Modelling the Cone Penetration Test in sand using Cavity Expansion and Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Finite Element Methods

The paper considers two techniques to model the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) end resistance, q_c in a dense sand deposit using commercial finite element programmes. In the first approach, Plaxis was used to perform spherical cavity expansion analyses at multiple depths. Two soil models, namely; the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) and Hardening Soil (HS) models were utilized. When calibrated using simple laboratory element tests, the HS model was found to provide good estimates of q_c. However, at shallow depths, where the over-consolidation ratio of the sand was highest, the relatively large horizontal stresses developed prevented the full development of the failure zone resulting in under-estimation of the q_c value. The second approach involved direct simulation of cone penetration using a large-strain analysis implemented in Abaqus/Explicit. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique was used to prevent excessive mesh deformation. Although the Druker–Prager soil model used was not as sophisticated as the HS model, excellent agreement was achieved between the predicted and measured q_c profiles.     

Impact of constitutive models on the numerical analysis of underground constructions

The constitutive model frequently used in numerical calculations of tunnel excavation is linear-elastic perfectly plastic with a Mohr–Coulomb (MC) failure criterion. Generally, this leads to shallower and wider surface settlement troughs than those observed experimentally. It is therefore necessary to use adapted constitutive models for the design of underground works. In this paper, three constitutive models are implemented in a two-dimensional simulation of an underground excavation in plane strain: a linear-elastic perfectly plastic model (the MC model), an elastoplastic model with isotropic hardening [the hardening soil (HS) model, Schanz et al., Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 281–290, 1999] and an extension of this model which implies an evolution of the stiffness modulus in the small-strain range according to the strain level (the HS model with small-strain stiffness “HS-Small”, Benz, Small-strain stiffness of soils and its numerical consequences. Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Stuttgart, 189 pp., 2007). The study is based on the results of drained triaxial compression tests representing an overconsolidated clay (Gasparre, Advanced laboratory characterisation of London clay. Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College London, 598 pp., 2005); and is then applied to a shallow tunnel. The impact of the constitutive model is highlighted as well as the limits of the simplest constitutive model.     

Humic acids in brown coals from the southern Russian Far East: General characteristics and interactions with precious metals

Brown coals with high Au and PGE concentrations from six deposits in the southern Russian Far East were analyzed for elemental composition, acid-base properties, and the molecular-size distribution of humic acids (HA). The ash contents of the coals were determined to be negatively correlated with their Au concentrations, and the content of “organic Au” (which is chemically bound to humic substances, HS) reaches 95%. The most probable mode of Au occurrence in the brown coals is submicrometer-sized particles of elemental gold stabilized by HA. Quantum-mechanical calculations of interactions between Au(0) clusters with model HS fragments confirm that HS could be originally strongly chemically adsorbed on the surface of elemental gold particles. Different stability of colloids during centrifuging of alkali extracts of the gold-bearing brown coals was proved to be likely responsible for the selective separation of free HA and those bound with gold particles, and this can be used to develop a technology for gold recovery from coals without decomposing their organic matrix.     

Modelling of the effect of scale on the compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils

ABSTRACT

The effect of sample scale represents a challenge when obtaining engineering parameters in the laboratory compared to those obtained in the field. This study aimed at contributing to existing knowledge numerically using the finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The investigations were analysed in terms of height scale (HS) and diameter scale (DS) through a series of laboratory tests. Its effect on compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (c_v) was noted experimentally and showed that the sample scale greatly influences soil parameters most particularly at DS. The soil behaviour was found to be dependent on both DS and HS with a correlation factor of 0.650 and 0.062, respectively. The experimental data were validated in PLAXIS and a new proposed model was developed in PLAXIS 2D under the DS. The new proposed model developed was found to show no significant difference with the laboratory data.     

