极限状态及变形量控制下自平衡试桩承载力分析

结合卡纳夫里三桥S10试桩的自平衡试验,对强度极限状态、极端事件极限状态下的基桩承载力进行了分析,并与按桩顶变形量控制的承载力进行对比,说明基于结构受力分析的变形量控制与极限状态下的极限承载力结果相接近;基桩极限承载力的桩顶沉降控制值应根据结构的极限状态分析确定,只要结构相邻基础沉降差引起的结构内力控制在设计范围内,就有利于超长桩承载力的发挥。介绍了确定桩身刚度的计算方法,研究表明：所提方法比传统的刚度估算法更为准确、实用。     

Practical second‐order reliability analysis applied to foundation engineering

A practical and efficient approach of implementing second‐order reliability method (SORM) is presented and illustrated for cases related to foundation engineering involving explicit and implicit limit state functions. The proposed SORM procedure is based on an approximating paraboloid fitted to the limit state surface in the neighborhood of the design point and can be easily carried out in a spreadsheet. Complex mathematical operations are relegated to relatively simple user‐created functions. The failure probability is calculated automatically based on the reliability index and principal curvatures of the limit state surface using established closed‐form SORM formulas. Four common foundation engineering examples are analyzed using the proposed method and discussed: immediate settlement of a flexible rectangular foundation, bearing capacity of a shallow footing, axial capacity of a vertical single pile, and deflection of a pile under lateral load. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations are made. In the case of the laterally loaded pile, the friction angle of the soil is represented as a one‐dimensional random field, and pile deflections are computed based on finite element analysis on a stand‐alone computer package. The implicit limit state function is approximated via the response surface method using two quadratic models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field study on the behavior of pre-bored grouted planted pile with enlarged grout base

This paper presents the results of field tests performed to investigate the compressive bearing capacity of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) pile with enlarged grout base focusing on its base bearing capacity. The bi-directional O-cell load test was conducted to evaluate the behavior of full scale PGP piles. The test results show that the pile head displacements needed to fully mobilize the shaft resistance were 5.9% and 6.4% D (D is pile diameter), respectively, of two test piles, owing to the large elastic shortening of pile shaft. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the PHC nodular pile base and grout body at the enlarged base could act as a unit in the loading process, and the enlarged grout base could effectively promote the base bearing capacity of PGP pile through increasing the base area. The normalized base resistances (unit base resistance/average cone base resistance) of two test piles were 0.17 and 0.19, respectively, when the base displacement reached 5% D_b (D_b is pile base diameter). The permeation of grout into the silty sand layer under pile base increased the elastic modulus of silty sand, which could help to decrease pile head displacement under working load.

     

粉质黏土中单桩竖向承载力的离心模型试验研究

桩基础研究的核心问题是桩承载力和桩-土相互作用,包括桩周土的变形和饱和土中孔隙水压力的变化。通过离心模型试验的方法,利用竖向压桩设备把桩压入土体,研究饱和及非饱和粉质黏土中单桩的竖向承载力,以及加载过程中桩周土体的变形和孔隙水压力的变化。粉质黏土饱和后,桩基的承载特性表现出软化的特点,且桩基的承载能力比非饱和粉质黏土中的桩基小,非饱和粉质黏土的压桩试验中桩基没有出现明显的极限承载力。桩基的加载特性与桩周土的变形响应具有显著的相关性,桩的加载过程对桩周土体变形的影响有一定范围,超过这个范围,土体的变形可以忽略不计。饱和粉质黏土中桩基的加载对桩周土体孔压的变化也有一定的影响范围,与桩周土体的变形范围体现出类似的规律。距离桩较近时,桩周土的变形较大;距离桩越远,土体的变形受到桩的影响越小。     

