标准砂小应变特性的应力路径三轴试验研究

通过应力路径三轴试验,将标准砂样分别K0固结和等向固结到平均球应力150 kPa,在p-q平面内沿0o,45o,90o,135o,180o,225o,270o,315o应力路径方向进行16组试样的应力应变关系试验研究,对当前应力路径、前期应力路径、应力路径旋转条件下1 %范围内剪应变和体积应变规律进行了对比分析。由试验曲线整理得到的剪切模量和体积模量随应力路径变化规律与已有的Bothkennar黏土试验结果类似。     

加筋土动弹性模量的动三轴试验研究

用DDS-70动三轴仪研究了加筋土的动弹性模量,着重研究了动弹性模量随围压、密实度和加筋层数的影响。研究表明：加筋土试样动应力-应变关系曲线符合双曲线模型;加筋土动弹性模量和应变相关曲线与纯粉土的有关曲线相似;加筋土试样的动弹性模量随应力水平的增长而降低;在相同的动应力水平下,随围压、初始干密度的增大而增大。动弹性模量随动应变的增加而减小,其变化呈指数衰减。加筋土的最大动弹性模量与筋体自身性质、围压和土体的密实程度有关。     

Determination of soil properties for plane strain condition from the triaxial tests results

Significant difference in stress–strain behavior of dense cohesionless soil has been observed between plane strain and triaxial test conditions. At present, majority of geotechnical laboratories have no plane strain testing facility. Therefore, geotechnical professionals are more dependent on the conventional triaxial test for soil properties, whereas many geotechnical structures prevail close to plane strain condition. A method has been proposed to determine soil properties for plane strain condition from the conventional triaxial tests. This method can especially be used to determine the internal friction angle and stress–strain relationship for plane strain condition from triaxial tests results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resilient and permanent deformation of unsaturated unbound granular materials under cyclic loading by the large-scale triaxial tests

Acta Geotechnica - The road base and subbase are normally situated above the underground water table and thus in the unsaturated state. To study the cyclic behavior of unbound granular materials...     

Mechanical properties of cementitious sand and sand with small cyclic shear strain to assess aging effects on liquefaction

Liquefaction damage from earthquakes frequently indicates effects of sand aging on liquefaction resistance: Liquefaction damage in natural or aged reclaimed ground has been much less than that in young reclaimed ground. However, the mechanisms underlying aging effects remain unclear. Cementation and stress history of sand strongly influence aging effects: Cementation raises liquefaction resistance, whereas liquefaction history sometimes reduces liquefaction resistance. Small cyclic shear strain, from which the induced density change is almost negligible, was adopted as representing the stress history. To evaluate liquefaction resistance, initial shear modulus, and deformation characteristics of sand, we prepared specimens by adding cement and by applying a small cyclic shear strain. In cementitious sand, liquefaction resistance increased when cement contents exceeded 0.3% by mass. The initial shear modulus apparently increased at the same degree of cement addition as that which increased the liquefaction resistance. For sand with a small cyclic shear strain, the liquefaction resistance increased when the applied cyclic axial strain exceeded 0.01%. Application of small cyclic shear strain only slightly increased the initial shear modulus, but the linear elastic region tended to expand to greater shear strain. Shear properties of sand with small cyclic shear strain resembled those found for sand that had been consolidated for a long time.

     

基于南水模型的钙质砂应力−应变关系模拟

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因的特殊岩土材料,具有颗粒性状不规则、易破碎的特点,表现出与石英砂不同的力学性质。为模拟钙质砂在不同应力水平下的应力?应变关系,首先分析南水模型的不足：即无法描述应力不变情况下应变无限增长的特点和不能描述钙质砂的剪胀性;然后通过在切线模量中引入应力比与峰值应力比的比值,合理考虑了颗粒破碎的影响;提出了切线模量和切线体积比与应力比间的函数关系式,使得改进后的模型能较好地描述应变?体变关系。同时,将孔隙压力系数引入到孔隙压力表达式中,较好地模拟了三轴不排水剪切试验结果。与现有的模型相比,改进后的模型表达式简单易懂,参数获取更为方便。     

