考虑峰后力学特性的岩石节理渗流广义立方定理

通过建立考虑峰后剪胀及剪切软化效应的岩石节理法向变形模型,基于渗流扩散能等效原理,提出了一个岩石节理渗流广义立方定理,较为合理地描述了节理在较大法向闭合变形条件下的渐进渗流特性以及节理出现剪胀及剪切软化条件下的峰后渗流特性。采用已有压剪渗流耦合试验对广义立方定理进行了验证,表明采用常系数修正的立方定理能较好表征节理的峰后渗透特性。     

The weathering of norite at Black Hill,South Australia

Black Hill is a boulder‐strewn residual of norite standing 45 m above the Murray Plains about 80 km northeast of Adelaide. Between the boulders, the crystalline rock has weathered to a dark‐brown terra rossa‐rendzina soil with calcite, illite, kaolin, and hematite as the principal secondary minerals. At one site on the smooth lower slopes of the outcrop, the material above the norite consists of partially weathered granular fragments with considerable dolomite and some calcite in nodular form. Below the surface, the rock has been weathered along joints to produce the clay mineral nontronite, and between each corestone and this plastic clay there is a zone of laminated but essentially unaltered rock 10–25 cm thick. Pieces of amorphous silica occur sporadically in some joints and on the surface.

The dark‐brown soil appears to be related to the present environment but the nontronite in the joint weathering, the dolomite, and the amorphous silica are all consistent with the norite having been inundated, possibly during the Miocene marine transgression.

Calculations based on the retention of elements such as aluminium, potassium, titanium, and iron have been used to predict quantitatively the amount of certain minerals such as quartz, calcite, and dolomite introduced to the weathering profiles.     

构造应力对裂缝形成与流体流动的影响

裂缝是低渗透储层流体流动的主要通道,控制了低渗透油气藏的渗流系统。低渗透储层裂缝的形成与流体密切相关,高流体压力引起岩石内部的有效正应力下降,导致岩石剪切破裂强度下降,使岩石容易产生裂缝。高孔隙流体压力还造成某一点的应力摩尔圆向左移动,可以使其最小主应力(σ3)由压应力状态变成拉张应力状态,从而在岩石中形成拉张裂缝。裂缝的渗透性受现今应力场的影响,通常与现今应力场最大主压应力近平行分布的裂缝呈拉张状态,连通性好,开度大,渗透率高,是主渗透裂缝方向。构造应力对沉积盆地流体流动的影响主要表现在三个方面:(1)构造应力导致的岩石变形,不仅提供了流体流动的通道,而且还改变了岩石的渗透性能;(2)在构造强烈活动时期,构造应力的快速变化是流体流动的重要驱动力;(3)岩石中应力状态影响多孔介质的有效应力,从而影响介质中的渗流场。当作用在含流体介质上的构造应力发生改变时,岩石孔隙体积变小,构造应力首先由岩石的骨架来承担;当岩石孔隙体积减小到一定程度时,构造应力由孔隙流体来承担,从而影响岩层渗流场的变化。     

半无限含水层中带衬砌隧洞渗流解析研究

现有关于半无限含水层中隧洞渗流的解析解不能考虑衬砌部分排水的特性。假定土体和衬砌均为饱和均匀连续介质,采用土体与衬砌分算;利用复变函数解决孔口问题基本方法,对土体采用共形映射坐标变换,将土体中的渗流方程转换为与衬砌部分类似的二维Laplace方程圆环域的Dirichlet问题;通过Fourier解法,根据边界条件并利用流量连续条件,求得半无限空间中带衬砌隧洞渗流量和衬砌周边水头解析解答。分析了径深比、土体与衬砌渗透系数相对值、内壁水压力等因素对渗流量和衬砌周边水头的影响,并与数值算例进行了比较。结果表明,对浅埋隧洞该解析解仍具有较好的精度,是简便、实用的计算方法。     

Environmental setting, (micro)morphologies and stable C–O isotope composition of cold climate carbonate precipitates—a review and evaluation of their potential as paleoclimatic proxies