软土地基中扩底抗拔中长桩的极限承载力分析

扩底抗拔桩的研究和应用以短桩居多,并且大都以砂土或软岩为持力层,对于软土地基中扩底抗拔桩的承载力研究较少。基于扩大头局部剪切滑移面假设的极限平衡法,推导出扩底抗拔中长桩在分层地基中极限承载力的简化计算公式;结合有关工程实例的原位试桩结果,对扩大头影响高度进行了确定,同时还探讨了所提出方法在超长桩中的适用性。研究结果表明,提出的简化分析方法能合理地揭示上海软土地区扩底抗拔中长桩的破坏机制,并获得承载力变化的一般规律。     

An Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Steel Open Ended Pipe Pile with Exterior Wings Under Compression Load

The present study investigates the increasing in ultimate pile capacity and studied the soil plugging phenomenon and the incremental filing ratio for a modified type of open-ended pipe pile. The modification performed by adding steel plates as wings with special dimensions and fixed on the exterior face of the pipe pile wall at a location near the pile tip with specified dimensions. Five wings have used for each new model of pipe pile. These wings distributed in equal spacing along with the circumstances of the exterior wall of the open-ended pipe piles. The efficiency of the proposed type studied by modelling and manufacturing twelve piles (40 mm diameter, L/D = 15 and L/D = 20). Complete setup manufactured for installing and loading the piles in a constant rate of penetration. The model piles installed in poorly graded loose dry sand. The obtained results show that the proposed type has a higher ultimate bearing capacity. The percentage of increase reaches more than 50%. The development of the load capacity is due to the three effects. The first is increases of the exterior shaft friction, and the second effect creates a new end-bearing capacity under the constrained soil between the exterior wings. And the third effect is developing the end-bearing capacity under the soil plug inside open-ended pipe pile due to the first and the second effects.

     

Development of partial factor design method on bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges

ABSTRACT

This paper shows the development of a partial factor design method on the bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges. Firstly, estimation design equations on the bearing capacities of pile foundations are improved by analysis of pile load test results and uncertainties in the bearing capacities are evaluated. Secondly, the reliabilities of pile foundations designed by the former specifications are evaluated based on reliability analysis considering the uncertainties in the bearing capacities and coefficients of subgrade reaction. Finally, a partial factor design method is developed based on the target reliability index obtained based on the conventional pile installation method by the pile installation methods. The factors are different for each pile installation method.     

A new dynamic interaction factor for the analysis of pile groups subjected to vertical dynamic loads

Τhis paper presents an analytical method for calculating the steady-state impedance factors of pile groups of arbitrary configuration subjected to harmonic vertical loads. The derived solution allows considering the effect of the actual pile geometry on the contribution of pile-soil-pile interaction to the response of the group, via the introduction of a new dynamic interaction factor, defined on the basis of soil resistance instead of pile displacements. The solution is first validated against a published solution for single piles that accounts for the effect of pile geometry on the generated ground vibrations. Accordingly, we show that the derived soil attenuation factor agrees well with existing solutions for pile groups in the high frequency range, but considerable differences are observed in both the stiffness and damping components of the computed impedance when the relative spacing between piles decreases. Numerical results obtained for typical problem parameters suggest that ignoring pile geometry effects while estimating the contribution of pile-soil-pile interaction in the response may lead to inaccurate results, even for relative large pile group spacings.

     

Scale model test study on negative skin friction of piles considering the collapsibility of loess

In collapsible loess area, the negative skin friction of pile foundation will cause many engineering problems such as failure of pile strength and reduction of bearing capacity of pile foundation, which will bring great harm to engineering construction. In order to study the change and distribution law of negative friction of pile foundation in collapsible loess area, the scale model test of negative friction of pile considering loess collapsibility was designed and completed. Through finite element numerical simulation, the test results are verified, and the distribution law of negative friction of pile and the number and position of neutral points are obtained. The test results show that under the condition of immersion, the loess has layered settlement, and there are both negative friction and positive friction on the pile surface, and there are two neutral points. Negative friction drags the pile downward, which makes the axial force of the pile increase obviously. The numerical simulation results verify the feasibility and validity of the test results. The research results of this paper have certain guiding significance for pile foundation design in collapsible loess area.