循环动荷载下下伏空洞路面塌陷的模型试验研究

在循环动荷载作用下,地下空洞会逐步发展成为路面塌陷。针对此问题,本文建立了模拟路面塌陷发生发展全过程的模型试验。试验结果表明,随着动荷载值的减小,土体所能承受的极限振动循环次数呈指数型增加。而当地下存在一定尺寸的地下空洞时,即使动荷载值较小,在足够多次数的振动循环作用后,也有可能引发路面塌陷。最大粒径较大、不均匀系数较高土体的静力稳定性较强,体现在其能承受的极限静荷载较大;但其动力稳定性较弱,体现在其能承受的极限振动循环次数较少。反之,最大粒径较小、不均匀系数较小土体的静力稳定性较弱,而动力稳定性较强。地下空洞上覆土层厚度越大,则其静力、动力稳定性均较强。同时,循环动荷载作用下地表沉降与土体裂缝的发展呈现出三阶段规律。阶段1为初始固结沉降阶段,持续时间较短,土体受到振动压密作用,地表发生整体沉降,土体裂缝未见明显发展;阶段2为等速沉降阶段,持续时间较长,中心土体受到振动剪切作用,地表中心沉降与土体裂缝随时间呈等速发展;阶段3为加速沉降阶段,持续时间最短,中心土体受到振动破坏作用,地表中心沉降与土体裂缝快速发展直至发生塌陷。     

Dynamic response of a dip slope with multi-slip planes revealed by shaking table tests

This study investigated the effect of internal discontinuity on the dynamic response of a dip slope and evaluated the performance of Newmark’s theory on the sliding of a dip slope with multi-slip planes. A series of shaking table tests were performed under various geometric conditions to explore the dynamic behavior of a dip slope under different external excitations. The test results, including for deformation processes and critical accelerations, under various slope angles, slope sizes, and seismic intensities were examined and further compared with Newmark’s theory. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) two types of slope sliding (differential and complete) were determined. (2) Increasing the slope angle and the height of sliding mass tended to shorten the duration of slope deformation. (3) Critical acceleration of the slope increased gradually with increasing peak ground accelerations of input excitations; when the slope height and dip angle increased, the critical acceleration decreased. (4) The triggering time became earlier as the frequency of input excitation increased; the magnitude of sliding mass greatly depended on the amplitude of the input excitation. (5) By comparing critical acceleration between the experimental and theoretical results, Newmark’s theory was determined to overestimate critical acceleration during seismic-induced dip slope failure. This may cause unsafe evaluations, and sliding along existing discontinuities develops more easily in reality.     

Fine structure beneath the Tohoku district, northeastern Japan arc, as derived by an inversion of P-wave arrival times from local earthquakes

Three dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the Tohoku district, northeastern Japan arc, is investigated by an inversion of arrival times from local earthquakes using the method originally due to Aki and Lee (1976).In the crust (0–32 km depth) a low-velocity region is found along the volcanic front and its vicinity. Velocities at depths of 32–65 km are low beneath the regions where many Quaternary volcanoes and geothermal areas are distributed. In the region deeper than 65 km, the subduction of the Pacific plate is clearly revealed, and the mantle structure above the descending plate is rather uniform. These features suggest that volcanic activities have relation to the upper mantle structure. The results obtained in this study will be helpful in investigating the mechanism of magma generation in a subduction zone.     

Removal of phosphates from aqueous solution by sepiolite-nano zero valent iron composite optimization with response surface methodology

In this study, sepiolite-nano zero valent iron composite was synthesized and applied for its potential adsorption to remove phosphates from aqueous solution. This composite was characterized by different techniques. For optimization of independent parameters (pH = 3–9; initial phosphate concentration = 5–100 mg/L; adsorbent dosage = 0.2–1 g/L; and contact time = 5–100 min), response surface methodology based on central composite design was used. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were done under optimum conditions. The results indicated that maximum adsorption efficiency of 99.43 and 92% for synthetic solution and real surface water sample, respectively, were achieved at optimum conditions of pH 4.5, initial phosphate concentration of 25 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.8 g/L, and 46.26 min contact time. The interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate is better described with the Freundlich isotherm (R ² = 0.9537), and the kinetic of adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model. Electrostatic interaction was the major mechanisms of the removal of phosphates from aqueous solution. The findings of this study showed that there is an effective adsorbent for removal of phosphates from aqueous solutions.