基于块体化程度确定裂隙岩体表征单元体

表征单元体（REV,或典型单元体）的存在是应用连续介质方法研究岩体问题的前提,因此,裂隙岩体表征单元体研究是岩体力学及岩体水力学中的一个基础问题,表征单元体的存在与否可以从不同物理参数的角度进行分析。从岩体块体化程度的角度对其存在性进行了较系统的分析,把岩体中由裂隙圈闭形成的孤立块体的总体积在岩体中所占体积百分比定义为裂隙岩体的块体化程度。介绍了GeneralBlock软件的基本分析过程,利用软件建立了三维裂隙岩体模型。根据国际岩石力学学会的裂隙分级,针对5个延展性级别、7个间距级别建立了35种岩体结构模型。利用GeneralBlock对这35种岩体进行了块体识别,分别讨论了这35种岩体结构的块体化程度随着模型范围变化的波动情况。由于所建立的岩体结构模型是随机的,对每种结构的每个研究范围进行了5次随机实现。结果表明,对所有的35种岩体,表征单元体的尺寸在4～8倍间距之间,不超过8倍间距。     

Permeability tensor and representative elementary volume of fractured rock masses

Based on a simulation of three-dimensional fracture networks and a superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy for fractured rock masses, a model of the fracture permeability tensor is proposed. An elastic constitutive model of rock fractures, considering fracture closure and dilation during shearing, is also proposed, based on the dilation angle of the fracture. Algorithms of flow-path searching and calculation of the effective flow coefficients for fracture networks are presented, together with a discussion on the influence of geometric parameters of the fractures (trace length, spacing, aperture, orientation and the number of fracture sets) on magnitude, anisotropy of hydraulic permeability and the size of a representative elementary volume (REV). The anisotropy of hydraulic permeability of fractured rock masses is mainly affected by orientation and the number of fracture sets, and the REV size is mainly influenced by trace length, spacing and the number of fracture sets. The results of studies on REV size and the influence of in-situ stress on hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass on the slope of Jinping-I hydropower station, China, are presented using the developed models and methods. The simulation results agreed well with the results obtained from field water-pressure measurements, with an error of less than 10 %.     

南京粉细砂空间孔隙结构表征单元体确定

确定统一的表征单元体(REV)尺寸是研究土体细观孔隙结构时首先需要解决的问题。使用6.5μm分辨率同步辐射显微CT扫描南京粉细砂试样,从土样三维重构模型的5个代表性部位提取5组立方体孔隙REV,对每个REV采用最大球算法分析,建立孔隙网络模型,从中提取孔隙率、单位体积孔隙数、孔隙平均体积、孔隙最小体积、孔隙最大半径、孔隙最小半径、孔隙平均半径、孔隙截面积平均形状因子等8个孔隙结构参数,建立其与REV尺寸间的相关性。利用假设检验T检验和F检验,最终确定样品孔隙结构参数的统一REV边长尺寸为400像素,即2.60mm。该方法可用于砂土、粉土等颗粒土体细观孔隙结构分析。     

基于分维数的土体裂隙表征单元体估算

由于干湿循环、剪切或其它作用,自然界土壤表面发育着大量裂隙。裂隙相互连接形成网络,裂隙网络是一个随机无序的系统,常规统计方法描述裂隙的分布特征存在很大的难度。网状土体裂隙一般具有分形特征,可以用分维数来进行描述。用数码相机拍摄土体表面的裂隙,将其转换成灰度图像,并结合分形理论,建立了摄影法测定土体裂隙分维数的方法,得到了土体裂隙的分维数。根据表征单元体的物理意义,建立了基于分维数估算表征单元体的方法,并对实例进行了分析。研究表明：分维数随裂隙密度,裂隙宽度和次一级裂隙发育程度的增大而增大;表征单元体与裂隙的密度均匀性和隙宽均匀性相关,基于分维数估算表征单元体的方法简便可行。     

颗粒级配与形状对钙质砂渗透性的影响

钙质砂是富存于热带海洋环境（包括中国南海海域）中的一种特殊岩土介质,具有不同于陆源砂的水理性质。采用传统常水头渗流试验,首先探究了不同不均匀系数和曲率系数条件下级配对钙质砂渗透性的影响。针对钙质砂的颗粒形状特性,采用扫描电镜（SEM）与图像处理技术,引入球度 和圆度X的比值 从三维空间角度上对颗粒形状进行了定量描述。并在粒径区间、相对密实度相同的条件下,通过与福建标准砂、玻璃珠进行对比试验来考察钙质砂渗透特性,从而进一步探究颗粒形状对钙质砂渗透性的影响。试验结果表明,钙质砂渗透性随着颗粒粒径不均匀系数和曲率系数的增大而增大,符合级配对一般砂土渗透性的影响规律;钙质砂颗粒形状具有较强的结构性和不均匀性,同等密实度下钙质砂的渗透性小于陆源的石英砂。本研究获得的钙质砂渗透规律对今后南海岛礁填筑和海上平台基础工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

