锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

脆性岩石卸围压强度特性试验研究

岩样的承载能力由材料强度和围压共同确定,轴向压缩和卸围压二者都能导致岩样破坏,但由于应力路径不同,两种条件导致岩样的破坏过程并不相同。对取自位于雅砻江上的锦屏二级水电站辅助洞内的白山组大理岩进行了常规三轴试验和峰前、峰后卸围压试验,通过对试验曲线和岩样破坏特征的分析表明：无论是峰前还是峰后卸围压,岩样都表现出脆性破坏的特征,而岩样破坏表现出的脆性峰前卸围压比峰后卸围压更为强烈;岩样在加、卸载条件下的变形均随主应力差的增大而增大,但在相同的主应力差下,卸载产生的扩容量比加载的扩容量更大;峰前卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的60 %左右时,岩样发生破坏;峰后卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的80 %左右时,岩样发生破坏。结论对相关工程稳定性分析、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

Influence of pore pressure on plastic deformation and strength of limestone under compressive stress

This study is devoted to experimental investigation of effects of pore pressure on plastic deformation and failure of a water-saturated limestone. The experimental study is composed of three different groups of laboratory tests. The basic mechanical behavior of the rock is first characterized by drained triaxial compression tests on water-saturated samples without pore pressure. The results are compared with those obtained in a previous study from triaxial compression tests on saturated samples with a constant pore pressure. In the second group, water injection tests under a confining pressure of 20 MPa and different values of deviatoric stress are realized to study the effect of pore pressure increase. Finally, undrained triaxial compression tests are carried out for investigating the coupling effect of plastic deformation and pore pressure variation. Based on experimental data, the validity of effective stress concept for plastic yielding and failure strength is discussed.

     

Experimental Investigation on the Strength, Deformability, Failure Behavior and Acoustic Emission Locations of Red Sandstone Under Triaxial Compression

Conventional triaxial compression and “reducing confining pressure” experiments were carried out for red sandstone by an MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics experimental system. Our results show that the post-peak axial deformation characteristics of red sandstone changed as the confining pressure was increased from 5 to 65?MPa. Young’s modulus of red sandstone increased nonlinearly with increasing confining pressure, but Poisson’s ratio remained unaffected. Using our new data, the compactive and dilatant behavior, strength and failure characteristics of sandstone under triaxial compression are further discussed. For our data, the nonlinear Hoek-Brown criterion better reflects the peak strength properties than the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. However, the residual strength shows a clear linear relationship with confining pressure, which can be best described using the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The peak and residual strengths were not directly related to the two different loading paths. The onset of dilatancy (C′), the switch from compaction-dominated to dilatant-dominated behavior (D′) and the stress at zero volumetric strain all increased linearly with the confining pressure. In our conventional triaxial compression experiments, the failure mode changed from mixed tension and shear fracture (single shear fracture) to shear fracture with double slippage planes with increasing confining pressure. However, the failure mode in our “reducing confining pressure” experiments was more complicated and results mainly from the unstable failure characteristics of the rock during the reduction in confining pressure. Finally, based on our acoustic emission (AE) locations, at a confining pressure of 35?MPa, a detailed analysis of the evolutionary process of internal cracks is presented for the entire loading process.     

不同应力路径下土体的变形特性与破坏特性

在固结不排水加荷与卸荷两种情况下,基于土体常规的三轴压缩试验结果和真三轴平面应变试验结果,指出不同的应力路径下土体具有不同的变形特性和破坏特性,并且这些特性差异的根本原因在于不同的应力路径,有着其球应力p和广义剪应力q与球应力p的比值q/p的不同变化趋势。最后,依据Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则和其相应的转化型式,进一步探讨了其破坏参数k2值的确定方法。试验检测的结果表明,Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则能给出土体较为准确的破坏强度预测结果。     

重载铁路粗粒土填料动力特性及累积变形分析

重载铁路路基比普通铁路和高速铁路要承受更大的动力荷载,路基本体的动力变形更加明显。重载铁路路基的核心层绝大部分为粗粒土,为了探讨重载铁路路基粗粒土填料在列车往复荷载作用下的变形和强度特性,开展了一系列大型动三轴试验,探讨了不同动应力幅值、不同围压、不同含水率对粗粒土土样累积变形的影响,分析了不同静强度和围压时动强度的特点,并根据粗粒土土样在不同围压和动应力作用下的变形规律,即增大围压或减小动应力有助于增强土体稳定,提出了基于累积变形发展趋势的路基粗粒土变形稳定界限状态和判别准则,并给出了判别准则参数。研究结果对重载铁路路基的动力变形稳定性评价和基于动力变形控制的路基设计具有参考价值。     

The Various Stress Paths Causing Deformation and Failure in Rocks

The rock deformation and failure tests are performed along various stress paths under true triaxial stress state. The experimental results have shown that the change of three principal stresses (the increase of the maximum principal stress, the decrease of the minimum principal stress, the decrease of the confining pressure and the increase or decrease of the intermediate principal stress ) can lead to deformation and failure in rocks. The strength, the deformability and the failure precursors of rocks are related with stress paths. Based on the results of the study, the problems of the stress path in rock engineering are discussed.     