Given the growing interest in carbonate deposits from polar regions as paleoclimatic proxies, this review paper first provides a classification of the various types of cold-climate carbonate precipitates followed by a summary of the ¹³C and ¹⁸O composition of the carbonate deposits and parent water from which the carbonates precipitated. The cold-climate carbonate precipitates were classified into three broad categories: powders, crusts and speleothem. The carbonate powders include those that precipitated in relation to aufeis aggradation (cryogenic aufeis calcite) and in relation to the growth of various annual/perennial ice formations in freezing caves (cryptocrystalline calcite and calcite pearls). The carbonate crusts can be further subdivided based on their lithic environment; those that precipitated on the upper surface of bedrock/clasts (i.e. subglacially precipitated calcite and evaporative calcite crusts); those that are located on the underside of clasts (i.e. pedogenic carbonates); and those that precipitated in rock outcrop fissures (i.e. endostromatolites). The cold-climate carbonate precipitates have a highly variable isotopic composition with δ¹⁸O values ranging between −6.5‰ and 28‰ VSMOW and δ¹³C values in the −10–20‰ VPDB range. However, each type of carbonate precipitates has a specific δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O range, suggesting that their environmental setting and the mechanism by which they formed controls their ¹³C and ¹⁸O signature. It was found that carbonate deposits that precipitated under equilibrium physico-chemical conditions had a δ¹³C value that is in equilibrium with that of the parent water, while its δ¹⁸O composition was more variable, as it is in part controlled by the temperature of reaction and by the δ¹⁸O and calcite saturation state of the parent water. By contrast, the δ¹⁸O composition of biologically precipitated carbonate deposits (endostromatolites) reflect that of the parent water, while its δ¹³C composition was enriched over that of the parent water due to bacterial methanogenesis. In the case of kinetically precipitated carbonate deposits, the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values are out-of-equilibrium relative to that of the parent water due to the faster rate of reaction.     

Kinetic biomineralization through microfluidic chip tests

A homogeneous microfluidic chip was used to investigate the pore-scale characteristics during the process of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). An image-processing scheme was developed to measure the projecting areas of the precipitated calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate first precipitated on the bacterium side before spreading to the rest of the chip. The distribution of calcium carbonate was more uniform along the length of the microchip than along the width. Raman back-scattering spectroscopy was used to examine the chemical composition of the precipitate, identifying calcite and vaterite as the main mineral phases. Bacterium traces were noted on crystal surfaces in SEM images, suggesting a higher adsorptive capacity for irregular precipitates than well-shaped crystals.

     

山区河流两岸泥石流形成的机理和力学条件

泥石流是山区沟谷的主要地质灾害类型之一,对其开展研究是很有价值的,但目前对其进行的针对性研究很少。本文重点研究山区沟谷泥石流形成的机理和力学条件。根据地形地貌、气候环境条件与土质学原理,研究了山区河流泥石流的形成机理及影响因素。河流两岸山坡岩土结构、人为活动与持续降雨或暴雨是山区河流泥石流形成的主要影响因素,不同土质结构与组成的土层的滑移破坏机理也不相同。山区河流泥石流的物源可概化为粘性土块体与松散砂砾两种典型固相物质。基于剪切破坏理论,建立了粘性土块的失稳滑动平衡条件;基于动量理论与重力分解原理,提出了松散砂砾启动的力学计算公式和失稳条件。     

植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙三维重构模型渗流场的LBM数值模拟

以云南昭通头寨植被发育斜坡土体为研究对象,结合CT扫描试验与数字图像处理技术实现了其三维大孔隙空间结构模型的重构。然后基于格子Boltzmann方法（LBM）的D3Q19模型,将固体土骨架视为渗流场边界,并设置反弹格式的边界条件模拟土骨架与水分间的相互作用,从细观角度研究了水在植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙中的渗流特性。研究结果表明：土体渗流过程中,在大孔隙纵向连通的通道内形成了优先流,且通道中的流速远超其他部位;而在封闭或者连通性差的大孔隙中导水率极小,流速几乎为0。土体中大孔隙通道内的流速由孔壁至通道中心逐渐增大,且流速与至通道中心的距离近似呈二次抛物线的分布特征。沿深度方向土体切片大孔隙率大的截面平均渗流流速Uz也较大,从整体变化趋势来看,截面大孔隙率与平均渗流流速有相似的变化规律,这充分说明植被发育斜坡土体内的大孔隙分布对土壤沿深度方向的渗流特性有重要影响。     

