Hydromechanical behaviour of a compacted swelling soil over a wide suction range

A study of the hydromechanical behaviour of a compacted swelling material in the range of suctions comprised between 0 and 40 MPa was performed. This study has required the development of two kinds of suction controlled oedometer devices based on two different suction control techniques. In the range of suctions higher than 8.5 MPa, the saturated salt solutions method was used and a new oedometer using this suction control technique was developed. For suctions lower than 8.5 MPa an osmotic oedometer was used. Despite the differences between the applied suction components (matric and total), the correlation between the two methods was verified for the tested material. The second part of the paper presents a set of oedometer tests conducted under various suctions. The effect of the applied suction on the hydromechanical parameters was studied. First, two swelling phases were highlighted: a low swelling phase above a suction of 4 MPa and a high swelling one below this value. These phases were considered as being related to the microstructure of compacted swelling clays. Secondly, it was shown that the slopes of the elastic part and of the plastic part of the consolidation curves were not influenced significantly by the applied suctions. In opposition, the preconsolidation pressure is affected by the decrease of the applied suctions even in the low swelling phase. Such a behaviour could be explained by the effects of wetting on the microstructure.     

不同干密度非饱和膨胀土的三轴试验研究

重塑非饱和膨胀土的结构特征是影响其强度和变形等性质的重要因素。在不同初始干密度下击实的试样具有不同的初始结构。吸力和净围压的作用使得试样结构产生变化,从而呈现出不同的剪切特征。进行了一系列的控制吸力的三轴试验,试验结果表明,吸力和净围压的增加使得试样的抗剪强度提高,剪胀性减小;初始干密度大的试样也有更高的强度,且呈现出明显的剪胀现象。     

An advanced hydro-mechanical constitutive model for unsaturated soils with different initial densities

This paper presents an advanced constitutive model for unsaturated soils, using Bishop’s effective stress (σ′) and the effective degree of saturation (S_e) as two fundamental constitutive variables in the proposed constitutive model. A sub-loading surface and a unified hardening parameter (H) are introduced into the σ′–S_e modelling framework to interpret the effects of initial density on coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted soils. Compared with existing models in the literature, the main advantage of the proposed model that it is capable of modelling hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils compacted to different initial densities, such as the dependence of loading–collapse volume on initial void ratio and density effect on the shearing-induced saturation change. The proposed model requires 13 material parameters, all of which can be calibrated through conventional laboratory tests. Numerical studies are conducted to assess the performance of the model for a hypothetical soil under two typical hydro-mechanical loading scenarios. The proposed advanced unsaturated soil model is then validated against a number of experimental results for both isotropic and triaxial conditions reported in the literature.     

广吸力范围内压实红黏土的强度特性

为了研究广吸力范围内红黏土的强度特性,采用经压力板法饱和,对盐溶液蒸汽平衡法吸力平衡后的非饱和桂林红黏土样进行一系列常含水率直剪试验。高吸力时土–水特征曲线不受土体密度的影响,故等含水率试验可以认为是等吸力试验。试验结果表明,随着平衡吸力的增加,非饱和红黏土的抗剪强度与黏聚力均先增大后减小,吸力为7 MPa左右时出现抗剪强度的最大值;当吸力超过7 MPa后内摩擦角基本保持不变,说明高吸力阶段吸力增大引起的强度变化是由黏聚力的变化引起的;吸力超过70 MPa后随着吸力的增加,强度变化较小。最后结合压汞试验的结果,从孔隙大小分布的角度解释了红黏土在广吸力范围内的强度特性。     

Three‐dimensional elasto‐plastic model for unsaturated compacted soils with different initial densities

This paper presents an elasto‐plastic model for unsaturated compacted soils and experimental results obtained from a series of suction‐controlled triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. The initial density dependency of the compacted soil behaviour is modelled by establishing experimental relationships between the initial density and the corresponding yield stress and thereby between the initial density and the location and slope of normal compression line. The model is generalized to three‐dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure surface and the yield surface in the deviatoric plane are given by the extended SMP criterion. A considerable number of the isotropic compression, triaxial compression and extension tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities were performed using a suction‐controllable triaxial apparatus, to measure the stress–strain–volume change in different stress paths and wetting paths. The model has well‐predicting capabilities to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of specimens compacted under different conditions not only in isotropic compression but also in triaxial compression and triaxial extension. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

接触角对非饱和土中基质吸力的影响

接触角是研究三相界面的一个基本物理量。非饱和土是典型的三相体,然而在非饱和土力学中对接触角的研究还比较少,目前还停留在假设阶段,通常假设接触角为某一固定值,甚至忽略接触角的影响。实际上接触角是随外界环境的改变而变化的。通过化学方法对砂土表面改性,从而提高砂土的接触角,使砂土由亲水性变为斥水性。在亲水性砂土中加入斥水性砂土以提高砂土的表观接触角,以此为基础制备不同接触角的试样进行吸力测量试验。试验结果表明,接触角对非饱和土中的基质吸力有重要影响,含水率相同时,随着接触角的增大基质吸力是不断减小的,当含水率增大到一定值时,基质吸力不受土体（亲水状态下）接触角的影响。当接触角增大到一定值时,非饱和土体中的基质吸力消失,即非饱和土体中不再存在负的孔隙水压力。     