上海地区基坑开挖数值分析中土体 HS-Small模型参数的研究

数值分析方法已成为分析敏感环境下基坑开挖对环境影响的最重要手段,其关键是选择合适的土体本构模型和计算参数。HS-Small模型可以同时考虑土体剪切硬化和压缩硬化,而且还可以考虑土体剪切模量在微小应变范围内随应变衰减的行为,因此,HS-Small模型在基坑开挖数值分析中具有很好的适用性。但HS-Small模型的参数较多,不仅包含了HS模型的参数,还包含了小应变参数,因此,获取完整的HS-Small模型参数存在一定困难。通过上海地区5个基坑开挖数值分析的实例对基于室内试验得出的上海典型土层HS模型参数进行了检验。通过参数的敏感性分析,对HS-Small模型的部分参数的确定方法进行了修正。在此基础上,采用反分析法确定了敏感性最强的小应变参数,从而初步完整地获取了上海典型土层土体HS-Small模型参数。采用文中确定的上海典型土层HS-Small模型参数对该地区若干典型基坑工程实例进行计算,结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合得较好,从而验证了确定的上海典型土层HS-Small模型参数的适用性。     

黏土中桶式基础的宏单元模拟

本研究旨在对黏土中的桶式基础进行从完整的有限元分析到简化的宏单元的建模。首先通过有限元方法分析了在不同单调组合荷载作用下的黏土中吸力桶基础。为保证模拟结果的可靠性,采用了硬化土模型（HS）对正常固结黏土地基进行模拟。通过对比离心试验验证了使用HS模型的有限元分析的有效性,并通过径向位移试验进一步延伸到V-H-M（竖向力-水平力-弯矩）空间的破坏模式研究,并在此基础上,提出了的V-H-M空间三维破坏包络面公式。接着,应用此三维破坏包络面公式,采用亚塑性框架提出了黏土中桶式基础的宏单元设计模型。通过与试验结果的比较,验证了宏单元模型在模拟单调和循环荷载条件下桶式基础的强度与变形响应的有效性。所提的宏单元模型对于海洋岩土工程设计实践将很有帮助。     

Assessing redox properties of standard humic substances

Redox properties of humic substances (HS) control important biogeochemical processes. Thus, accurate estimation of redox properties of HS is essential. However, there is no general consensus regarding the best available measurement method of HS redox properties. In this study, we compared several common HS redox property measurement methods using anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as model compound, and standard Elliot soil humic acid (1S102H, ESHA), reference Pahokee peat (1R103H, PPHA), and Suwannee River natural organic matter (1R101N, SRNOM) as representative HS. We found that the H₂/Pd reduction method followed by incubation with ferric citrate (FeCit) reagent was incomplete, and the H₂/Pd reduction method followed by incubation with potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆) was insensitive. Stannous chloride (SnCl₂) reduction followed by titration of excess stannous (Sn²⁺) by potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) was found to be most accurate. These findings will help in future investigations on detailed characterizations of functional groups of HS responsible for oxidation/reduction reactions.     

黄河源区潜在蒸散量估算方法适用性分析

潜在蒸散量（Potential Evapotranspiration）是区域水量平衡研究的重要参数。为在资料短缺的情况下准确计算潜在蒸散量,并科学评价其简化算法的适用性。基于黄河源区11个气象站点1970—2018年气温、降水、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等逐日观测资料,以联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith（PM）法为参考,从年、月及空间尺度等方面分析了Priestly-Taylor（PT）法、Doorenbos-Pruitt（DP）法、Hargreaves-Samani（HS）法、Rohwer（RO）法、Thornthwaite（TH）法、Blaney-Criddle（BC）法6种简易算法的计算精度。结果表明在黄河源区HS法与PM法的平均偏差最低,仅为3.487 mm/mon,精度最高。但HS法未考虑平均相对湿度对于潜在蒸散量估算效果的影响,在气候湿润的黄河源区东南部红原县、河南县、若尔盖县、玛曲县及久治县存在精度不高的问题。因此引入平均相对湿度因子对HS法进行修正,并评价了改进后的HS法的应用效果。结果表明,引入平均相对湿度因子修正HS法后,黄河源区整体年潜在蒸散量的平均偏差由−22.008 mm/a降至6.174 mm/a;月潜在蒸散量的平均偏差由3.487 mm/mon降至1.031 mm/mon;空间尺度上,以上5县的平均偏差明显降低,平均降幅达5.33 mm/mon。表明改进后的HS法能够有效解决黄河源区东南部精度不高的问题,可以为黄河源区潜在蒸散量的简化计算提供参考。     

Aggregation of aquatic humic substances

Humic substances (HS) were isolated from Penwhirn Reservoir (PR) and Esthwaite Water (EW) and their removal from solution by centrifugation was studied as a function of pH, humic concentration and molecular weight, and CaCl₂ concentration. Large amounts (up to 50%) of PR HS could be removed but only small amounts (? 3%) of EW HS. At pH ? 5 removal of PR HS by Ca²⁺ can be explained satisfactorily in terms of decreases in humic solubilities induced by complexation with the cation. However, removal induced by protonation of the PR HS is unusual in that it decreases with increasing humic concentration.The results suggest that PR HS comprise a range of molecules differing in solubility, with the high-molecular-weight (40,000) components being the least soluble. The EW HS consist of molecules of weight-average molecular weight 5000 and resemble similarly sized PR HS in that they remain unaggregated in solution even when highly complexed with Ca²⁺.     

