Performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on wind erosion control of sandy soil

Wind erosion is a serious problem throughout the world which results in soil and environment degradation and air pollution. The main objective of this study was to evaluate feasibility of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation, as a novel soil-strengthening technique, to reduce wind erosion risk of a sandy soil. For this purpose, the erosion of biocemented soil samples was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel under the condition of wind velocity of 45 km h^?1. The weight loss of treated samples relative to the weight loss of control treatment was 1.29 and 0.16 % for low and high bacterial mix concentrations, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in erosion control in biologically treated samples. The effect of biological treatment on wind erosion control was even superior at the higher velocities. Thereafter, the penetration resistance of the surface layers as a simple index of resistance against wind erosion was measured. Significant improvements in the penetration resistance of the treated soil samples were observed. Although low bacterial mix concentrations did not significantly improve the penetration resistance of the samples, significant improvements in the penetration resistance of the treated soil samples were observed reaching to the highest measured strength (56 kPa) in high bacterial mix concentrations samples. Finally, the morphology of precipitated CaCO₃ crystals using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the CaCO₃ was mainly precipitated as vaterite crystals forming point-to-point contacts between the sand granules.     

Polymer-modified microbially induced carbonate precipitation for one-shot targeted and localized soil improvement

Acta Geotechnica - The viscous nature of certain hydrophilic polymer solutions and the tendency of these solutions to retain moisture may make them suitable carriers for the process of microbially...     

Investigating the relationship between wind erosion and value of animal habitats in desert areas

Animal species in desert habitats are taken into consideration because of their uniqueness and inherent value. However the added pressures from climate and human have made living conditions difficult and acute for them. Wind erosion is one of the common phenomena in desert areas; this phenomenon can affect biotic value of those areas. Climatic constraints along with human development in such areas result in enhancing the effect of wind erosion, and as a result, affect the value of animal habitats. Therefore, by estimating the rate of wind erosion in such areas, the capability of environment for providing appropriate conditions for animal species’ subsistence can also be estimated. The objective of this research is to find the relation between the rate of wind erosion and value of animal habitat in Sarakhs as a representative of Razavi Khorasan Province. This research has been carried out in four steps: a) Approximate identification of each animal habitat in the area. b) Estimating the wind erosion based on IRIFR model. c) Estimating the approximate value of each of the animal habitats in the area. d) Determining the correlation between the value of each animal habitat with the average rate of wind erosion in that habitat. Investigating the relation between the average rate of wind erosion and the value of animal habitats which indicates that there is a significant correlation between them, that is to say, effective factors in increasing the rate of wind erosion have affected the quality of animal habitats, and proportional to their intensity, decreased the value of habitat.     

Trace elements in natural organic-rich surface soils： Contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources

A large part of the Northem Hemisphere is covered by podzols and similar soil types, which have a surface layer characterized by high organic matter content. This layer is extremely important because it is the main source of plant nutrients. The elemental composition of the surface soil however is often strongly different from that of the underlying mineral soil, which may be due to a combination of natural processes and anthropogenic influence. Research in Norway over the last 30 years has contr/buted to the understanding of the relative importance of different factors in modifying the chemistry of the surface soil. The country is relatively pristine, but is substantially influenced in the south by atmospheric supply of pollutants from other parts of Europe. Vegetation is relatively uniform over large parts of the country, but climatic variations related to oceanic influence are considerable.     

Effect of wool fiber addition on the reinforcement of loose sands by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP): mechanical property and underlying mechanism

Acta Geotechnica - Animal fibers with α-keratin had obvious advantages of mechanical strength and durability on reinforced microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)-cemented loose...     