岩体变形和破坏的各种应力途径

在真三轴应力状态下进行了各种应力途径的岩石变形和破坏实验。实验表明,三个主应力的变化(最大主应力的增加,最小主应力的减小,围压的减小以及中间主应力的增加或减小)都能引起岩石变形和破坏。而且岩石的强度、延性和脆性、体积变化和破坏前兆等都与应力途径有关。据根试验结果探讨了岩体工程中的应力途径问题。     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for frozen saline coarse sandy soil undergoing particle breakage

The mechanical property of frozen saline sandy soil is complicated due to its complex components and sensitivity to salt content and confining pressure. Thus, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on sandy samples with different Na₂SO₄ contents under different confining pressures to explore the effects of particle breakage, pressure melting, shear dilation and strain softening or hardening. The test results indicate that the stress–strain curves exhibit strain softening/hardening phenomena when the confining pressures are below or above 6 MPa, respectively. A shear dilation phenomenon was observed in the loading process. With increasing confining pressure, the strength firstly increases and then decreases. By taking into consideration the changes between the grain size distributions before and after triaxial compression tests, a failure strength line incorporating the influences of both particle breakage and pressure melting is proposed. In order to describe the deformation characteristics of frozen saline sandy soil, an elastoplastic incremental constitutive model is established based on the test results. The proposed model considers the plastic compressive, plastic shear and breakage mechanisms by adopting the non-associated flow rule. The breakage mechanism can be reflected by an index related to the initial, current and ultimate grain size distributions. The hardening parameters corresponding to compressive and shear mechanisms consider the influence of particle breakage. Then the effect of particle breakage on both the stress–strain and volumetric strain curves is analyzed. The calculated results fit well with the test results, indicating that the developed constitutive model can well describe the mechanical and deformation features of frozen saline sandy soil under various stress levels and stress paths. In addition, the strain softening/hardening, contraction, high dilation and particle breakage can be well captured.

     

结构性黄土的剪切带及强度特性的真三轴试验研究

采用西安理工大学自主研发的真三轴仪,对西安白鹿原黄土进行了不同中主应力比值、不同固结围压的试验研究,探讨了黄土剪切带形成与峰值强度、中主应变与大主应变关系曲线、体应变与大主应变关系曲线特征点之间的联系以及子午平面、 平面上的强度变化规律。分析了真三轴应力条件下黄土强度变形规律和试样剪切带破坏模式和黄土在复杂应力状态下剪切带形成的判断依据和原因,研究表明,真三轴压缩原状黄土具有明显的剪切带,围压和中主应力比值较小时表现为软化,围压和中主应力比值较大时则表现为硬化;中主应变、体应变与大主应变关系曲线较为一致的转折点反映了土变形性状发生变化;与中主应变方向一致的剪切带两侧土结构块体产生相对滑移,剪切带开始形成和发展;土应变曲线的转折点可以作为土固结结构内剪切带形成的判断依据;子午平面上强度线呈线性变化规律, 平面上呈曲边三角形非线性变化规律,并且与 -SMP强度准则较为接近。不同应力条件下剪切带变化复杂的破坏模式与黄土原生的结构特征和加载共同作用的变化有密切联系。     

Anisotropic mechanical properties and brittleness evaluation of layered phylliteEI北大核心

为了研究层状千枚岩的力学特性与各向异性特征,开展了不同层理倾角与不同围压下的千枚岩力学试验。对比分析了千枚岩试样强度、变形、脆性与破坏模式等各向异性特征。结果表明:(1)随着层理倾角β增加,岩样的强度、变形特征曲线形状呈U型;随围压增加,岩样强度及塑性增强,各向异性度逐渐减弱稳定。(2)采用多种强度准则描述岩样强度各向异性,其中Saeidi准则和改进Ramamurthy准则能很好地预测岩样在不同层理倾角下的抗压强度。(3)基于岩样峰前应力-应变曲线与能量特征提出了综合脆性评价指标,在层理倾角β=45°左右时,岩样脆性指标较低,更易发生剪切滑移破坏,得出脆性下降顺序为:沿层理面拉伸劈裂>穿层理面拉伸劈裂>沿层理面剪切>穿层理面剪切。(4)千枚岩的破坏模式与层理倾角和围压有关,单轴条件下,岩样劈裂破坏后易形成复杂裂纹网络;高围压下,岩样破裂后多形成单一的沿层理面或贯穿多层理面的剪切破坏。     

