Study of compressive loading capacities of helical piles using torque method and induced settlements

Torque is a most widely used method to estimate the load capacities of helical piles because of its simplicity and minimal costs. This research attempts to investigate the torque method by incorporating settlements and involves its comparison with bearing equations which have also been used to estimate the capacities of helical piles. The test program consisted of installation of seven helical piles including a static axial compression test to estimate the corresponding settlements. The compression test was conducted on the seventh pile which is referred to as the test pile. The load movement curve of the test pile is used to predict the settlement of each pile corresponding to the ultimate load calculated using torque method. In addition, few methods to interpret the load movement curve have been discussed. This research would pave way to yield more reliable results using torque method and could lead to the large-scale usage of helical piles.     

Bedform spurs: a result of a trailing helical vortex wake

The formative conditions for bedform spurs and their roles in bedform dynamics and associated sediment transport are described herein. Bedform spurs are formed by helical vortices that trail from the lee surface of oblique segments of bedform crest lines. Trailing helical vortices quickly route sediment away from the lee surface of their parent bedform, scouring troughs and placing this bed material into the body of the spur. The geometric configuration of bedform spurs to their parent bedform crests is predicted by a cross‐stream Strouhal number. When present, spur‐bearing bedforms and their associated trailing helical wakes exert tremendous control on bedform morphology by routing enhanced sediment transport between adjacent bedforms. Field measurements collected at the North Loup River, Nebraska, and flume experiments described in previous studies demonstrate that this trailing helical vortex‐mediated sediment transport is a mechanism for bedform deformation, interactions and transitions between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional bedforms.     

Interaction Effect of Group of Helical Anchors in Cohesive Soil Using Finite Element Analysis

In this paper, the interaction effect of a group of two and four symmetrical as well as asymmetrical helical anchors resting in homogeneous cohesive soil deposit with different helix configurations is determined using finite element analysis. The anchors were pulled to its ultimate failure controlling the displacement. Eight different types of anchor configuration were considered in the analysis, where mainly the number of helical plates, the depth of upper- and lower-most helical plates and the ratio of spacing between the helical plates to the diameter of the plate were varied. The variation of load–displacement curve for each anchor in the group was obtained and subsequently, the ultimate uplift capacity of each anchor was determined. The soil was assumed to follow Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. The present theoretical observations are generally found in good agreement with those theoretical and experimental results available in the literature for single isolated helical anchor.     

螺旋坐标系统:多维滤波向一维滤波的转化

把一根线绕到圆柱体上就形成了一条螺旋线。利用螺旋坐标系统可以把笛卡尔坐标空间中的多维滤波和递归滤波转化到一维空间中来处理。相应地多维递归滤波的稳定性问题就可以在一维空间中进行刻画。本文证明了二维滤波和一维螺旋滤波的等价性,并且给出一维螺旋滤波和递归滤波的算法,实际的算例说明了算法的可靠性和有效性     

季节冻土区光伏支架螺旋桩基的冻胀数值分析研究

利用有限元软件COMSOL自定义模块功能,将建立的水热力三场顺序耦合模型导入,模拟二维轴对称条件下多种螺旋桩在土体冻结过程中发生的冻拔,并设置光滑桩作对比.在冻深达到桩长全长时,全螺旋小叶片桩具有良好的抗冻拔效果（仅为光滑桩的19.5%）.使用COMSOL内嵌热应力模块,模拟三维条件下螺旋桩抗冻拔过程,并与室内试验结果作对比.结果显示冻深只有桩长一半时,双螺旋小叶片桩明显减少桩体冻拔量.表明：通过数值分析可比选出抗冻拔的最优桩型,对于现场试验的光伏支架螺旋桩型设计提供参考.     

The orientation of helical flow in curved channels

The planform patterns of meandering submarine channels and subaerial fluvial bends show many similarities that have given rise to strong analogies concerning the fluid dynamics of these channel types. Existing models of helical motion in open‐channel bends depict flow that is characterized by surface flow towards the outer bank, and basal flow towards the inner bank. This paper investigates and compares, through an analytical model and physical experiment, flows within fluvial meanders, and submarine channel bends that contain density‐driven gravity currents. The results indicate that the sense of helical motion can be reversed in submarine bends that contain density currents when compared with fluvial bends, and that the orientation of the helical flow is dependent on the vertical distribution of downstream velocity. Specifically, the sense of helical motion is reversed in bends when the maximum downstream velocity is near the bed, resulting in near‐bed flow towards the outer bank. These findings suggest that the dynamics of sediment transport and deposition in curved channels with such velocity profiles will be fundamentally different to those currently assumed from sinuous open‐channels.     

