type of time‐fractional diffusion equation of the pore pressure that is solved semi‐analytically. The advantage of such theoretical approach stems from the concise and compact way of treating the secondary consolidation. Only two additional parameters are needed: the fractional order, ν, and the fractional viscosity factor, θ, both accounting for the physicochemical interactions between pore fluid and clay particles. This theoretical approach is tested on experimental data obtained from the Cubzac‐les‐Ponts clay soil intensively studied for secondary consolidation. This application shows a good agreement between the data and the predicted values confirming the interest of the initial assumption and the use of the fractional derivatives formalism. Moreover, good correlations between the inverted fractional parameters and the empirical secondary consolidation index C_α measured independently are obtained: the fractional order ν, if experimentally calibrated, can be used as a reasonable estimator of the slope of the secondary consolidation portion of consolidation curve. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和土拟二维平面应变固结问题的解析计算方法

基于Fredlund非饱和土一维固结理论,建立了二维平面应变条件下的固结方程组,并得到了单层非饱和土平面应变条件下的解析解。基于相关理论,假设体变系数和渗透系数都为常量,同时考虑到瞬时加载条件下,沿着土体深度方向上产生均匀或者线性分布的初始超孔隙压力,建立了二阶二元偏微分方程组。求解时,引入函数方法来降低方程的阶数,然后通过分离变量法获得方程的通解。在此基础上,结合一个针对单面排水条件下二维平面应变问题案例,通过与数值解对比,验证了所提方法的正确性。并采用所提方法计算获得了二维平面下超孔隙水压力、气压力沿垂直和水平方向消散的等时线,通过计算对比,分析了不同线性分布情况下,初始超孔隙压力对固结消散过程的影响。研究结果表明：初始超孔隙压力的不同分布对超孔隙气压力消散的影响几乎可以忽略,而对超孔隙水压力消散的影响更大。     

A closed form analytical solution for two‐dimensional plane strain consolidation of unsaturated soil stratum

This paper discusses the excess pore‐air and pore‐water pressure dissipations and the average degree of consolidation in the 2D plane strain consolidation of an unsaturated soil stratum using eigenfunction expansion and Laplace transformation techniques. In this study, the application of a constant external loading on a soil surface is assumed to immediately generate uniformly or linearly distributed initial excess pore pressures. The general solutions consisting of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are first proposed. The Laplace transform is then applied to convert the time variable t in partial differential equations into the Laplace complex argument s. Once the domain is obtained, a simplified set of equations with variable s can be achieved. The final analytical solutions can be computed by taking a Laplace inverse. The proposed equations predict the two‐dimensional consolidation behaviour of an unsaturated soil stratum capturing the uniformly and linearly distributed initial excess pore pressures. This study investigates the effects of isotropic and anisotropic permeability conditions on variations of excess pore pressures and the average degree of consolidation. Additionally, isochrones of excess pore pressures along vertical and horizontal directions are presented. It is found that the initial distribution of pore pressures, varying with depth, results in considerable effects on the pore‐water pressure dissipation rate whilst it has insignificant effects on the excess pore‐air pressure dissipation rate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.