疏松砂岩干岩石模量研究

目前对疏松砂岩的研究主要是基于一些模型的思想,这些模型都是以Hertz?Mindlin和Walton的接触理论作为基础,从而很好的预测疏松砂岩的干岩石模量。但是,这传统的疏松砂岩模型并不能很好地表征疏松砂岩的弹性性质,经过研究发现,HMR、HMS预测的干岩石的体积模量比实际测量值略低,如果用Hashin?Shtrikman下限方程内插,会产生更大的误差;HMR、WR预测的剪切模量都会比实际值高出很多,主要是没有考虑颗粒边界的相对运动;WS的适用性不是很好,有些地方预测效果很好,有些地区效果很差;HMS的预测效果很好,适用性很强,但是预测的结果都比实际值略低,如果用Hashin?Shtrikman上限进行内插,会取得很好的结果,并将该结果与传统的疏松砂岩模型对比分析,发现该方法具有很高的精度。     

Interactions of mercury with different molecular weight fractions of humic substances in aquatic systems

Interactions of mercury (Hg) with different molecular weight fractions of humic substances (HS) play an important role in controlling distribution, diffusion, speciation, and bioavailability of Hg in natural systems. This study suggests that Hg prefers to associate with higher molecular weight fractions of HS and this association particularly predominates at low pH and high ionic strengths of the medium. The concentrations of aggregated HS (with higher molecular weight) become high at lower pH (acidic condition) and high ionic strength. Molecular weight of HS gradually decreases with the increasing pH (basic condition) and low ionic strength of the medium. The disaggregation property of HS which involves the release of monomers from the surface of the aggregates produces HSs of different intermediate molecular weight with different Hg complexing capacity. Distribution of Hg in different molecular weight fractions of HS is dependent on aggregational and disaggregational properties of HS in aquatic medium. Association of Hg with high molecular weight fraction of HS may alter distribution and bioavailability of Hg in a system as the bioreactivity of organic matter decrease along a continuum of size in aquatic medium.     

Stability, solubility and maximum metal binding capacity in metal–humic complexes involving humic substances extracted from peat and organic compost

The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of pH and the metal:humic substances (HS) ratio on HS complexing capacity and the stability and solubility of metal–HS complexes in solution. We selected four HS with different physicochemical properties and studied their interaction with Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) at different pH and metal:HS ratios. The selected HS were a humic acid and a whole humic extract (containing the humic and fulvic acids) extracted from black peat, and a fulvic acid and a whole humic extract extracted from a compost of grape solid wastes.Our results showed that HS complexing capacity significantly varied as a function of pH, thus indicating the influence of both functional group ionisation and molecular conformation on this property. As was expected, total acidity affected the complexing capacity of the selected HS.The results related to stability and complexing capacity indicated the possible presence of two binding patterns, one at acid-neutral pH probably involving carboxylates, and another at alkaline pH probably involving carboxylates and phenolic groups. The relationship between these binding patterns and the strength of the binding process varied according to the complexed metal.Complex solubility was greatly affected by the ratio between the concentration of free ionised functional groups and the molecular weight in the HS studied.     