吸力历史对非饱和土力学性质的影响

现在被广泛公认的由Fredlund提出的非饱和土力学的双参数理论,即净应力和吸力为非饱和土的应力状态变量,不能直接考虑吸力历史及其饱和度对非饱和土的应力-应变关系和强度的影响。非饱和土三轴试验结果表明,即使净应力和吸力相同的条件下,经过干-湿循环试样与未经过干-湿循环试样的应力比-应变关系和强度是不相同的。在其他条件相同时,经历过干-湿循环的试样比未经过干-湿循环试样的应力比-应变关系要高、强度大和体变小。经过干-湿循环试样的饱和度低而强度高,主要是由于经过先期较高的吸力,相当于受过较大的前期有效压力,使试样成为超固结土。更多不同吸力历史的对比试验有待于进一步研究,以便为非饱和土的水力-力学特性耦合弹塑性本构模型定量地表示上述非饱和土的性质提供基础性试验数据。     

寒区高吸力非饱和土的破坏准则研究

针对北方寒旱区路基边坡时常因拉剪强度不足而发生浅层滑坡的现象,通过常规三轴试验探究了冻融和高吸力对非饱和土的强度特性影响。结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加,非饱和土的土-水特征曲线逐渐下移,抗拉强度与抗剪强度逐渐减小;随着基质吸力的增加,抗剪强度逐渐增大,抗拉强度逐渐降低。鉴于传统的抗拉抗剪联合公式不能很好地反映经冻融作用之后高吸力非饱和土抗拉区破坏包线的实际情况,通过引入“界值”概念,提出一种新的抗拉区绘制破坏包线的方法对传统公式进行修正,修正后的公式具有很好的适用性,可以为寒旱区非饱和土边坡稳定性计算提供可靠的理论依据。     

基于电阻率的非饱和土基质吸力预测

针对非饱和土吸力测量与计算的困难,提出了一种利用土的电阻率结构参数预测基质吸力的方法。通过滤纸法测试重塑膨胀土的基质吸力,分析了非饱和土的基质吸力与体积含水率的关系,即土-水特征曲线的变化规律。在测试非饱和土横向与竖向电阻率的基础上,探讨了非饱和土的电阻率与其体积含水率的关系,并进一步研究了土的电阻率结构性参数 、 和 随体积含水率的变化规律。发现基质吸力与电阻率结构参数 之间存在良好的抛物线关系,利用这种关系可以准确预测非饱和土的基质吸力。利用土的电阻率结构参数预测吸力,避免了吸力量测与计算的困难,简单实用。     

考虑基质吸力变化时非饱和土的一维本构模型

当地下水位上升或地面遇水浸润时,土的饱和度将因毛细作用而变化,以此使土体产生变形。其中由于含水量增加而使土的重度增大,从而引起压缩变形;同时含水量的增加而使基质吸力下降,从而引起土的回弹变形,因此最终变形取决于上述两种变形趋势的综合效应。根据广义Hook定律、Fredlund的双应力状态变量及Brooks和Corey关于基质吸力与饱和度之间的经验关系,建立了K0状态下非饱和土的一维本构模型。将这一模型与分层总和法相结合,可以计算基质吸力变化时土的竖向变形。通过研究发现,非饱和土的地面变形不仅取决于土的性质与土层的厚度,而且依赖于土中吸力变化前后的分布及应力状态等因素。所建议的一维本构模型可以用于非饱和土地基上基础的沉降估算。     

基质吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响

在自然界和工程实践中遇到的土大多数是非饱和土,研究吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的作用,对于工程实践具有重要的意义。通过压力板仪和直剪仪组合试验,探讨了击实土抗剪强度和基质吸力的关系。试验结果表明：凝聚力在饱和度为40%-60%时最大,而内摩擦角则随饱和度增加而有所减少。进一步对比土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,并整合前人研究成果,指出了非饱和土中吸力对其抗剪强度影响的规律。对于无黏性土,在边界效应区不产生假凝聚力,且内摩擦角不变;在过渡区与非饱和残余区,假凝聚力和基质吸力的关系存在峰值且变化较大,内摩擦角则随吸力增加而增加。对于黏性土,残余体积含水率所对应的最小吸力可能是影响抗剪强度的界限值,小于此吸力值,φb可近似为常数。但在非饱和残余区,凝聚力将随土状态路径的不同而变化。对于重塑土,凝聚力降低;而对于原状土,则凝聚力可能不变或增加。     

吸力历史对非饱和弱膨胀土力学性质的影响

对经历较广吸力范围内不同吸力历史的非饱和弱膨胀土进行了一系列吸力控制的三轴剪切试验。关于最大吸力的施加,高吸力采用蒸汽平衡法;较低吸力采用轴平移技术。试验结果表明：在净应力和吸力相同条件下,经过湿化试样的应力-应变关系曲线升高、剪缩体变小;经过高吸力试样的应力-应变关系曲线也升高、剪缩体变小,随着经历过最大吸力的增加其应力比-应变关系、体变表现出的超固结土特性明显。其主要原因是前期试样受过较大的吸力,相当于受过较大前期固结压力,同时弱膨胀土失水收缩性明显,经过较大吸力后试样孔隙比明显减小,使试样剪切过程中表现出超固结黏土的特性。因此,讨论非饱和弱膨胀性土的应力-应变关系和强度时需考虑吸力历史引起的体积收缩影响。     