     

The P-y Response of Laterally Loaded Flexible Piles in Residual Soil

This paper describes the main features related to lateral displacements with depth after successive lateral loading–unloading cycles applied to the top of reinforced-concrete flexible bored piles embedded in naturally bonded residual soil. The bored piles under study have a cylindrical shape, with 0.40-m in diameter and 8.0-m in length. Both bored piles types (P1 and P2) include an embedded steel pipe section in their center as longitudinal steel reinforcements: pile type P1 has another 16 steel rods as steel reinforcement to concrete while pile type P2 has no further steel reinforcement. Pile type P1 has three times as much stiffness (EI) and four and a half times the plastic moment (M_y) than pile type P2. A similar load–displacement performance was observed at initial loads as for small displacements of both piles. At this initial loading stage, the response of the reinforced concrete piles is a function of the soil characteristics and of a linear elastic pile deformation. During this stage, piles can even be understood as probes for evaluating soil reactions. For larger horizontal displacements, after the concrete section starts undergoing large deformations, approaching the ultimate bending moment, pile behavior and consequently the load–displacement relation starts to diverge for both piles. For pile P1 the values of relevant lateral displacements are extended to about 2.5-m in depth, while for pile P2 lateral displacements are mostly constrained to about 2.0-m in depth. Measurements of horizontal displacements of pile P1 against depth recorded with a slope indicator show that, after unloading, lateral loads at distinct stages (small and near failure loads), exhibits a much higher elastic phase of the system response. An analytical fitting model of soil reaction is proposed based on the measured displacements from slope indicator. The integration of a continuous model proposed for the soil reaction agrees fairly well with the measured displacements up to moments close to plastic limit. Results of load–displacement show that the stiffer pile (P1) was able to mobilize twice as much lateral load compared to pile P2 for a service limit displacement of about 20 mm. The paper shows results that enable the isolation of the structural variable through real scale pile load tests, thus granting understanding of its importance and enabling its quantitative visualization in examples of piles embedded in residual soil sites.

     

Development of analytical models to estimate the increase in pile capacity with time (pile setup) from soil properties

This paper presents the analyses of twelve prestressed concrete (PSC) instrumented test piles that were driven in different bridge construction projects of Louisiana in order to develop analytical models to estimate the increase in pile capacity with time or pile setup. The twelve test piles were driven mainly in cohesive soils. Detailed soil characterizations including laboratory and in situ tests were conducted to determine the different soil properties. The test piles were instrumented with vibrating wire strain gauges, piezometers, pressure cells that were monitored during the whole testing period. Several static load tests (SLTs) and dynamic load tests were conducted on each test pile at different times after end of driving (EOD) to quantify the magnitude and rate of setup. Measurements of load tests confirmed that pile capacity increases almost linearly with the logarithm of time elapsed after EOD. Case pile wave analysis program was performed on the restrikes data and was used along with the load distribution plots from the SLTs to evaluate the increase in skin friction capacity of individual soil layers along the length of the piles. The logarithmic linear setup parameter “A” for unit skin friction was calculated of the 70 individual clayey soil layers and was correlated with different soil properties such as undrained shear strength (S_u), plasticity index, vertical coefficient of consolidation (c_v), over consolidation ratio and sensitivity (S_t). Nonlinear multivariable regression analyses were performed, and three different empirical models are proposed to predict the pile setup parameter “A” as a function of soil properties. For verification, the subsurface soil conditions and setup information for additional 18 PSC piles collected from local database were used to compare the measured versus predicted “A” parameters from the proposed models, which showed good agreement.