Amplification of fluctuations and current dynamo due to helical and chiral effects in geophysical and plasma-like media

Dynamo effect is considered in more general case than well known one when not only mean motion but also conducting components possess nonzero mean helicity. Dispersion equation for helical motions is studied, including inhomogeneous case. Criteria for development of instability are found. Interaction between large-scale internal wave and small-scale helical turbulence in plane Couette flow of fluid with statically stable uniform density gradient in gravitational field is studied basing on a set of equations for scalar and quasi-scalar wave fields and for helicity of turbulence. This system of equation describes acceleration of wave growth due to its backward action on turbulence, i.e. wave-turbulent instability. Chiral media are further considered and effects topologically close to helical ones are analyzed. It is shown that in such media ranges of scales exist, in which fluctuations of electric field can be anomalously amplified.     

The initiation of sedimentary furrows by standing internal waves

Longitudinal helical vortices are generally considered to be the cause of longitudinal sedimentary bedforms. In tidal oscillatory flows, however, it is not clear how a regular system of vortices will become fixed for long enough to establish the bedforms. It is proposed that the presence of standing internal waves, with axes parallel to the tidal current, have provided the basic flow pattern on which longitudinal helical vortices develop in Southampton Water. The observed furrows then developed in a pattern determined by the standing internal waves.     

Flow processes and sedimentation in unidirectionally migrating deep‐water channels: From a three‐dimensional seismic perspective

Three‐dimensional seismic data were used to infer how bottom currents control unidirectional channel migration. Bottom currents flowing towards the steep bank would deflect the upper part of sediment gravity flows at an orientation of 1° to 11° to the steep bank, yielding a helical flow circulation consisting of a faster near‐surface flow towards the steep bank and a slower basal return flow towards the gentle bank. This helical flow model is evidenced by the occurrence of bigger, muddier (suggested by low‐amplitude seismic reflections) lateral accretion deposits and gentle channel wall with downlap terminations on the gentle bank and by smaller, sandier (indicated by high‐amplitude seismic reflectors) channel fills and steep channel walls with truncation terminations on the steep bank. This helical flow circulation promotes asymmetrical depositional patterns with dipping accretion sets restricted to the gentle bank, which restricts the development of sinuosity and yields unidirectional channel migration. These results aid in obtaining a complete picture of flow processes and sedimentation in submarine channels.     

Serviceability limit state design for uplift of helical anchors in clay

Presently, no displacement-based design methodology exists for helical anchors subjected to tensile or uplift loading. This study investigates the statistical and probabilistic aspects of the load-displacement uncertainty associated with a database of thirty-seven uplift loading tests of helical anchors founded within cohesive soils. Initially, an ultimate resistance model is identified, and the semi-empirical uplift breakout factor statistically characterized. A relationship between ultimate resistance and slope tangent capacity is established, and used to form the basis for normalizing the load-displacement response. Hyperbolic and power law models are statistically evaluated for use in serving as a reference load-displacement model; the hyperbolic curve was selected based on goodness-of-fit statistics. Monte Carlo reliability simulations are used to establish an equivalent-deterministic load factor that associates the selected load factor with a probability of exceeding a pre-determined allowable uplift displacement, given uncertainty in the undrained shear strength, ultimate resistance model, transformation uncertainty, uncertainty in the allowable displacement, and variability in uplift loading. A practical example is provided to show the intended use of this probabilistic helical anchor displacement model.     

Three‐dimensional gravity‐current flow within a subaqueous bend: Spatial evolution and force balance variations

The nature of three‐dimensional flow in submarine channel bends is poorly understood, largely due to the absence of detailed data from natural channels. Herein, data from density‐driven flows in a large reservoir on the Huanghe (Yellow) River are presented showing the spatio‐temporal variation of flow around a subaqueous bend. The data demonstrate for the first time that reversed helical flow, relative to that found in river channel bends, can occur from the centrifugal forcing of flow, even when the Coriolis force acts in the opposite direction. The data also suggest that reversed helical flow fields in submarine channels may be more frequent than currently estimated, notably for bends where Coriolis and centrifugal forces combine in the same direction. In addition, this study provides the first field evidence suggesting that sinuous submarine channels can exhibit an asymmetry in helical flow orientation between left and right‐turning bends, which will have major implications for the morphodynamics of submarine channels, their resultant patterns of sedimentation and, ultimately, the distribution of depositional units across submarine fan systems.     

Finite Element Analyses and Experimental Investigation of Helical Micropiles

Within the framework of a research program on the behaviour of a specific type of screw micropile with helical plates of 220 mm diameter, the response in axial and horizontal loadings by the finite element method and full scale in situ tests were investigated. For the axial compressive or tensile loads, the simulation of the helical plates was carried out under axisymmetric conditions as shell foundations. The cases of purely cohesive or cohesionless soils with linear elastic–perfectly plastic behaviour were studied. The influence of shear strength parameters and the number of helical plates on the characteristic-ultimate resistance were also analyzed. For the horizontal loads 3D F.E. programs were applied for the analyses of the micropiles either as short or long ones. The in situ tests, which are presented in this article, were performed in two areas with representative subsoil conditions. The respective predictions from the F.E. method were based on results of geotechnical investigations and compared with the results of the in situ tests. A good approximation was ascertained, especially for uplift and horizontal loads and the differences were commented.     