多元层状边坡土体风蚀速率与微结构参数关系

吐鲁番交河故城台地多元层状土质边坡由于风蚀而形成空腔的现象表明,不同类型的土具有不同的抗风蚀能力,抗风蚀能力的强弱是多因素影响的共同结果,微观结构是其中一个重要内因。风蚀速率是表征土抗风蚀能力强弱的重要物理量,研究运用风洞试验、微结构分析等手段揭示了风蚀速率与颗粒面积比、颗粒圆度、孔隙等效直径、孔隙充填比等微结构特征参数之间的良好对应关系;进而采用相关分析法分析并证实风蚀速率与各特征参数间的良好相关关系,应用回归分析方法建立3个试验风速下风蚀速率与单个参数和多个参数之间的回归方程,验证了微结构特征对土抗风蚀能力有显著影响,进而为土抗风蚀能力的评价提供了微观依据。     

土质陡坡降雨侵蚀的数学模型及求解方法

建立了土质陡坡降雨侵蚀的数学模型,模型包括陡坡细沟间坡面流控制方程、变沟宽陡坡细沟流控制方程、陡坡细沟间坡面侵蚀泥沙连续方程及陡坡变沟宽细沟侵蚀泥沙连续方程。通过紊流冲击分布概率确定土壤剥蚀方程,确定了泥沙源/汇项的表达形式及细沟高程与宽度的表达式。通过有限元和有限差分相结合的方法求解该数学模型,利用有限单元法对数学模型的水动力方程、运动方程及泥沙连续方程进行空间上的离散,利用有限差分法解决时间域的问题,得出了顺序求解的数值计算公式及模型数值求解的具体方法和步骤。     

降水临近预报及其在水文预报中的应用研究进展

随着全球气候变化、自然变迁及陆表生境改变,极端天气频发且呈现出多尺度时空变异特征,对其进行预报和预警一直是气象水文领域关注的焦点。临近预报可较准确地预报未来短时间天气显著变化,是当前预报强降水等极端事件的主要手段。从基于天气雷达0～3 h外推临近预报、融合数值模式0～6 h临近预报的发展历程梳理了临近预报的研究进展,阐述了雷达外推算法的发展进程、雷达外推预报与数值模式预报融合技术进展,指出"取长补短"的0～6 h融合预报在提高降水预报精度、延长降水预见期等多方面有较大的发展潜力,进一步探寻及提升融合技术是未来融合预报发展的核心。将临近预报以气象水文耦合的方式引入水文预报是从源头提高水文预报精度、保障水文预报效果的主要途径,总结了现阶段主流耦合方式、空间尺度匹配技术、水文模型不确定等陆气耦合中的关键问题,阐述了外推临近预报、融合临近预报作为水文预报输入的研究进展,明确了融合临近预报在延长洪水预见期、提高洪水预报精度中存在优势,并讨论了未来的研究重点及发展方向。     

湖北省土壤侵蚀景观空间异质性及驱动因子分析

地域分异是地球表层大小不等、内部具有一定相似性地段之间的相互分化以及由此产生的差异。为了研究不同区位土壤侵蚀问题，从土壤生态景观及系统论出发，运用地质学、地理学、景观生态学、环境学的理论和研究方法，研究湖北省土壤侵蚀景观空间格局及其驱动因子，使土壤侵蚀问题研究提高到一个新的水平。湖北省土壤侵蚀景观具有南北分带、东西分区，为一不对称的断块一环组合，土壤流呈现向长江、江汉盆地中心轴带辐聚、单流向特点。景观空间异质性形成的首要驱动因子是大地构造背景，以房县一襄樊一广济断裂带为界，南北两侧地壳物质组成和构造发展史存在较明显的差异，现代气候带、降雨量、温热程度及土地利用等差异，造成了湖北省区域土壤地理、土壤生态的分异，形成湖北省土壤生态带、区具有南北分带，东西分区的宏观格局；其次大兴安岭一武陵山深部构造陡变带两侧新构造运动强度差异、大别造山带构造强烈隆升，导致土壤侵蚀强度的西强东弱、南北强中间弱的态势；成土母岩差异性决定了土壤可蚀性的多变；空间上“土壤侵蚀内城区”分布在湖北省的周边地区，经济贫困、管理落后，这一地区的经济水平与水土流失间形成“自反馈作用”，这一现象在我国水土保持、生态建设工作中应该引起重视。     

