不同固结状态下黏土抗剪强度与剪切速率的关系

利用直剪仪针对不同固结状态下的饱和黏性土,在不同剪切速率条件下进行了系统的试验研究,探讨了剪切速率与剪应力-剪切位移曲线变化规律,分析了剪切速率对强度参数的影响及原因。试验结果表明:对于正常固结土,剪切速率越大,峰值剪应力越小,内摩擦角越小。不同的固结状态下,剪切速率对抗剪强度参数影响不同。超固结比为2时,内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大而减小,黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大而增大;超固结比为3时,内摩擦角随剪切速率的影响较小,黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大而增大。另外,从黏聚力和内摩擦力的角度,分析了不同剪切速率条件下土体抗剪强度变化的主要控制因素。最后,从孔隙水压力的角度分析了不同剪切速率对抗剪强度的影响。在相同的法向应力下,对于正常固结土,不同剪切速率引起的剪切带周围孔隙水压力变化量与破坏剪应力变化量成正比关系;对于超固结土,黏聚力变化量减去破坏剪应力变化量的差值与孔隙水压力的增量成正比。     

采用环剪仪对超固结黏土抗剪强度特性的研究

利用大型高速环剪仪,对不同超固结比、法向应力和剪切速率下的超固结饱和黏土的峰值强度和残余强度特性进行了研究,并对循环荷载作用前后残余强度的变化进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,（1）超固结比对超固结黏土的峰值强度和残余强度有着明显的影响;（2）在剪切速率相同的条件下,土体达到残余强度时的位移取决于现存的应力状态,而与应力历史无关;（3）剪切速率越大,峰值强度随之增大,达到稳定残余强度时的剪切位移也随之增加,但剪切速率的变化对残余强度值几乎没有影响;（4）在循环荷载作用下残余强度不同程度的降低,最大降低幅度达12.2 %;当土体剪切面为不规则剪切带时,施加循环荷载后出现残余强度上升的现象。     

Shear strength and shear bands of anisotropic sand

Acta Geotechnica - Due to sedimentation, irregular particles of sand arrange anisotropically in nature. Anisotropy diversifies the internal friction angles between relative research planes at...     

区分毛细和吸附作用的非饱和土抗剪强度模型

基于对非饱和土中孔隙水毛细和吸附作用的区分,得到了一种机制明确的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。首先,假定两种非饱和土的特殊状态,即只存在毛细作用的理想毛细状态和只存在吸附作用的理想吸附状态。分别给出了这两种理想状态的抗剪强度模型,其中毛细作用的影响可表示为考虑气化过程的有效饱和度和吸力的乘积,吸附作用的影响可初步简化表示为表观黏聚力的最大值。其次,利用二元介质模型,认为非饱和土中土-水作用是由这两种理想状态的不同权重组合而成。通过气化概率分布函数,表示了实际非饱和土中两种理想状态的参与比重,建立了适用于较广吸力变化范围的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。最后,通过与试验结果及当前流行的模型拟合结果的对比,验证了所建立的模型的合理性。研究表明,在考虑吸力对非饱和土力学性质的影响时,应该区分吸力的不同作用。     

Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay–sand soils

Soils containing expansive clays undergo swelling that can be both detrimental and beneficial in various applications. In the Arabian Gulf coastal region, natural heterogeneous soils containing clay and sand (tills, shales, and clayey sands) support most of the civil infrastructure systems. Likewise, mixes of clay and sand are used for local earthwork construction such as roads and landfills. A clear understanding of the swelling behaviour of such soils is pivotal at the outset of all construction projects. The main objective of this paper was to understand the evolution of swelling with increasing clay content in local soils. A theoretical framework for clay–sand soils was developed using phase relationships. Laboratory investigations comprised of mineralogical composition and geotechnical index properties of the clay and sand and consistency limits, swelling potential, and morphology of clay–sand mixes. Results indicated that soil consistency of mixes of a local expansive clay and an engineered sand depends on the weighted average of the constituents. Mixes with 10% clay through 40% clay capture the transition from a sand-like behaviour to a clay-like behaviour. Influenced by the initial conditions and soil matrix, the swelling potential of the investigated mixes correlated well with soil plasticity (SP(%) = 0.16 (I _p)^1.188). The parameters sand void ratio and clay–water ratio were found to better explain the behaviour of blended clay–sand soils.     