Geometrical and Kinematic Parameters of the Jet of the Blazar S5 0716+71 in a Helical-Jet Model

Periodic variations of the position angle of the inner jet of the blazar S5 0716+71 suggest a helical structure for the jet. The geometrical parameters of a model helical jet are determined. It is shown that, when the trajectories of the jet components are non-ballistic, the angle between their velocity vectors and the line of sight lies in a broader interval than is the case for ballistic motions of the components, in agreement with available estimates. The contradictory results for the apparent speeds of components in the inner and outer jet at epochs 2004 and 2008–2010 can be explained in such a model. The ratio of the apparent speeds in the inner and outer jet are used to derive a lower limit for the physical speed of the components (β > 0.999) and to determine the pitch angle of the helical jet (p = 5.5°). The derived parameters can give rise to the conditions required to observe high speeds (right to 37c) for individual jet components.     

碎石类土极限承载力标准值表的研究

以可靠度理论为基础的极限状态设计法是当今世界工程设计领域的发展趋势,地基基础要应用可靠度理论进行设计是一大难点,而地基极限承栽力标准值的确定是最重要的方面。利用原制订基本承载力时的荷载试验资料,再补充收集了一部分新资料,重新提出极限承载力,找出极限承栽力与基本承载力的关系值K(安全系数),将K值乘以基本承载力表,并以公式计算值及林业部标准进行比较。综合得出极限承载力范围值表,在此基础上进行概率分析,得出极限承载力标准值。通过直接或间接的方法求得极限承载力标准值变异系数。     

用三维有限元法对超长单桩桩端承载力的研究

基于有限元-荷载传递联合法,利用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对超长单桩的桩端承载性状进行了分析研究,具体分析了桩长、桩径、土性等因素对桩端承载力的影响。结果表明,桩长越长,桩端承载力越高;桩径越大,相应桩端单位面积承载力越低;土的弹性模量和内摩擦角对桩端承载力均有较大的影响,而凝聚力则影响较小。同时,也分析了桩侧摩阻力对桩端阻力的影响即桩侧摩阻力对桩端阻力有提高作用。     

基础宽度对地基承载力影响的数值分析

利用数值方法对传统的地基极限承载力的计算公式进行了验证,结果表明传统的理论公式中基础宽度对极限承载力的贡献是正确的。通过数值计算结果,针对目前地基规范中地基承载力特征值限定基础宽度的贡献,研究了地基承载力的合理确定方法,认为地基的承载力应根据实际基础的沉降和地基承载力的安全系数来确定更科学合理。基础宽度对地基承载力的影响已在沉降和承载力安全系数上得到反映,从而计算时不必限定基础宽度,由此可以获得更合理的地基承载力值。     

Laboratory Investigation of Hollow and Solid Shaft Helical Soil Nail by Displacement Controlled Pullout Testing

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - A sequence of laboratory pullout tests was conducted to examine the installation and pullout behavior of hollow and solid shaft helical soil nails. The...     

钻孔压浆桩的承载特点及单桩承载力的评价

钻孔压浆桩是一种新型端承-摩擦灌注桩,其承载能力要明显高于其他钻孔灌注桩。根据与相近场地条件钻孔灌注桩的实际测桩结果所作的对比分析,钻孔压浆桩可以形成较高的侧摩阻力,在极限荷载中,侧摩阻力的构成比达65%~75%。      

Axial load tests and numerical modeling of single-helix piles in cohesive and cohesionless soils

Acta Geotechnica - Small-diameter helical piles have been increasingly used in Western Canada, but there is a lack of research. The present research investigates the axial behavior of three types...     

地基弹塑性承载力安全性研究

随着对地基承载力理论研究的深入及大量工程实践的开展,暴露出弹性理论的诸多缺陷。基于弹-塑性理论,对以前学者的地基分类进行改进,推导出地基的临塑承载力、弹-塑性承载力以及极限承载力的公式,并且为了更好地进行地基土处于非线性变形阶段弹-塑性承载力的计算,提出了弹-塑性承载力利用率的概念;针对以前学者提出的危险度的概念,由于其不能在工程实际工程中很好地推广应用的缺点,给出了具有工程意义的弹-塑性承载力安全度Kep这一参数。结合工程实际说明只要Kep满足要求,地基土可用到非线性变形阶段,由此理论设计地基基础,造价将大大降低。