浙闽丘陵区土壤侵蚀影响因素与防治对策研究

通过对浙-闽丘陵区土壤侵蚀现状调查、分析研究,揭示了浙-闽丘陵区土壤侵蚀的严重性,提出了浙-闽丘陵区土壤侵蚀的主要影响因素:降雨条件;地形;地表松散的堆积物;植被的覆盖程度。降雨丰富且集中,山高坡陡,地表易流失的土壤,植被的严重破坏等,为该地区的土壤侵蚀提供了条件。最后,本文提出了浙-闽丘陵区土壤侵蚀防治对策应以生物措施为主,生物、工程、耕作密切结合。生物措施主要为植树种草;工程措施是改变小地形,以达到蓄水、保土的目的;耕作措施主要是改变乱开荒的做法,摒弃不合理的耕作方式,禁止陡坡开垦。不同地区应根据实地情况合理防治,采用小流域综合治理。不仅要根据影响因素来制定防治对策,也应该因地制宜。     

土坡体系可靠度分析方法及在高土石坝工程中的应用

针对土坡稳定体系可靠度分析问题,提出了一种分析方法框架,包括采用缩减方差抽样技术生成随机变量样本值、采用全局优化算法搜索边坡最小安全系数、采用Monte-Carlo法计算边坡体系可靠度3个主要部分。在此框架下,建立了一种较为简便实用的高土石坝坝坡稳定体系可靠度分析方法。该方法采用拉丁超立方抽样技术生成随机变量的样本值,再用商业软件STAB搜索相应的坝坡最小安全系数,最后用可靠指标法或Monte-Carlo法计算坝坡体系可靠度。工程算例表明,筑坝材料强度参数的随机不确定性对坝坡临界滑弧的位置影响较大,坝坡稳定体系可靠度小于单一滑动面的坝坡稳定最小可靠度,提出的方法可用于实际工程坝坡稳定体系可靠度分析。     

A method for quantitative evaluation of carbonate dissolution in deep-sea sediments and its application to paleoceanographic reconstruction

A method is proposed by which the degree of attrition of the tests of certain foraminifera species, such as Globorotalia menardii and Globorotalia tumida, is used to “scale” the amount of CaCO₃ that has been dissolved from sediment. The scale is calibrated experimentally in the laboratory. The method has been applied to three calcareous cores from the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. It is shown that the original CaCO₃ contents in these cores were high (82–95%) and relatively uniform compared to the present down-core values. About 65 to 85% of the originally deposited CaCO₃ has been dissolved, corresponding to dissolution rates on the order of 0.1-0.3 moles/cm²/yr. These results indicate that appreciable solution could have occurred on sea floor rich in calcareous sediments and that the variation in CaCO₃ content in a core may have resulted largely from dissolution. The difference in the degree of solution between glacial and interglacial sediments in these cores is not so distinct, with ? 10% less intense dissolution during glacial times on the average. However, the dissolution minimum occurring around the late Wisconsin glaciation (10,000–20,000 yr B.P.) previously noted in several cores elsewhere is confirmed. At that time, near the site of core M70 PC-20 in the southwest Pacific, the $\text{CO}{}_3{}^{\mathrm{2?}}$ concentration of the bottom water is estimated to have been approximately 5% higher than the present value, and the calcite lysocline was about 300 m deeper. To evaluate possible variations in CaCO₃ deposition rate across the glacial-interglacial transitions requires precise age control, which the present study lacks.     

软土非线性固结计算若干表格及应用

为方便非线性固结理论在实际工程中的应用,基于软黏土非线性一维固结理论,给出了能综合考虑软土压缩性和渗透性的非线性特性、自重应力沿深度实际分布、逐渐加荷等影响的软土非线性固结计算若干表格,并通过算例说明了其应用。为工程计算和相关理论研究提供了工具和参考。     

Variation of albedo to soil moisture for sand dunes and biological soil crusts in arid desert ecosystems

Surface albedo plays a crucial role in the energy balance of soils. The surface albedo and surface soil moisture of bare sand and biological soil crusts (BSCs) were concurrently observed on field plots of shifting sand dune and in revegetated desert ecosystems at Shapotou, northwestern China, to study relationships between surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture. Results indicated that rainfall exerted a remarkable lowering effect on the variation of surface albedo by increasing surface soil moisture. Surface albedo was an exponential function of solar elevation angle, and the normalized surface albedo (solar elevation angle effect was removed) decreased exponentially with the increase of surface soil moisture. Sand surface had a higher albedo (0.266) than BSCs (0.226) when the surfaces were very dry. However, sand surface albedo became increasingly lower than that of BSCs when the surfaces were in wet conditions and when the soil moisture exceeded a critical value. The changes in soil surface albedo from sand dune to BSCs after revegetation in shallow soil profiles associated with the variation of the surface soil moisture can be seen as an indicator of the degree of sand dune stabilization when compared with the original shifting sand dune soil.     

