不同固结状态下黏土抗剪强度与剪切速率的关系

利用直剪仪针对不同固结状态下的饱和黏性土,在不同剪切速率条件下进行了系统的试验研究,探讨了剪切速率与剪应力-剪切位移曲线变化规律,分析了剪切速率对强度参数的影响及原因。试验结果表明:对于正常固结土,剪切速率越大,峰值剪应力越小,内摩擦角越小。不同的固结状态下,剪切速率对抗剪强度参数影响不同。超固结比为2时,内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大而减小,黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大而增大;超固结比为3时,内摩擦角随剪切速率的影响较小,黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大而增大。另外,从黏聚力和内摩擦力的角度,分析了不同剪切速率条件下土体抗剪强度变化的主要控制因素。最后,从孔隙水压力的角度分析了不同剪切速率对抗剪强度的影响。在相同的法向应力下,对于正常固结土,不同剪切速率引起的剪切带周围孔隙水压力变化量与破坏剪应力变化量成正比关系;对于超固结土,黏聚力变化量减去破坏剪应力变化量的差值与孔隙水压力的增量成正比。     

采用环剪仪对超固结黏土抗剪强度特性的研究

利用大型高速环剪仪,对不同超固结比、法向应力和剪切速率下的超固结饱和黏土的峰值强度和残余强度特性进行了研究,并对循环荷载作用前后残余强度的变化进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,（1）超固结比对超固结黏土的峰值强度和残余强度有着明显的影响;（2）在剪切速率相同的条件下,土体达到残余强度时的位移取决于现存的应力状态,而与应力历史无关;（3）剪切速率越大,峰值强度随之增大,达到稳定残余强度时的剪切位移也随之增加,但剪切速率的变化对残余强度值几乎没有影响;（4）在循环荷载作用下残余强度不同程度的降低,最大降低幅度达12.2 %;当土体剪切面为不规则剪切带时,施加循环荷载后出现残余强度上升的现象。     

Shear strength and shear bands of anisotropic sand

Acta Geotechnica - Due to sedimentation, irregular particles of sand arrange anisotropically in nature. Anisotropy diversifies the internal friction angles between relative research planes at...     

滑带土强度特性研究现状

滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性研究和滑坡防治工程设计具有重要意义。通过回顾国内外一些代表性工作,总结了其主要研究内容、研究方法和成果。研究内容包括5种特征强度：峰值抗剪强度、残余抗剪强度、完全软化强度、滑坡启动强度、长期抗剪强度以及相应的微观结构特征;研究方法以现场与室内试验为主,理论分析和反演分析为辅;研究成果主要反映在各种特征强度及其相互关系、剪切引起的微观结构变化特征方面。重点介绍了残余强度研究成果,包括其影响因素和数值估算。最后指出了研究工作中应该加强的几个方面,如特殊滑带土的研究（如砾质滑带土）、新的测试技术和研究方法的发展以及反分析法的正确运用等。     

砂与粘土接触界面的力学特性试验

利用DSJ-2型电动四联等应变直剪仪分别进行了不同粒径砂和粘土(方案1)、不同含水量砂和粘土(方案2)的直剪试验,揭示了其接触面的力学特性。试验结果表明:法向应力(σ_n)、砂粒径大小、砂含水量对接触面的力学特性有着重要的影响。方案1和方案2接触面的抗剪强度和达到剪切应力峰值时的剪切位移随着法向应力的增大而增大,当σ_n为100 kPa时,粘土和不同粒径砂的接触面剪切应力和水平剪切位移(τ-δ)关系曲线呈现应变软化现象;方案1接触面抗剪强度随砂粒径的减小而降低,方案2在σ_n为100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加而降低,σ_n>100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加先降低后变大;方案2在低法向应力下,接触面抗剪强度对应的含水量敏感区间为[10%,15%],且较明显。     

区分毛细和吸附作用的非饱和土抗剪强度模型

基于对非饱和土中孔隙水毛细和吸附作用的区分,得到了一种机制明确的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。首先,假定两种非饱和土的特殊状态,即只存在毛细作用的理想毛细状态和只存在吸附作用的理想吸附状态。分别给出了这两种理想状态的抗剪强度模型,其中毛细作用的影响可表示为考虑气化过程的有效饱和度和吸力的乘积,吸附作用的影响可初步简化表示为表观黏聚力的最大值。其次,利用二元介质模型,认为非饱和土中土-水作用是由这两种理想状态的不同权重组合而成。通过气化概率分布函数,表示了实际非饱和土中两种理想状态的参与比重,建立了适用于较广吸力变化范围的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。最后,通过与试验结果及当前流行的模型拟合结果的对比,验证了所建立的模型的合理性。研究表明,在考虑吸力对非饱和土力学性质的影响时,应该区分吸力的不同作用。     

Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay–sand soils

Soils containing expansive clays undergo swelling that can be both detrimental and beneficial in various applications. In the Arabian Gulf coastal region, natural heterogeneous soils containing clay and sand (tills, shales, and clayey sands) support most of the civil infrastructure systems. Likewise, mixes of clay and sand are used for local earthwork construction such as roads and landfills. A clear understanding of the swelling behaviour of such soils is pivotal at the outset of all construction projects. The main objective of this paper was to understand the evolution of swelling with increasing clay content in local soils. A theoretical framework for clay–sand soils was developed using phase relationships. Laboratory investigations comprised of mineralogical composition and geotechnical index properties of the clay and sand and consistency limits, swelling potential, and morphology of clay–sand mixes. Results indicated that soil consistency of mixes of a local expansive clay and an engineered sand depends on the weighted average of the constituents. Mixes with 10% clay through 40% clay capture the transition from a sand-like behaviour to a clay-like behaviour. Influenced by the initial conditions and soil matrix, the swelling potential of the investigated mixes correlated well with soil plasticity (SP(%) = 0.16 (I _p)^1.188). The parameters sand void ratio and clay–water ratio were found to better explain the behaviour of blended clay–sand soils.     

Shear strength behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced cohesive soils

Soil reinforcement through the inclusion of oriented or randomly distributed discrete elements such as fibres has recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of certain parameters (the strength properties of the fibre, the relative size of the fibres and grains, and the rate of shear) on the shear strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced cohesive soils. A series of consolidated drained or undrained direct shear tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced sandy silt and silty clay specimens. Two types of polypropylene fibres with different mechanical indices were used. The fibre content was varied between 0.3% and 1.1% by weight of dry soil. The test results revealed that the inclusion of fibres in soil significantly increases the shear strength. The attainment of the high shear strength is attributed to the micromechanisms involved in the fibre/soil interactions as studied through scanning electron micrographs. The results also showed that the reinforcement effect was more pronounced under undrained shearing conditions. An important outcome from the current work is that, from the data obtained, the strength of the reinforced soil composites is not practically affected by the fibre mechanical indices.     

Shear strength of a compacted scaly clay in variable saturation conditions

Scaly clays are stiff and highly fissured clays often used as construction materials. This paper presents the results of triaxial compression tests carried out on saturated and unsaturated samples of a compacted scaly clay. Complementary investigation on the microstructural features and their evolution with the amount of water stored into the material are also presented in order to shed light on the evolution of the micro- and macroporosity with suction. The water retention behaviour of the compacted scaly clay is also addressed. The results from the controlled suction triaxial tests are used to discuss the applicability of a single-shear strength criterion to compacted double-structured clays when the effective stress concept for unsaturated soils is used. The choice of the degree of saturation to be included in the effective stress definition for obtaining a satisfactory representation of the shear strength is addressed. It is shown that the best results are obtained when the macropore degree of saturation is considered along with its evolution during the applied stress path.     

一种测试土体颗粒强度的试验装置

研制了一种能测试粗粒土颗粒强度的试验装置,运用此装置对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的不同粒径的钙质砂颗粒进行了强度测试,初步试验结果表明,用该装置所测试的结果是可信的,能够达到预期的试验精度,可在研究其他易碎材料的过程中推广应用。     

有荷干湿循环条件下不同膨胀土抗剪强度基本特性

针对膨胀土分布区公路边坡常浅层坍滑现状,选取南、北方3种典型膨胀土样,模拟干湿循环并计及边坡破坏时滑面的上覆压力,改变常规试样吸湿及施剪条件开展试验研究,以获得较符合实际的膨胀土抗剪强度及其衰减规律。结果表明：不同上覆压力对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响为荷载越大其强度绝对衰减率越小;用双直线能较好表征其抗剪强度线特征,强度指标c、? 宜按高、低应力段分别获取;随干湿循环次数增加,c值呈指数函数衰减,是造成边坡浅层坍滑的主要原因;? 值随作用次数增加虽有减小趋势,但降幅不大;通过控制基本相同的试验条件,实测得3种膨胀土的最终抗剪强度均降至某一幅值范围。研究结论为解读膨胀土坡为何多浅层坍滑提供了有价值的信息。     

非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究

红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。     

扰动后黏土强度指标与细观参数相关性初探

受扰动后土体抗剪强度常发生衰减,从细观尺度探讨了黏土细观参数与动后强度指标的关系。发现扭剪和单剪对土体静强度影响显著,稳定后强度折减范围在20%～50%,但仍然高于重塑土静强度。随着扰动次数增加,黏聚力与内摩擦角均表现出前期迅速衰减,之后放缓并稳定的趋势。选取了5种典型细观参数进行分析,发现扭剪作用下,土体纵断面与横断面孔隙数增长率相近;单剪作用下,由于径向平面内不存在切应变,横断面的孔隙增长率将小于纵断面。随着细观土颗粒数的增加,黏聚力首先线性下降,之后稳定在较低水平;而内摩擦角未呈现收敛趋势。     

含盐冻结粉质砂土的强度参数和强度准则试验研究

对含盐冻结粉质砂土进行温度-2 ℃、-4 ℃、-6 ℃和围压0.3~16 MPa的三轴强度试验. 结果表明: 含盐冻结粉质砂土应力-应变曲线在低围压和高围压表现为应变软化特征, 中围压为理想塑性变形特性; 随着围压的增大, 强度先增加后减小. 在围压小范围内得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角, 并得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角随围压和温度的变化规律; 同时, 针对强度随围压的变化, 提出非线性强度准则.     