Grain boundaries as microreactors during reactive fluid flow: experimental dolomitization of a calcite marble

Limestone dolomitization is an example of a fluid-induced mineralogical transformation that commonly affects extensive rock volumes. To understand the mechanisms enabling these efficient replacement reactions, we investigated experimentally the dolomitization of a fractured calcite marble under flow-through conditions at mild hydrothermal conditions. Contrary to most earlier studies of coupled dissolution reprecipitation reactions that were conducted using small, individual grains, in this study, the integrity of the rock was preserved, so that the experiment explored the links between flow in a fracture and fluid–rock interaction. In these experiments, grain boundaries acted as microreactors, in which a Mg-poor ‘protodolomite’ formed initially, and then transformed into dolomite. The difficulty in nucleating dolomite played a key role in controlling the evolution of the porosity, by allowing for (1) initial dissolution along grain boundaries, and (2) formation of coarse porosity at the reaction interface. This porosity evolution not only enabled the reaction to progress efficiently, but also controlled the mineralogy of the system, as shown by brucite replacing calcite near the fracture once the fluid along calcite grain boundaries became sufficiently connected to the fluid flowing through the fracture. This study illustrates the role of grain boundaries, porosity evolution and nucleation in controlling reaction progress as well as the nature and textures of the products in pervasive mineralogical transformations.     

基于渗流和管流耦合的管涌数值模拟

堤坝地基的渗透变形过程实际上是“土中水”转变为“水中土”的过程。在渗透变形发生的集中管涌通道区域,采用常规渗流分析理论,单纯增大管涌通道渗透系数的方法是不太合适的。在未发生渗透变形的区域,用常规渗流理论计算;在管涌通道区域,用管流理论,公共边界上两者之间水头相等、流量大小相等且方向相反,能够较好符合渗透变形的发展规律。为了适应计算过程中内部边界条件不断变化的特点,采用无网格法伽辽金法（element free Galerkin method,EFG）对渗流场进行计算。算例计算表明,这种渗流-管流耦合的方法能够模拟管涌通道绕过防渗墙等复杂的发展过程。     

Laboratory and numerical modeling of water balance in a layered sloped soil cover with channel flow pathway over mine waste rock

Macropores developed in barrier layers in soil covers overlying acid-generating waste rock may produce preferential flow through the barrier layers and compromise cover performance. However, little has been published on the effects of preferential flow on water balance in soil covers. In the current study, an inclined, layered soil cover with a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel pathway in a silty clay barrier layer was built over reactive waste rock in the laboratory. The channel or preferential flow pathway represented the aggregate of cracks or fissures that may occur in the barrier during compaction and/or climate-induced deterioration. Precipitation, runoff, interflow, percolation, and water content were recorded during the test. A commercial software VADOSE/W was used to simulate the measured water balance and to conduct further sensitivity analysis on the effects of the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material on water balance. The maximum percolation, 80.1% of the total precipitation, was obtained when the distance between the mid-point of the channel pathway and the highest point on the slope accounted for 71% of the total horizontal length of the soil cover. The modeled percolation increased steadily with an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the channel material. Percolation was found to be sensitive to the location of the channel and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material, confirming that proper cover design and construction should aim at minimizing the development of vertical preferential flow in barrier layers. The sum of percolation and interflow was relatively constant when the location of the channel changed along the slope, which may be helpful in locating preferential flow pathways and repairing the barrier.     