大兴安岭红山子盆地火山岩系岩石地层对比

针对大兴安岭南部中生代火山岩系岩石地层单位存在的时间跨度大、不同岩石地层单位时代重叠的问题,选择红山 子盆地火山岩进行SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb 测年,并结合其它地区已有的锆石U-Pb 年龄数据和岩石组合特征对比火山岩系岩石 地层。红山子盆地2 个碱性流纹岩样品（HS505 和HS102）和1 个高钾钙碱性流纹岩样品（HS601）所含锆石均具有明显的 振荡环带,Th/U比值高,属典型的岩浆成因锆石。SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb 测年结果表明,样品HS601 的10 个分析点的206Pb/238U 年龄变化范围为150~160 Ma,加权平均值为（156.5±1.6）Ma,MSWD=1.11;样品HS102 的11 个分析点的206Pb/238U 年龄范 围为153~159 Ma,加权平均值为（154.7±1.7）Ma,MSWD=0.77;样品HS505 的14 个分析点的206Pb/238U 年龄变化范围为 151~160 Ma,加权平均值为（156.5±1.4）Ma,MSWD=1.16。可见,红山子盆地火山岩的年龄范围为157~155 Ma,属晚侏 罗世早期。红山子盆地火山岩以高钾钙碱性流纹岩- 碱性流纹岩组合为特征,与新民组的岩石组合特征基本一致,且层位 相当,应归入新民组。大兴安岭南部地区原划归满克头鄂博组和玛尼吐组、但地质时代属晚侏罗世的长英质火山岩组合应 改归新民组,修正后的新民组与冀北-辽西髫髻山组或蓝旗组和大兴安岭北部塔木兰沟组铁镁质火山岩组合的地质时代一 致,显示出中国东北部晚侏罗世火山岩组合具有南北分带性。     

Speciation of gold in hydrosulphide-rich ore-forming fluids: Insights from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations

To shed light on gold speciation in sulfur-containing ore-forming fluids, we perform first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations to investigate gold-hydrosulphide complexing under representative geological conditions. With this advanced technique, the electronic structures of solutes and solvents are calculated with density functional theory and the thermal motions are sampled with molecular dynamics. The molecular structures, solvated structures and stabilities of possible complexes are characterized in detail and the following insights have been gained. (1) The previously hypothesized species Au(HS)(H₂S)₃ and Au(HS) are found unstable under ore-forming conditions. Au(HS)(H₂S)₃ would dissociate to LAu(HS) (L = H₂S or H₂O) and free H₂S molecules spontaneously. Au(HS) is highly reactive and tends to capture a second ligand to form a double-coordinated complex. (2) In the thin vapor-like phases of low pressures, the stable complexes include Au(HS)(H₂O), Au(HS)(H₂S) and Au(HS)₂⁻ and their relative stability is Au(HS)₂⁻ > Au(HS)(H₂S) > Au(HS)(H₂O). In dense aqueous phases of high pressures, Au(HS)(H₂S) would spontaneously deprotonate to Au(HS)₂⁻ and thus Au(HS)(H₂O) and Au(HS)₂⁻ are the stable forms. All of these complexes can retain to the upper-limit of ore-forming temperatures. (3) The gold ions in the complexes do not favor coordinating more molecules and therefore the solvations happen mainly through H-bonding interactions between the ligands and environmental waters. H-bonds are found in vapor, liquid, and dense supercritical phases, whereas in the thin supercritical phase the hydration is very weak. These results provide quantitative and microscopic basis for understanding the speciation of gold in hydrothermal fluids.     

热液金矿成矿作用地球化学研究综述

文章总结了热液金矿成矿地球化学研究进展,其中包括含金热液来源、控制岩浆热液中金浓度的因素、金在热液中的富集和沉淀机制以及热液金矿成矿地球化学环境.含金岩浆演化早期,磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿和钛铁尖晶石结晶分异会影响岩浆演化形成热液型金矿的能力.与金成矿有关的地热流体中w(Au)为1×10-9～80×10-6,岩浆热液中w(Au...     

大别山区石英质玉分级

从颜色、透明度、净度、光泽、质地五个方面对大别山玉进行级别划分,并对其工艺进行评价。将其颜色划分为5个级别,由高到低依次表示为HS1、HS2、HS3、HS4、HS5;透明度划分为4个级别,由高到低依次表示为透明（HT1）、亚透明（HT2）、半透明（HT3）、微透明～不透明（HT4）;净度划分为5个级别,由高到低依次表示为极纯净（HJ1）、纯净（HJ2）、较纯净（HJ3）、尚纯净（HJ4）、不纯净（HJ5）;光泽划分为5个级别,由高到低依次表示为油脂光泽（HG1）、油脂～玻璃光泽（HG2）、玻璃光泽（HG3）、蜡状光泽（HG4）、土状光泽（HG5）;质地划分为5个级别,由高到低依次表示为极细（HD1）、细（HD2）、较细（HD3）、较粗（HD4）、粗（HD5）。     