Shear strength of a compacted scaly clay in variable saturation conditions

Scaly clays are stiff and highly fissured clays often used as construction materials. This paper presents the results of triaxial compression tests carried out on saturated and unsaturated samples of a compacted scaly clay. Complementary investigation on the microstructural features and their evolution with the amount of water stored into the material are also presented in order to shed light on the evolution of the micro- and macroporosity with suction. The water retention behaviour of the compacted scaly clay is also addressed. The results from the controlled suction triaxial tests are used to discuss the applicability of a single-shear strength criterion to compacted double-structured clays when the effective stress concept for unsaturated soils is used. The choice of the degree of saturation to be included in the effective stress definition for obtaining a satisfactory representation of the shear strength is addressed. It is shown that the best results are obtained when the macropore degree of saturation is considered along with its evolution during the applied stress path.     

有荷干湿循环条件下不同膨胀土抗剪强度基本特性

针对膨胀土分布区公路边坡常浅层坍滑现状,选取南、北方3种典型膨胀土样,模拟干湿循环并计及边坡破坏时滑面的上覆压力,改变常规试样吸湿及施剪条件开展试验研究,以获得较符合实际的膨胀土抗剪强度及其衰减规律。结果表明：不同上覆压力对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响为荷载越大其强度绝对衰减率越小;用双直线能较好表征其抗剪强度线特征,强度指标c、? 宜按高、低应力段分别获取;随干湿循环次数增加,c值呈指数函数衰减,是造成边坡浅层坍滑的主要原因;? 值随作用次数增加虽有减小趋势,但降幅不大;通过控制基本相同的试验条件,实测得3种膨胀土的最终抗剪强度均降至某一幅值范围。研究结论为解读膨胀土坡为何多浅层坍滑提供了有价值的信息。     

扰动后黏土强度指标与细观参数相关性初探

受扰动后土体抗剪强度常发生衰减,从细观尺度探讨了黏土细观参数与动后强度指标的关系。发现扭剪和单剪对土体静强度影响显著,稳定后强度折减范围在20%～50%,但仍然高于重塑土静强度。随着扰动次数增加,黏聚力与内摩擦角均表现出前期迅速衰减,之后放缓并稳定的趋势。选取了5种典型细观参数进行分析,发现扭剪作用下,土体纵断面与横断面孔隙数增长率相近;单剪作用下,由于径向平面内不存在切应变,横断面的孔隙增长率将小于纵断面。随着细观土颗粒数的增加,黏聚力首先线性下降,之后稳定在较低水平;而内摩擦角未呈现收敛趋势。     

冻结砂土力学性质的离散元模拟

基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用接触黏结模型中来考虑冻土中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结砂土的颗粒流模型。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的参数,模拟了在不同冻结温度以及不同围压下冻结砂土的宏观力学性质,并与冻结砂土的室内试验结果进行了比较,结果表明：颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟冻结砂土的应力-应变关系以及剪切带的发展变化过程,颗粒流细观参数对温度具有显著的依赖性。研究结果对离散单元法在特殊土中的应用具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

Shear strength of soils containing amorphous clay-size materials in a slow-moving landslide

The shear behavior of soils rich in amorphous clay-size materials was not well reported in the literature. This study analyzed the direct shear and ring shear test data of soil samples containing 55–74% amorphous materials in the clay fraction from a slow-moving landslide in eastern Honolulu, HI. The direct shear test results showed that the undisturbed soil samples when not sheared internally had peak cohesion (c) of about 50 kPa and internal friction angle (Ø) of about 10°. This implies that the amorphous clay-size materials provided strong interparticle bonds for the soils. Breaking of the bonds during the softening process and redistribution of the amorphous clay-size materials were primarily responsible for the drop from the peak strength to the residual strength (c=0, Ø=10° from back calculation with SLOPE/W and c=0, Ø=5–7° from the ring shear test). The drained residual failure envelope is stress dependent due to the interaction of the gel-like amorphous clay-size materials with crystalline silt- and sand-sized particles. The amorphous clay-size materials act as the contact between crystalline particles. The contact increases with increasing consolidation stress, resulting in a decrease in the shear strength and the residual friction angle.     