基于非均质系数的裂隙岩体表征单元体研究

表征单元体（REV）是岩体力学中的一个基础性概念,其存在性是确定岩体等效参数和应用连续介质方法进行研究的前提条件。为综合反映裂隙大小、产状和密度对岩体REV的影响,本文提出采用岩体非均质系数HI来确定岩体的REV。首先,详细介绍了非均质系数的概念和含义。利用General Block软件建立了中等间距-中等延展性（MS1-MP1）裂隙的网络模型,并完成20次随机实现。从各模型中选取10个不同尺寸的岩体模型计算非均质系数,结果表明：非均质系数具有明显的尺寸效应,当岩体尺寸不小于8 m时,非均质系数的平均值和标准差分别为0.5和0.14,综合确定该岩体的REV为8 m。采用HI对三峡地下电站厂房围岩的研究表明,该岩体的REV为60 m,可作为非连续介质方法适用性的判断标准。HI是从岩体结构角度提出的新指标,适用于确定岩体的REV和统计范围,对岩体的统计分析和等效参数研究具有重要意义。     

裂隙岩体表征单元体及尺寸效应研究进展

裂隙岩体的表征单元体（REV）是岩体力学中的一个基础性概念,一直是学者们关注的焦点。结合近年来的研究成果,对裂隙岩体表征单元体最新研究进展进行全面、详细地介绍,从表征单元体研究角度与参数、研究方法以及量化方法 3个主要方面进行阐述。将探讨裂隙岩体表征单元体的角度归纳为结构面及块体几何参数、岩体力学参数和水力学参数3个方面;研究方法主要包括统计学方法、解析法和数值分析法,对这些方法的研究现状进行介绍;最后对量化岩体REV尺度的常用方法进行概括总结,包括直观判断、误差及变异系数判别法、假设检验、曲线拟合法和灰关联分析。为相关研究提供一定的参考和指导。     

非饱和黏土质砂的渗气规律试验研究

为了探讨非饱和黏土质砂的渗气规律,对常规三轴仪进行了改造,使其能够进行非饱和土渗气性量测,改进后的渗气装置具有构造简单、制样方便、试样均匀性好、加载系统稳定、可用量测的气压力梯度范围较大、提高了量测精度等优点,并解决了量测空气体积困难的问题和渗气试验气体从刚性壁和试样边缘流出的问题。使用该套仪器研究了不同干密度和不同含水率条件下气体流速与渗透系数随压力梯度变化的规律,分析了气体流速、渗气系数同含水率和干密度之间的依存关系,建立了渗气系数与含水率和干密度之间的函数关系。研究结果表明：试样在所研究的含水率、干密度范围,非饱和黏土质砂中气体流动可用达西定律描述。     

南海岛礁吹填钙质砂渗透特性试验研究

南海吹填钙质砂的渗透性对于岛礁地下淡水的形成至关重要。通过室内常水头渗透试验研究了吹填钙质砂的级配、孔隙比和渗透性之间的相互关系,开展了相同级配钙质砂在不同孔隙比下的渗透性试验,研究了不均匀系数和曲率系数对钙质砂渗透系数的影响规律。试验结果表明,钙质砂的渗透系数和10~e(e为孔隙比)有很好的线性关系,并且与不均匀系数、曲率系数和颗粒粒径都有很好的相关性;通过对室内试验结果考虑多因素的分析,建立了钙质砂渗透系数计算模型,该模型公式可为岛礁吹填土层的渗透性评估和新填岛礁地下淡水的形成分析提供参考。     

Apparent permeability and representative size of shale: a numerical study on the effects of organic matter

The impact of organic matter on the flow capacity of shale oil rocks is presumably significant, and the knowledge about the representative size is fundamental for the upscaling studies. The error of the experimentally determined permeability values is comparable with the contribution of kerogen to shale permeability, instead a 2D numerical model is employed to explore the normalised equivalent permeability and the representative elementary area (REA) of shale oil rocks in detail incorporating the effects of kerogen. The discussions on the normalised equivalent permeability and the REA are based on the statistical average and standard deviation from 1000 different runs, respectively. The inorganic permeability heterogeneity is introduced based on the assumption of a lognormal pore size distribution and the Monte Carlo sampling method. The effects of kerogen geometric characteristics are incorporated by putting forward several representative cases for comparison. The effects of the organic permeability contrast (ratio of permeability to the inorganic permeability with no heterogeneity), total organic carbon (TOC, volume fraction), inorganic permeability heterogeneity and kerogen geometric characteristics on the normalised equivalent permeability (ratio of the intrinsic equivalent permeability to inorganic permeability with no heterogeneity) and the REA are discussed comprehensively. This work can provide a better understanding of shale oil rocks at the micrometer scale.     