石笋碳酸盐热释光古温度计

利用湖北清江和尚洞的两支具有精确年代的年层石笋,建立了20世纪逐年石笋碳酸盐热释光积分强度序列,调查石笋热释光对气温的响应。通过石笋热释光与现代仪器记录的气温观测资料的对比,发现和尚洞石笋保存的气候信息存在11~12年的滞后。HS4和HS6石笋热释光具有相似的变化特征,且分别与宜昌年均气温具有显著的正相关性(rHS4=0.41,rHS6=0.49; P<0.01); 将热释光与气温进行11年的滑动平均,两者的相关性分别提高到0.84(HS4)和0.93(HS6)。基于以上观察,我们提出了一个新的古温度计。该温度计精度高(±0.2℃),使用简便,对定量重建过去气温变化历史具有潜在的应用价值。     

华北平原HS1钻孔第四纪冲洪积物地球化学特征及古气候意义

选用华北平原地区长时间序列的HS1钻孔, 在对其沉积物主、微量元素含量、相关程度及地球化学指标分析的基础上对区内古环境变化、古气候演化进行了讨论。结果表明, 自上新世晚期(3.50 Ma)以来HS1钻孔所在区域经历了温暖湿润—温和偏湿—寒冷略干—寒冷干旱—温和偏干—温凉潮湿—温和偏干—温暖潮湿8个气候演化阶段, 整体趋势由湿润变为干旱, 这与孔内孢粉、碳-氧同位素和粒度记录具有同趋性。区域对比结果显示, 重建长时间尺度内的气候变化, 地球化学可作为孢粉的更优等效指标, 短时间序列内的气候变化则以高分辨率的孢粉记录最优。区内整体处于陆缘弱氧化的沉积环境, 且第四纪时期化学风化程度相较古土壤层发育的上新世晚期更弱。HS1钻孔不同地质时期冲洪积物的元素地球化学组成的差异性, 主要取决于其母质来源和搬运距离; 具体表现为一方面与受地形地貌影响、一级构造调节转换带及次级构造单元控制的古水流有关, 另一方面与受气候变化影响的沉积环境、水动力条件、化学风化和成土作用等有关。     

第四纪两类千年尺度气候振荡现象及机理研究

千年尺度气候突变事件是第四纪冰期普遍存在的气候现象。这些事件可以被分为两类,一类为Dansgaard-Oeschger Event (DO事件),另一类为海因里希(Heinrich Stadial,HS)事件,后者有时也被认为是一种特殊的DO事件,因此也被称为 HS-DO事件。HS事件期间北大西洋冰架的融化一般对应DO振荡的冷相位,这与通常认为的冰架在较冷气候下体积增加并不相符。这两类事件在北大西洋重建数据中表现得最为明显,但其气候影响具有全球性。由于没有显著的外强迫驱动这两类气候突变事件,自20世纪90年代首次被确认以来,HS-DO事件一直是古气候界关注的重点,且人们对其触发机理仍没有定论。本文基于目前对这两类千年事件的研究现状,集中总结了目前已有的可反映千年事件的重建数据,利用已有的模拟工作,重点回顾了现有的机制理论,评述了目前研究DO事件以及HS-DO事件的局限性,并对其后续工作,尤其是模拟部分,进行了展望。     

The adsorption of aquatic humic substances by two oxides of manganese

A study was made of the adsorption of humic substances (HS) by Mn₃O₄ and by oxide B, a preparation with the β-MnOOH diffraction pattern but having a manganese oxidation state of 3.4. The interactions follow trends found for other oxides. Thus in 0.01 mol dm^?3 NaCl adsorption decreases with increasing pH, while it is enhanced by Ca²⁺. The HS adsorb more strongly to the oxide with the higher zero point of charge (Mn₃O₄), while the effect of Ca²⁺ is greater for oxide B.Microelectrophoretic measurements show that the oxide particles take on the electrokinetic characteristics of the adsorbed HS. However it was found that the magnitude of the mobility depends on the underlying oxide surface and on the source of the HS. The electrokinetic properties of the two oxides dispersed in surface water samples of Esthwaite Water, Cumbria, England, can be accounted for by the adsorbed HS together with coadsorbed Ca²⁺.