A geochemical evaluation of perennial spring activity and associated mineral precipitates at Expedition Fjord,Axel Heiberg Island,Canadian High Arctic

Two groups of perennial springs are observed in the Canadian High Arctic at Expedition Fjord on Axel Heiberg Island at Colour Peak and Gypsum Hill. Saline discharge (∼1.3–2.5 molal NaCl) produces a variety of calcite (travertine) and gypsum-rich precipitates. Saturation index calculations of the spring waters at Colour Peak suggest CO₂ degassing from the waters causes calcite precipitation. Gypsum precipitation dominates at Gypsum Hill, where spring waters have lower alkalinity and higher SO₄ concentrations. Mineral accumulations form both channel and rimstone pool morphologies as a result of varying slope conditions. At Colour Peak, confined flow in steep slope areas develop massive structures in contrast to more friable, porous accumulations in areas where waters fan out on shallower slopes; these morphological variations lead to corresponding varying apparent rates of mineral precipitation. Mineral precipitation at Gypsum Hill is far less notable as a result of lower discharge rates and annual degradation by icing formation. Microscopic observations and geochemical analyses of the channel precipitates at Colour Peak reveal alternating light (calcite spar) and dark (anhedral microcrystalline calcite combined with organic matter and non-carbonate minerals) laminae. Rimstone pools forming in lower sections of spring discharge are composed of accumulations of large euhedral calcite crystals interbedded with allochthonous inputs. High concentration of dissolved solids is responsible for slow travertine precipitation rates, which occurs during winter. This precipitation is further retarded during summer months by the introduction of crystal growth inhibitors such as Fe³⁺ and deposition of organic matter and soil sediments.     

多尺度岩石渗透特性的试验研究

岩体赋存于一定地质环境中,经过漫长的地质构造作用,形成由连续性状的岩石材料和非连续性状的各种地质结构面组成的复杂地质体。渗透率是影响这种复杂岩体渗透特性的重要参数之一,渗透率选择的正确与否直接关系到裂隙岩体渗流分析结果的可靠性与工程稳定性。采用室内试验的方法,结合达西定律确定裂隙岩体的渗透率。通过自行研发的5种尺寸压力室测定不同尺寸岩石试样的渗透率,得到由不同裂隙、孔洞组合的岩石试样在稳定流、非稳定流下的渗透率,并由此分析得到多尺度岩石的渗透特性。从多组试验结果中分析可得,随着岩石试样的尺寸增加,岩石的渗流通道增多,从而渗透率增大,但增大到一定程度后会趋于稳定,这一渗透规律对实际工程有指导意义。     

Discrete element modeling of shear wave propagation in carbonate precipitate–cemented particles

Bioremediation is widely used to improve ground soil by introducing calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Shear wave velocity (Vs) is usually adopted to evaluate effect but the microscopic mechanism is unclear. The discrete element method (DEM), a promising tool for simulating the behaviors of cohesive and noncohesive materials, was used in this study to simulate Vs evolution and wave propagation path of sand reinforced by calcite precipitates. Two basic calcite precipitate forms are proposed for representing individual calcite precipitation (CaCO₃-P) and calcite aggregation (CaCO₃-C). Contact cementation between adjacent sand grain pairs was the primary association pattern for calcite precipitates at a low calcite content. At a higher calcite content, the preferential shear wave propagation pathway is the clusters cemented by CaCO₃-C. With calcite content increasing from 0 to 9%, the coordination number and average contact force increased. Vs increased from 169.73 to 2132.64 m/s but had high variability due to the spatial distribution. The results suggest that the calibrated DEM model can elucidate the microscopic mechanisms and evaluate the enhancement effect of microorganism-reinforced soil.

     

Experimental studies of groundwater pipe flow network characteristics in gravelly soil slopes

Piping flow networks have often been identified in hydrogeological field studies of gravelly soil slopes in the southern part of China. The present experimental studies have shown that under long-term groundwater seepage, piping flow networks gradually develop in the slope. Factors affecting the development of flow pipe seepage network included the grain size distribution, the degree of soil compaction, and soil depth. Piping seepage networks favorably form if the content of the gravel was high, the soil cohesion was low, the degree of the soil compaction was low, or the soil depth was shallow. Due to the enhanced permeability associated with the presence of flow pipe seepage network in gravelly soil slopes, groundwater can be effectively drained away. This can beneficially prevent the rise of groundwater level in the slope during raining seasons, hence reducing pore water pressure along the potential failure surface and increasing slope stability. Once the flow pipe seepage network was disturbed or damaged, the water level in the upper portion of the slope experienced a great rise, hence reducing the slope stability. Therefore, slope toe excavation and excessive loading at the slope crest should be avoided for slopes with well-developed flow pipe seepage network in order to preserve it.     