容县压实花岗岩残积土的力学性质与微结构特性研究

选取广西容县花岗岩残积土为研究对象,取击实曲线上3个不同含水率对应的压实样（最佳含水率及干侧、湿侧,后两者对应的干密度相同）分别进行了直剪试验、扫描电镜观测（SEM）和压汞试验（MIP）,并从微观特征解释其力学性能的差异。结果表明:（1）花岗岩残积土在3种压实状态下具有相同应力-应变曲线形状,无明显峰值,抗剪强度在最佳状态时的最高,湿侧状态抗剪强度与干侧状态相近,3种状态下内摩擦角值差别较小,但黏聚力在最佳状态时最大,干侧和湿侧状态较最佳状态分别下降66.4%和43.1%;（2）花岗岩残积土在湿侧状态下普遍形成团聚体,团聚体之间呈架空结构,累积孔隙体积最大,为明显的双峰分布孔隙特征;在最佳状态下组构最密,高岭石片定向性排列;在干侧状态下高岭石片呈片架结构,累积孔隙体积最小;随着含水率的降低,土样双峰孔隙特征逐渐变得不明显;（3）花岗岩残积土在不同状态时的微观特性较好地解释其力学性质的差异。     

纳米硅对冻结黏性砂土强度影响试验研究

对加入1%纳米硅的黏性砂土进行温度-2℃、围压0.3~18 MPa的常规三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：掺入纳米硅的冻结黏性砂土强度明显提高,在σ₃=3 MPa时强度提高甚至达到130%。将强度随围压的变化分成三个阶段：强化阶段,压融阶段,残余阶段。试验应力-应变曲线具有应变软化特性,修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型与其吻合良好。通过对修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型进行微分,分析得到初始切线模量随围压的变化可分成强化、压融和残余三个阶段。     

冻结砂土力学性质的离散元模拟

基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用接触黏结模型中来考虑冻土中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结砂土的颗粒流模型。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的参数,模拟了在不同冻结温度以及不同围压下冻结砂土的宏观力学性质,并与冻结砂土的室内试验结果进行了比较,结果表明：颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟冻结砂土的应力-应变关系以及剪切带的发展变化过程,颗粒流细观参数对温度具有显著的依赖性。研究结果对离散单元法在特殊土中的应用具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

Shear strength behaviour of compacted clayey soils percolated with an alkaline solution

In the French model of deep nuclear wastes repositories, the galleries should be backfilled with excavated argillite after the site has been filled. After thousands of years, the degradation of the concrete lining of the galleries will generate an alkaline solute (pH > 12) that would circulate through the backfill. The goal of this paper is to describe the impact of such solute circulation on the properties of compacted argillite. Since additives (bentonite, sand or lime) are often introduced in the remoulded argillite for the backfill, such mixtures were also studied. Saturated-portlandite water was circulated through compacted samples for 3, 6 and 12 months at 60 °C. The shear strength behaviour of the samples was determined with triaxial tests. The microstructure of the samples was analysed via mercury intrusion porosimetry tests and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the influence of the alkaline fluid on the properties of the argillite is a function of the nature of the additive. In the case of the calcareous sand, no major changes were observed. The pure argillite underwent a slight decrease in its cohesion due to limited dissolution of its clayey particles. Conversely, intense alteration of the bentonite–argillite mixture was observed, and the shear strength behaviour was modified. Lime addition improved the mechanical characteristics of the argillite.     

Shear strength of soils containing amorphous clay-size materials in a slow-moving landslide

The shear behavior of soils rich in amorphous clay-size materials was not well reported in the literature. This study analyzed the direct shear and ring shear test data of soil samples containing 55–74% amorphous materials in the clay fraction from a slow-moving landslide in eastern Honolulu, HI. The direct shear test results showed that the undisturbed soil samples when not sheared internally had peak cohesion (c) of about 50 kPa and internal friction angle (Ø) of about 10°. This implies that the amorphous clay-size materials provided strong interparticle bonds for the soils. Breaking of the bonds during the softening process and redistribution of the amorphous clay-size materials were primarily responsible for the drop from the peak strength to the residual strength (c=0, Ø=10° from back calculation with SLOPE/W and c=0, Ø=5–7° from the ring shear test). The drained residual failure envelope is stress dependent due to the interaction of the gel-like amorphous clay-size materials with crystalline silt- and sand-sized particles. The amorphous clay-size materials act as the contact between crystalline particles. The contact increases with increasing consolidation stress, resulting in a decrease in the shear strength and the residual friction angle.