     

Response of pile groups subjected to lateral loads

An approach is presented for the prediction of linear and nonlinear load–deformation behaviour of laterally loaded pile groups. The individual pile response is obtained by the conventional p–y curve technique, while group interaction is modelled using the Mindlin's solution. Good agreement is observed when comparing the present method of analysis with the commonly used interaction factor approach for the computation of response of pile groups embedded in a homogenous, isotropic elastic half-space. The predicted pile group behaviour also compares favourably with existing field data on laterally loaded pile groups in soft clay.     

A method for frost jacking prediction of single pile in permafrost

In this paper, a model is proposed to simulate frost jacking performances of a pile foundation within an axisymmetric pile–soil system through a coupling strategy. We consider three diversified stages for frost heave of adjacent foundation soil below freezing point, where mathematical expressions for the volumetric strain are given in terms of volumetric ice content, negative temperature and porosity. A modified strain-softening model characterizing frozen soil–pile interactions is established based on experimental results, taking into account the effects of normal pressure, negative temperature and moisture content. The proposed computational approach is then illuminated and validated via the numerical example of a simplified bridge pile foundation under natural permafrost condition. Variation of temperature regime, volumetric ice content, displacement and stress over time is analyzed. This model can be further applied to evaluating effects of different countermeasures that mitigate frost jacking hazard of single pile subjected to cold climate.

     

Response of Pile Groups Driven in Sand Subjected to Combined Loads

Although the loads applied on piles are usually a combination of both vertical and lateral loads, very limited experimental research has been done on the response of pile groups subjected to combined loads. Due to pile–soil–pile interaction in pile groups, the response of a pile group may differ substantially from that of a single pile. This difference depends on soil state and pile spacing. This paper presents results of experiments designed to investigate pile interaction effects on the response of pile groups subjected to both axial and lateral loads. The experiments were load tests performed on model pile groups (2 × 2 pile groups) in calibration chamber sand samples. The model piles were driven into the sand samples prepared with different relative densities using a sand pluviator. The combined load tests were performed on the model pile groups subjected to different axial load levels, i.e., 0 (pure lateral loading), 25, 50, and 75% of the ultimate axial load capacity of the pile groups, defined as the load corresponding to a settlement of 10% of the model pile diameter. The combined load test results showed that the bending moment and lateral deflection at the head of the piles increased substantially for tests performed in the presence of axial loads, suggesting that the presence of axial loads on groups of piles driven in sand is detrimental to their lateral capacity.     

基于cut-off方法刚性承台下群桩基础优化分析

针对刚性筏板下群桩基础优化设计问题进行分析,通过改变桩长分布来调整各桩的荷载分担,群桩分析采用基于弹性理论的积分方程方法,并通过cut-off方法来反映桩的弹塑性特性,实现群桩基础的弹塑性优化分析,改进了常规弹性分析方法的缺陷。算例分析表明,随着外荷载的不断增加,角桩首先达到极限荷载,对角桩超出极限荷载的部分进行重新分布,继而使得边桩逐渐达到极限承载状态,继续加载直至内桩也达到极限承载状态,从而引起桩筏基础的整体破坏。采用cut-off方法可以改进基础变刚度优化设计,使之与实际情况更为吻合。     

重复荷载下模型支盘桩工程性状的试验研究

为研究在粉黏土中支盘桩在重复加载下的工程性状,在粉黏土中进行一次加载试验,测出其极限承载力,分别对一个双盘模型支盘桩在其极限荷载和0.75倍极限荷载的条件下各进行了5次重复加载卸载试验。根据试验结果,分析了在该土层中支盘桩的承载力和变形特性,研究了重复荷载作用下模型支盘桩在粉黏土中荷载传递的特点、桩身不同位置压力变化的特点,特别是对桩周土体对桩侧表面产生的摩擦力出现复杂变化的原因进行了分析,同时还分析了离盘不同距离的土体在重复加载过程中的压力变化情况和原因。研究结果表明,不同强度的荷载重复作用下对桩的沉降变形的收敛影响很大;支盘桩和桩周土体的相互作用机制十分复杂,因此要充分认识支盘桩在重复荷载作用下的工程性状和荷载传递机制还要做大量地研究。     