非饱和土平均粒间应力的计算及应用

土体各相之间物理化学作用对环境及能源等岩土工程都有重要影响,有效应力原理是解决上述问题最重要的理论。而目前的有效应力表达式无法描述由于物理化学作用引起的土颗粒间接触应力的变化。针对上述问题,最近提出了一个平均粒间应力表达式可以表述非饱和土内部的物理化学作用。为了实现该平均粒间应力的定量化计算并验证其稳定性和有效性,首先阐述了平均粒间应力表达式中各部分的物理意义。通过参数分析,得到了平均粒间应力各部分随含水率和孔隙盐溶液浓度的变化规律。推导出了表面力势中表征固液界面相互作用部分的计算公式,实现了平均粒间应力的定量计算。计算了临界状态时的非饱和土平均粒间应力,并应用平均粒间应力对非饱和土化学力学加载试验进行模拟。结果表明,临界状态时平均粒间应力与剪切强度具有唯一关系,应用平均粒间应力的计算结果与试验结果符合较好,验证了平均粒间应力公式的稳定性和有效性。     

塔中隆起带断裂系统及其对碳酸盐岩台地的控制

碳酸盐岩台地的建造与改造受多种因素的控制,本文主要探讨以断裂活动为代表的构造运动对碳酸盐岩台地发育和破坏的控制作用。塔中地区主要发育NW向基底卷入式断裂系统和NE向盖层滑脱式逆冲断裂系统两大类,前者主要形成于早奥陶世末的中加里东I幕构造运动,该断裂控制了塔中隆起开始形成时的构造格局,从而使塔中隆起带碳酸盐岩台地由早期的缓坡-镶边缓坡型的台地结构演化为礁滩型孤立台地,而后者主要形成于晚奥陶世末中加里东II幕构造运动,该断裂的强烈活动,使得塔中地区发生东西翘倾运动,东部隆起接受改造,早期的碳酸盐岩台地遭受严重破坏。     

福建长汀县水土流失的地质影响因素及防治对策

为揭示南方红壤丘陵区水土流失地质成因规律和模式,促进水土流失精准治理,选择福建长汀县开展地质背景与水土流失关系研究。结果表明:岩性对水土流失侵蚀速度、侵蚀剧烈程度、水土流失发育阶段等具有控制作用;地形坡度和部位、节理裂隙对水土流失程度具有重要影响;区内不同岩性不同地形部位风化壳-土壤分布具明显的规律性。建议长汀县进一步依据地质背景优化水土流失治理布局,优选水保植物和种植方式,优化茶果园等坡地农业开发项目。     

The criteria for the biogeneicity of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in Archean and younger, sandy deposits

The identification of fossils or biogenic sedimentary structures in rocks of Archean age is difficult, because similar lithological features could rise from purely physical or chemical processes alone. Therefore it is important to define criteria that serve the secure definition of a fossil or structure in question as of biological origin. Such criteria have been established for stromatolites and microfossils.This contribution discusses the 6 criteria of biogeneicity of ‘microbially induced sedimentary structures’ (MISS). Those structures are found in sandy deposits of early Archean age to the present, and rise from the interaction of benthic microbiota with physical sediment dynamics. The six criteria for their biogeneicity are: (i) MISS occur in rocks of not more than lower greenschist facies; (ii) in stratigraphic sections, MISS correlate with turning points of regression–trangressions; (iii), MISS correlate with a characteristic depositional facies that enhances the development and the preservation of microbial mats; (iv), the distribution of MISS correlates with the ancient average hydraulic pattern; (v), the geometries and dimensions of fossil MISS correspond to that of the modern ones; (vi), the MISS include at least one of 9 specific microtextures.