Numerical studies on the failure process and associated microseismicity in rock under triaxial compression

In this paper, firstly the mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is developed and implemented into the rock and tool interaction code (R-T^2D). Then the failure processes of a heterogeneous rock specimen subjected to a wide variety of confining pressures (0–80 MPa) are numerically investigated using the R-T^2D code. According to the simulated results, on the one hand, the numerical simulation reproduced some of the well-known phenomena observed by previous researchers in triaxial tests. Under uniaxial compression, rock failure is caused by a combination of axial splitting and shearing. Dilatancy and a post-failure stage with a descending load bearing capacity are the prominent characteristics of the failure. As the confining pressure increases, the extension of the failed sites is suppressed, but the individual failure sites become dense and link with each other to form a shear fracture plane. Correspondingly, the peak strength, the residual strength and the shear fracture plane angle increase, but the brittleness decreases. When the confining pressure is high enough, the specimen behaves in a plastic manner and a narrow shear fracture plane leads to its failure. The prominent characteristics are volume condensation, ductile cataclastic failure, and a constant load bearing capacity with increasing strain. On the other hand, the numerical simulation revealed some new phenomena. The highest microseismicity events occur in the post-failure stage instead of the maximal stress, and most of the microseismicity energies are released in the failure localization process. As the confining pressure increases, the microseismicity events in the non-linear deformation stage increase dramatically and the ratio between the energies dissipated at the non-linear deformation stage and those dissipated in the whole loading process increases correspondingly. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed mesoscopic elemental mechanical model for elastic damage is able to reproduce accurately the failure characteristics in loading rock specimens under triaxial conditions, and the numerical modelling can furthermore obtain some new clarifications of the rock fracture process.     

砂质泥岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性试验研究

流变对工程岩体的长期变形稳定具有十分重要的影响,但目前关于卸荷流变的试验研究中通常只考虑恒轴压卸围压的应力路径,与隧洞开挖过程中围岩的应力调整过程存在一定的差距。以砂质泥岩为试验研究对象,设计进行了加轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下的分级卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：恒轴压卸围压和加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变变形趋势总体一致,但相同初始围压条件下,加轴压卸围压试样破坏的围压相对较高,偏应力相对较大,但长期强度与破坏应力的比值相对较小;在围压卸载至岩样临近破坏时,加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变应变增长速率明显较快,试样破坏的更加突然;恒轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态相对简单,一般只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而加轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态要复杂得多,除了控制性的剪切破坏面之外,还伴随有一定数量的次生剪裂纹和张拉裂纹,而且初始围压越大,试样的次生裂纹越多。因此,在隧洞围岩长期变形稳定分析过程中,单纯的恒轴压卸围压流变试验不能满足工程实际需求,应该尽量丰富岩石力学试验的应力路径,以便较好地模拟工程岩体应力的实际变化过程,研究成果为隧洞围岩的长期变形稳定性研究提供了较好的研究思路。     

考虑中主应力变化的原状黄土变形特性研究

为研究在高围压条件下考虑中主应力变化的原状黄土变形特性,利用西安理工大学真三轴仪对原状黄土进行了控制固结围压和中主应力b值的等b等p(p为球应力)剪切试验,试验给出了高围压条件下各主应变之间的关系,得到了不同高围压条件下的破坏应变与不同b值阶段的影响规律。结果表明：高围压条件下,所有b值阶段的ε₃均为膨胀变形;b=0.2为中主应变变形临界点,0≤b<0.2为中主应变膨胀变形,0.22)、小主应变的b值敏感度K(ε₃)和广义应变的b值敏感度K(ε_s)在b值为0～0.7之间均增长,0.7～0.9之间受b值变化影响减弱,0.9～1.0受b值变化影响最大。K(ε_v)基本在0～5范围内,说明在不同中主应力阶段破坏体应变受b值变化的影响程度较小。     