基于贝叶斯理论的抗剪强度参数最优Copula函数识别

提出基于贝叶斯理论的抗剪强度参数最优Copula函数识别方法,首先简要介绍了基于Copula函数的岩土体抗剪强度参数相关结构表征方法,给出常用的识别最优Copula函数的最小平方欧氏距离法和AIC(akaike information criterion)准则。其次,采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法验证了贝叶斯理论识别最优Copula函数的有效性,比较了3种方法的最优Copula函数识别能力,并分析了影响贝叶斯理论识别精度的主要因素。最后,收集了实际工程共23组抗剪强度参数试验数据,研究了贝叶斯理论在抗剪强度参数最优Copula函数识别中的应用。结果表明,贝叶斯理论能够有效地识别表征抗剪强度参数间相关结构的最优Copula函数,且能有效考虑先验信息对识别结果的影响;与传统的最小平方欧氏距离法和AIC准则相比,贝叶斯理论的识别能力和识别精度都更高;抗剪强度参数的样本数目、相关性大小、真实Copula函数类型以及先验信息都对贝叶斯理论的识别精度具有重要的影响。此外,常用的Gaussian Copula函数并不总是表征抗剪强度参数间相关结构的最优Copula函数。     

A one-dimensional viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive approach to modeling the delayed behavior of clay and organic soils

Accurate modeling of the time-dependent behavior of geomaterials is of great importance in a number of engineering structures interacting with soft, highly compressible clay layers or with organic clays and peats. In this work, a uniaxial constitutive model, based on Perzyna’s overstress theory and directly extendible to multiaxial stress conditions, is formulated and validated. The proposed constitutive approach essentially has three innovative aspects. The first concerns the implementation of two viscoplastic mechanisms within Perzyna’s theory in order to distinguish between short-term (quasi-instantaneous) and long-term plastic responses. Similarly, elastic response is simulated by combining an instantaneous and a long-term viscous deformation mechanism. The second innovative aspect concerns the use of a bespoke logarithmic law for viscous effects, which has never been used before to simulate delayed soil behavior (as far as the authors are aware). The third concerns the model’s extensive validation by simulating a number of different laboratory test results, including conventional and unconventional oedometer tests with small and large load increments/decrements and wide and narrow loading/unloading cycles, constant rates of stress and strain tests, and oedometer tests performed in a Rowe consolidation cell with measurement of pore pressure dissipation.     

Characterization of volume change and strength behavior of micro-silica and lime-stabilized Cyprus clay

Acta Geotechnica - This study aims to assess the suitability of micro-silica (MS) as an industrial waste to modify the hydro-mechanical behavior of expansive soil in comparison with the use of lime...     

高吸力下黏性土的抗剪强度和体变特性

非饱和土中土-水之间的相互作用可区分为毛细作用和吸附作用,已有的非饱和土力学特性的研究大都局限于较低吸力、毛细作用占优范围。实践中由于环境的变化,地表土体常经历干湿循环及处在低含水率、高吸力状态,此时吸附作用占优。针对高岭土-河砂配制的非膨胀性黏性土,采用饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法,从脱湿和吸湿两种吸力路径下对土体施加高吸力。测试了高吸力下土体的强度和变形特性,试验中选用了0（接近无侧限）、25、50、100 kPa共4组小围压。试验结果表明,高吸力下土体表现为应变软化型破坏和剪胀性。随着围压的施加,土体从沿纵向开裂的张裂破坏过渡为剪切破坏。验证了修正后的Bishop非饱和土强度公式不适用于描述高吸力时峰值抗剪强度的变化,得到了高吸力下峰值抗剪强度可用相对于净应力的临界状态强度和剪胀作用来表示。分析发现,高吸力时土体的抗剪强度和比表面积直接相关,吸力对土体抗剪强度的作用取决于土体集聚体组构的形成和发展程度及其导致的剪胀作用。     