'Sediment'–cement relationships in a Pleistocene speleothem from Italy: a possible analogue for 'replacement' cements and Archaeolithoporella in ancient reefs

Ancient carbonate buildups may contain extraordinarily large amounts of early diagenetic precipitates. In some, host rock lamination may be traced into inclusion bands within the 'cement' crystals, suggesting that the crystals are replacive. By analogy with a Pleistocene speleothem from the Sorrento Peninsula, however, these relationships can be explained differently. In the speleothem, large, repeatedly split and dendritic calcite crystals occur within a laminated carbonate. Lamination consists of sub-mm alternations of micrite and microspar. Micritic laminae pass laterally into inclusion-rich growth bands in the dendritic calcite crystals, and have replaced an aragonitic cement, whereas the microspar laminae were primary calcite cements. Three types of inclusion-rich bands occur in the dendrite crystals: (1) with aragonite relicts, (2) 'ribbon calcite' and (3) with oriented micropores. When aragonite precipitated, the calcite dendrite branches were unable to keep growing as single crystals and split into crystallites (separated by micropores, some forming ribbon calcite), whereas during episodes of calcite lamina precipitation, the larger crystals were regenerated by crystallite coalescence. Calcite crystals are primary: they did not replace a micritic precursor. By analogy with the Italian speleothem, some ancient reefal sparry carbonates may not be replacements of earlier laminated sediments, but may have grown concurrently with them. It is also probable that some ancient laminated sediments were instead sea-floor precipitates, and that stromatolites containing cross-cutting crystal fabrics, and the alternating micrite-microspar laminae typical of Archaeolithoporella , could be largely abiotic crystal growths.     

某水利枢纽厂房基坑开挖渗透变形评估

在对渗流评估方法进行一定探讨的基础上,对某水利枢纽工程坝址区厂房基坑开挖进行了渗透变形评估。结果表明,在坝轴线方向上,无防渗墙时坡面土体在渗透力的作用下是不稳定的,有防渗墙时坡面水力坡降降到0.05以下。在砂卵砾石层与基岩的交界处仍存在略大的水力坡降（值为0.56）,如有水在细砂层、砾质中粗砂层渗出,则有可能出现渗流失稳,但总的说来由于防渗墙使水力坡降已降到很小,出现流土和管涌失稳的可能性不大。     

节理岩体单孔抽注水渗流研究

为了研究工程中在节理岩体内抽水和注水的渗流问题,通过应用UDEC建立单孔抽注水离散元模型进行数值模拟,对比分析不同水位边界条件、不同抽注水速率下的流体的流速和流向等流动状态及孔隙压力分布与变化曲线.表明流体的流动状态和孔隙压力分布受边界水位和抽注水速率直接影响,UDEC进行节理岩体抽注水渗流研究是可行的.     

岩体水力学基础(五)——岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的裂隙网络模型

岩体是由裂隙和其间的岩块组成。当岩块处于近乎隔水状态时，岩体中的渗流可看作为裂隙网络流。本文通过分析岩体裂隙网络渗流场、应力场以及它们之间的相互力学关系，提出了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的裂隙网络模型及数值计算方法。     

水流对渗流的影响实验研究

岸坡渗流是江河崩岸的主要诱因和重要研究内容之一.土力学中的渗流分析均建立在土体内部为低流速的层流、土体之外为静态水体的基础之上,而岸坡渗流之明显区别就在于土体之外的水体并非静态.利用新研制的实验设备,进行了不同切向水流流速、不同渗流水头差组合情况的水流渗流耦合试验,结果分析表明,水流对渗流有明显影响,并呈规律性变化:渗出面渗透比降越小,水流对透水性能的降低程度就越大,而比降超过一定数值后,水流将会增强透水性能.研究结果对江河两岸堤防等建筑物的安全评价将有着重要的理论价值和实用性.