辐射流条件下裂隙岩体渗透性表征单元体尺寸与等效渗透系数

一般情况下,随着尺寸的增大,裂隙岩体的性质参数也会发生变化,当尺寸增大到某一临界状态时,该参数会保持不变,这一临界尺寸称为裂隙岩体表征单元体(REV)。依托国家某地下水封石洞油库项目,基于辐射流的REV尺寸确定方法,研究了该库址区的渗透性REV尺寸及渗透系数,得到了该库址区辐射流情况的REV尺寸为37.5 m,是迹长的1.3倍;研究了迹长、间距、岩桥长度对REV尺寸及渗透系数的影响,得到了迹长、间距对REV尺寸和渗透系数有一定的影响,而岩桥长度对REV尺寸的影响不明显;对比分析了平行流和辐射流情况下REV尺寸与渗透系数的异同,得到了采用辐射流得到的REV尺寸和渗透系数更加符合实际,并且计算较为方便。     

含橡胶纤维钙质砂的渗透和固结特性试验研究

珊瑚岛礁常年处于复杂的海洋动力环境中,岛上堤坝围堰、基坑等构筑物的地基渗透变形甚至破坏会导致地基承载力失效的可能性变高。为探究橡胶纤维固化钙质砂的渗透特性和固结特性,采用常水头渗透试验和固结试验研究不同纤维含量下钙质砂的渗透规律和固结变形规律,并设置含纤维玻璃珠对照组。钙质砂具有颗粒形状极不规则、多棱角、内孔隙多等特点,为进一步研究颗粒形状的影响,采用高速动态图像粒度分析仪对钙质砂和玻璃珠的颗粒形状和粒径进行分析。试验结果表明,纤维含量对钙质砂试样渗透特性几乎无影响,但是含纤维玻璃珠试样中,随着纤维含量的增加,渗透系数先增加后减小。由于形状不规则橡胶纤维的加入,一定程度上填补了钙质砂之间的孔隙;钙质砂试样存在 800 kPa 的压力阈值,当压力超过800 kPa后,其压缩模量增幅变缓;不同纤维含量试样的e-lg p曲线可以用Harris模型表示,钙质砂组的材料系数 C= 5,玻璃珠组材料系数C= 3,此外,材料参数a、b与纤维含量有较好的线性关系。提出了合理的预测模型指导地基加固,具有十分重要的理论价值与工程实际意义。     

Relative permeability of CBM reservoirs: Controls on curve shape

Relative permeability to gas and water for 2-phase flow coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs has long been known to exhibit a strong control on (gas and water) production profile characteristics. Despite its important control on both primary and enhanced recovery of CBM for coal seams that have not been fully dewatered, relative permeability in coal has received little attention in the literature in the past decade. There are few published laboratory-derived curves; these studies and their resulting data represent a small subset of the commercial CBM reservoirs and do not allow for a systematic investigation of the physical controls on relative permeability curve shape. Other methods for estimation of relative permeability curves include derivation from simulation history-matching, and production data analysis. Both of these methods will yield pseudo-relative permeability curves whose shapes could be affected by several dynamic CBM reservoir and operating characteristics.The purpose of the current work is to perform a systematic investigation of the controls on CBM relative permeability curve shape, including non-static fracture permeability and porosity, multi-layer effects and transient flow. To derive the relative permeability curves, effective permeability to gas and water are obtained from flow equations, flow rates and pressure data. Simulated cases are analyzed so that derived and input curves may be compared allowing for investigation of CBM reservoir properties on curve shape. One set of relative permeability curves that were input into the simulator were obtained from pore-scale modeling. Field cases from two basins are also examined and controls on derived relative permeability curve shape inferred. The results of this work should be useful for future CBM development and greenhouse gas sequestration studies, and it is hoped that it will spark additional research of this critical CBM flow property.     

Multi-directional modeling for prediction of fabric anisotropy in sand liquefaction

Anisotropy in the onset of liquefaction and post liquefaction under cyclic loading condition causes the change in response behavior of the soil. The proposed model operates within the integration of sliding/opening/closing framework of 17 predefined planes as local deformation. This leads to the use of better stress/strain multilaminate histories with many directional effects on soil behavior specifically internal mechanism during pre and post-liquefaction. The ability of multilaminate model for fabric anisotropy has been proven by comparison with the experimental results under drain and undrained conditions and monotonic and cyclic loading. The effects of induced anisotropy was also investigated.     