红石包滑坡滑带土强度参数的神经网络预测

在分析影响滑带土强度因素的基础上,建立了滑带土强度参数的BP神经网络模型,预测滑带土在不同含水率下c,φ值的变化规律,尤其足当红石包滑坡前缘、后缘地质条件差异较大时,找出可能的工况匹配,可以为滑坡稳定性评价提供可靠依据,克服了c,φ值按峰值折减的主观性.应用表明:该模型精度很高,有应用前景.     

Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils

Clay soil can be stabilized by the addition of small percentages, by weight, of lime, thereby enhancing many of the engineering properties of the soil and producing an improved construction material. In order to illustrate such improvements, three of the most frequently occurring minerals in clay deposits, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz were subjected to a series of tests. As lime stabilization is most often used in relation to road construction, the tests were chosen with this in mind. Till and laminated clay were treated in similar fashion. With the addition of lime, the plasticity of montmorillonite was reduced whilst that of kaolinite and quartz was increased somewhat. However, the addition of lime to the till had little influence on its plasticity but a significant reduction occurred in that of the laminated clay. All materials experienced an increase in their optimum moisture content and a decrease in their maximum dry density, as well as enhanced California bearing ratio, on addition of lime. Some notable increases in strength and Young's Modulus occurred in these materials when they were treated with lime. Length of time curing and temperature at which curing took place had an important influence on the amount of strength developed.     

循环荷载下人工结构性土变形与强度特性试验研究

针对长期动载作用下天然沉积结构性黏土地基强度和刚度循环软化问题,分别以水泥和食糖为模拟粒间胶结和大孔隙的材料,制备了不同胶结强度和初始孔隙比的人工结构性土,开展了人工结构性土与相应重塑土的动三轴试验,分析了土体胶结强度、初始孔隙比、围压和动应力幅值对累积变形和动强度的影响规律。试验结果表明：累积应变-振动次数曲线以临界循环应力为界分为：塑性安定型、临界型和破坏型;临界循环应力随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;土体胶结强度越高,脆性破坏越明显,累积应变曲线转折点对应的应变越小。动强度的应变破坏标准采用转折点应变值更符合土性变化规律;动强度随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;动黏聚力cd随破坏振次增大而降低,而动内摩擦角?d基本不变。试验结果可为软弱土地基动力灾变控制提供有益参考。     

干湿循环作用下岸坡消落带土体抗剪强度劣化规律及其对岸坡稳定性影响研究

三峡水库蓄水运行之后,库水位每年都在145 m的防洪水位和175 m的蓄水发电水位之间或缓慢或快速地升降变化,岸坡消落带区域岩土体长期处于干湿循环状态,其力学参数的劣化规律将直接影响岸坡的变形稳定。基于此,设计并进行了典型岸坡消落带土体的干湿循环作用试验。结果表明:(1)在干湿循环作用过程中,土体抗剪强度参数劣化幅度非常明显,其中,前4次干湿循环作用导致的抗剪强度参数劣化幅度占总劣化度的75%左右,4次干湿循环作用之后,劣化趋势逐渐趋于平缓;(2)在干湿循环作用下,土样内部的微观裂纹、裂隙反复张开闭合,逐渐发育、汇集,土样由密实状态逐渐变为内部裂纹发育的松散状态,土样内部的损伤是导致其抗剪强度参数逐渐劣化的根本原因;(3)考虑干湿循环作用下消落带土体参数劣化时,岸坡消落带区域局部安全系数劣化趋势明显,总体趋势与消落带土体抗剪强度参数劣化规律一致,而且岸坡消落带区域附近的局部滑动迹象明显,这与现场踏勘所见到的该区域明显发育的裂缝、下挫现象是一致的。研究成果对库水作用下岸坡的长期变形稳定评价具有较大的参考意义,相关分析方法也可以为类似试验提供参考。