基于微观力学的胶结岩土材料破损规律离散元模拟

采用离散元法（DEM）研究胶结岩土材料在不同加载条件下的结构破损规律。首先,基于微观力学理论,考虑胶结岩土材料颗粒间胶结特性,给出表征结构性损伤的破损参数式。该式具有微观物理意义,但不能直接用于建立宏观本构模型。其次,采用二维离散元源程序NS2D模拟等向压缩、等应力比压缩以及双轴压缩试验,分析破损参数在不同加载条件下随宏观力学变量（体积应变和剪应变）的演变规律。最后,根据模拟结果提出破损参数数学表达式,其为大主应变的函数。研究结果表明：胶结强度、应力比以及围压均在一定程度上影响了数值试样的结构破损规律。在等向压缩和等应力比压缩试验中,容易用函数式描述数值试样破损参数随体积应变或偏应变的演变规律;而在双轴压缩条件下,由于数值试样有剪胀特性,破损参数随体积应变的演变规律则不易描述。建议的破损参数数学表达式能够较好地描述数值试样在不同加载条件下结构破损规律。     

重塑超固结上海软土力学特性及弹塑性模拟

对典型上海软土重塑样进行了围压不变和平均主应力不变的三轴排水剪切试验,得到重塑上海软土在不同初始超固结比和围压条件下的应力-应变关系,弄清了超固结比、围压以及应力路径对重塑上海软土的变形和强度特性的影响;根据土体的应力-应变曲线得到重塑上海软土的临界状态应力比及内摩擦角。采用姚仰平等建议的基于伏斯列夫面的超固结土本构模型,并根据等向压缩及三轴排水剪切试验确定其模型参数,对保持围压和平均主应力不变的三轴压缩试验进行了模型预测。预测结果表明,此超固结土本构模型能较好地反映重塑超固结上海软土的变形和强度特性。     

西藏贡觉粉砂质泥岩工程地质特性与蠕变强度研究

川藏铁路在穿越西藏贡觉地区时遇到三叠系粉砂质泥岩,在高地应力条件下容易发生大变形等危害。文章开展了不同围压下的岩石三轴压缩和和三轴蠕变试验,结合PFC数值模拟,研究了粉砂质泥岩在不同围压下的蠕变特性和长期强度研究,结果表明:贡觉粉砂质泥岩流变具有西原蠕变模型特征,蠕变与常规三轴试验条件下,随着围压不断增大,粉砂质泥岩试样均由拉-剪破坏向单剪破坏过渡,剪切破裂面与水平线的夹角逐渐减小,微裂纹数量减少;蠕变试验相较于常规三轴试验,由拉应力引起的压碎带影响范围更广;在高围压条件下,粉砂质泥岩更容易发生流变,随着围压的增大,轴向应变、侧向应变和体积应变均增大,微裂纹数量呈下降趋势;瞬时弹性模量及黏弹性系数与围压呈线性递增关系,黏弹性模量与围压呈对数型增长关系,黏塑性系数与围压呈指数型增长关系。在荷载长期作用下,岩石长期强度低于瞬时强度。     

真三轴条件下非饱和黄土的有效应力屈服特性

为了研究非饱和黄土在有效应力空间的屈服特性,利用真三轴仪对非饱和原状黄土进行了不排水等向净应力压缩固结和不同中主应力参数b值的剪切试验,研究了真三轴压缩条件下非饱和黄土的有效应力屈服变化规律。研究结果表明：有效应力比随着中主应力或净围压的增大而减小,中主应力的增大作用对有效球应力的影响大于广义剪应力;由有效应力比?体应变关系曲线确定的剪缩屈服曲线在有效应力空间具有良好的规律性,屈服点的有效屈服应力随着中主应力和初始吸力的增大而增大;π平面上的有效应力屈服强度面和强度破坏面与SMP强度准则稳合较好,有效球应力和初始吸力越大,屈服强度面和强度破坏面越大。提出了真三轴条件下弹性剪应变和塑性剪应变的计算公式,通过分析有效应力与塑性应变关系得出有效应力空间中不同子午平面内的塑性势面呈椭圆形,且随着中主应力的增大,椭圆屈服面增大。     

盐岩三轴卸荷力学特性试验研究

结合金坛地下盐穴储气库工程,以腔体围岩实际受力状态为研究依据,进行了盐岩卸围压力学特性试验,得到了盐岩卸围压过程的应力-应变关系、变形特征及其规律。试验结果表明,在卸围压初始阶段,试样的轴向和径向应变增加相对缓慢,且应变值和围压基本呈线性,随着围压继续降低,轴向与径向应变值急剧增加;卸载曲线与加载曲线相比,在最大主应力 相等的条件下,当卸载围压达到与常规三轴压缩围压相对应值时,对应的轴向和径向应变值较三轴压缩时应变值要大,表明卸荷试验能引起试样更大的变形,卸荷产生的扩容量比加载时扩容量更大,更容易导致试样变形破坏;盐岩卸围压表现为塑性变形特征,与其他硬岩卸围压属脆性破坏有较大区别。研究结果对盐穴储气库工程的稳定性评价和注采气过程具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。