细颗粒对钙质砂渗透性的影响试验研究

钙质砂地基的渗透性是影响人工灰沙岛地下淡水形成的重要因素,而细颗粒的含量及其赋存状态对渗透性有重要的影响,为此开展了不同细颗粒含量的钙质砂渗透性试验研究。选用南海某岛的钙质砂,基于不同细粒配比的钙质砂样常水头渗透试验,分析细颗粒对钙质砂地层渗透性的影响。试验结果显示,促使钙质砂渗透性发生明显变化的粒级为≤0.075mm范围。当最小粒径≤0.075mm时,钙质砂的渗透系数量级为10^-2cm/s,呈中透水性。当最小粒径介于0.075~0.500mm时,渗透系数量级为10^-1cm/s,呈高透水性。钙质砂最终稳定渗透系数与细粒含量之间表现出不同的规律:(1)当细颗粒含量小于9%时,渗透系数随细粒含量的增加而缓慢减小;(2)当细颗粒含量在9%~24%时,渗透性随细粒含量的增加而迅速减小;(3)当细颗粒含量大于24%时,渗透性随细粒含量的增加变化不大。影响渗透系数的细粒含量存在着由试样骨架形成的孔隙决定的,反映孔隙最佳充填时的细粒含量界限值,充填不佳或过量细粒均可能在渗透作用下发生细粒运移流失。     

Instability of loose sand in constant volume direct simple shear tests in relation to particle shape

Acta Geotechnica - Post-peak flow instability of six sands notably different in terms of average particle shape characteristics, gradation, and mineralogy was investigated. Tests were carried out...     

The size and shape of small-scale current ripples: an experimental study using medium sand

Flume experiments with medium sand confirm the increasing complexity in the shape of small-scale current ripples with increasing flow velocity for constant depth. Experiments suggest that a measure of ripple shape (the ratio of wavelengths of transverse to streamwise features, λ-_x/λ-_z) has a more complex relationship with the flow property (Fr, H?/d?) (where Fr is Froude Number of the flow and H?/d? is relative roughness), than was previously realized. It is suggested that hydraulic properties of the flow at the sediment water interface have a more general relationship with ripple form than do properties of the whole flow such as Froude and Reynolds Numbers. Properties of the whole flow tend to separate data into depthrelated curves at shallow flows where the free water surface influences the structure of the turbulence.     

珊瑚砂高压力下一维蠕变分形破碎及颗粒形状分析

珊瑚砂是一种含钙极高的海洋生物成因材料,具有高棱角性、形状不规则、易破碎等特点。通过珊瑚砂的高压一维蠕变试验,研究颗粒破碎引起颗粒分布曲线和形状因子的演化规律。借助于高速动态图像的激光粒度粒形仪器,从统计学的角度分析试验前后颗粒形状随压力演化的关系,发现颗粒的形状因子,如长宽比、球形度和凹凸度等,随压力增加而逐渐增加。不同粒径的颗粒形状因子均向一个窄幅范围趋近,说明颗粒破碎具有无尺度性和自相似性的分形特性,分形维数随压力增加而逐渐增大,且趋近分形破碎极限。采用Hardin和Einav的方法计算相对破碎量,发现在两种计算方法下相对破碎量与压力呈幂函数关系,且幂指数相同。相对破碎量随时间增加的现象并不明显,说明在高压力下颗粒破碎主要为压缩破碎,且颗粒细化滑移填充孔隙引起的变形是造成蠕变的主要原因。     

钙质砂的渗透特性及其影响因素探讨

钙质砂在沉积过程中大多保持着原生生物骨架中的细小孔隙,多孔隙且含内孔隙、形状不规则、强度低易破碎、颗粒棱角度高、会胶结等特殊性质。其工程力学性质较一般陆相、海相沉积物有较大的差异,尤其多孔性和形状高度不规则性致使其渗透性与其他岩土介质差异明显。针对钙质砂的渗透特性开展现场多组双环渗透试验,分析密实度和颗粒级配对钙质砂渗透性的影响。现场渗透试验显示,钙质砂中的渗流速度先缓慢增大再趋于稳定,最后稳定在小幅度波动范围内;钙质砂的渗透系数K与不均匀系数C_u呈负相关关系;由于颗粒分析曲线上小于有效粒径d_(10)的曲线拐点多出现在小于某粒径土重累计百分含量为4%对应的粒径d_4附近,以新变量d_4与限制粒径d_(60)之比d_4/d_(60)分析其与钙质砂渗透性的关系,并经指数函数拟合得一定干密度ρ_d和压实度δ下的钙质砂的渗透系数关系式K=4.75e~(2d_4/d_(60)~n/lgC_u/δ)或K=4.74e~(3.374d_4/d_(60)~n/lgC_u/ρ_d),根据C_u≤5、5C_u≤10、10C_u≤20和C_u≥20的取值,n分别取值2、5、4、3。