基于统一强度理论带帽刚性桩承载力上限分析

基于塑性极限理论的上限分析法,借鉴已有数值分析和室内模型试验所揭示的带帽刚性桩破坏模式,构建了其运动许可速度场,并引入统一强度理论,根据能量平衡原理,推导了能考虑中主应力影响的带帽刚性桩极限承载力上限计算公式。同时通过参数分析,得到了带帽刚性桩极限承载力随桩帽尺寸、土的黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化规律。研究发现：考虑中主应力影响的带帽刚性桩的上限解较不考虑时有较大的提高,对于带帽刚性桩承载力计算时,实际统一强度理论中反映中主应力影响的参数取0.1～0.2附近较为合理。带帽刚性桩承载力随着桩帽尺寸的增大而增大,且桩帽直径与桩径之比 时,承载力增大趋势较为明显;承载力随着土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大而增大。通过与已有理论方法和试验结果对比分析发现,本文提出的方法不仅在理论上更严密,而且可得到更符合实际的计算结果。     

Experimental investigation of the behavior of pile groups in sand under different loading rates

The behavior of pile groups in sand under different loading rates is investigated. A total of 60 tests were conducted in the laboratory using model steel piles embedded in a medium dense sand. The model piles have an outside diameter of 25 mm and embedment length of 500 mm. Five different configurations of pile groups (2 × 1, 3 × 1, 2 × 2, 2 × 3, 3 × 3) with center to center spacing between the piles of 3d, 6d and 9d (d is the pile diameter) were tested. The piles were subjected to axial compressive loads under four different loading rates: 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05 mm/min. Test results indicated that the axial compressive capacity of pile group increases with the loading rate such that the pile capacity versus logarithm of loading rate data plot approximately along a straight line. The slope of this line increases as the number of piles in a group increases and it decreases by increasing the spacing between piles in a group.     

Numerical analysis of pile response to open face tunnelling in stiff clay

Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses have been performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 pile groups during open face tunnelling in stiff clay. Several governing factors, such as tunnelling-induced ground and pile settlement, axial pile force changes and shear transfer mechanism at the pile–soil interface, have been studied in detail. Tunnelling resulted in the development of pile head settlement larger than the free-field soil surface settlement. In addition, axial force distributions along the pile change substantially due to changes in the shear transfer between the pile and the soil next to the pile, which triggers tunnelling-induced tensile forces in the piles with tunnel advancement. It was found that the relative displacements and the normal stresses at the pile–soil interface drastically affected shear transfer. The extent of slip length along a pile increased as the tunnelling proceeded. The apparent allowable pile capacity was reduced by up to approximately 42% due to the development of tunnelling-induced pile head settlement. Shear stress on the pile was increased for most of the pile depth with tunnel advancement, which was associated with changes in soil stresses and ground deformation, and hence, the axial pile force was gradually reduced with tunnel advancement, indicating the development of tunnelling-induced tensile pile force. The maximum tunnelling-induced tensile force on the pile was approximately 0.33P_a, where P_a is the allowable pile capacity applied to the pile head prior to tunnel excavation. The range affected by tunnelling in the longitudinal direction may be identified as approximately −2D ∼ +(1.5–2.0D), where D is the tunnel diameter, from the pile centre (behind and ahead of the pile axis), in terms of pile settlement and axial pile force changes based on the analysis conditions assumed in the current study. Larger pile head settlements and smaller changes in axial pile forces were computed for piles that were part of groups. It has been found that the serviceability of piles experiencing adjacent tunnelling is more affected by pile settlement than by axial pile force changes, in particular for piles inside groups. The magnitude of the tunnelling-induced excess pore pressure was small and may not substantially affect pile behaviour.