Particle breakage and deformation of carbonate sands with wide range of densities during compression loading process

In this technical note, evolutions of the particle size distribution, particle breakage, volume deformation and input work of carbonate sands with varying relative densities were investigated through performing a series of one-dimensional compression tests. Loading stress levels ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 MPa. It was found that the initial relative density could greatly affect the magnitude of particle size distribution, particle breakage, volume deformation and input work. Particularly, it was observed that the specimen at a lower relative density underwent much more particle breakage than that at a higher relative density. This could be attributed to the change of the coordination number with the initial density. However, a unique linear relationship between the particle breakage and input work per volume could be obtained, which is independent of the initial relative density.     

考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤修正模型

为反映非饱和地基土变形全过程,以某基础工程非饱和土为研究对象,开展固结排水三轴压缩试验。研究发现,非饱和土的偏应力-应变曲线形态近似双曲线,基质吸力对土体力学行为影响十分明显,基质吸力越大,土体偏应力越高。根据非饱和土变形特性及工程特点,选取邓肯-张双曲线模型作为基础模型,引入统计损伤理论,假设非饱和土微元强度服从Weibull概率密度分布,建立邓肯-张统计损伤模型。通过搭建初始切线模量与基质吸力的联系,建立一种新的考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤模型。给出参数解析方法,得到Weibull分布参数经验表达式,从而修正模型。分析不同基质吸力条件下非饱和土损伤累积规律,采用所建模型和传统邓肯-张模型对比验证非饱和土偏应力-应变试验曲线,证明所建模型的可行性和合理性。研究成果为非饱和土的力学特性研究及辨识模拟提供一定参考。     

全吸力范围南阳膨胀土的土-水特征曲线

膨胀土的失水收缩、吸水膨胀过程分别对应着土-水特征曲线的脱湿和吸湿阶段。土-水特征曲线对于研究非饱和土的水力与力学特性有着重要作用。用压力板法（吸力范围0～1.5 MPa）、滤纸法（吸力范围0～40 MPa）和蒸汽平衡法（吸力范围3～368 MPa）,分别对南阳膨胀土进行了土-水特性试验,得到全吸力范围内的土-水特征曲线。试验结果表明：初始孔隙比大致相同土样的土-水特征曲线,在低吸力范围内脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线具有明显的滞回现象。当吸力大于300 MPa时,土-水特征曲线的滞回效应基本消失,即脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线基本重合。滤纸法所测出的土-水特性落在主脱湿和主吸湿曲线的滞回圈内。当吸力等于367.54 MPa时,含水率仅为0.325%,几乎近于0。孔隙比随着吸力的变化规律中,不仅受到吸力大小的影响,还受到吸力历史和吸力路径影响;孔隙比与吸力关系中,相同吸力时吸湿路径的孔隙比要比脱湿路径的大;在吸力低范围,吸湿路径与脱湿路径的孔隙比相近。孔隙比与饱和度关系因吸力路径的不同也存在着明显的滞回效应,接近饱和时趋近一致。变吸力情况条件下,饱和度随着孔隙比的增加而增加,蒸汽平衡法得出的孔隙比与饱和度的关系具有明显的线性关系,而压力板法做出来的低吸力范围内的线性关系不明显。     

粉土基质吸力的新型量测装置与土-水特征研究

以非饱和土张力计原理为基础,制作了一种新型的基质吸力量测装置,并通过实测过程的不断总结与改进,得到了一种成本低廉、制作简单、操作便利、试验快速和结果可靠的非饱和土基质吸力量测装置,以此装置测定了不同体积含水率、不同压实度和干湿循环后粉土的基质吸力变化规律,得到了不同压实度粉土的土-水特征曲线,并通过Origin软件中的Boltzmann模型进行拟合对比分析,得到了与压实度相关的土-水特征曲线,比较了不同压实度粉土的含水率变化对基质吸力的不同影响特点。试验结果表明,干湿循环对粉土的基质吸力和强度有很大影响。     

Results of long-term monitoring of 3C 273 over a wide range of wavelengths

The results of long-term monitoring of the quasar 3C 273 at wavelengths from radio to gamma rays between 1963 and 2011 are presented. The variations of the source flux density are studied using harmonic and wavelet analysis techniques. The values and frequency-time localizations of harmonic components in the flux-density variations are determined. The eight-year radio-variability period reported earlier had become gradually reduced and attenuated by 2000. The optical light curve has a component with a quasi-period of approximately 13 years. Cyclic variations whose periodicity gradually increased from approximately one to two years were observed in the X-ray between 1996 and 2006. The relative time delays between the light curves at different radio frequences are determined. The frequency dependence of time delays is approximated by the power law, ΔT(ν) ∝ ν ^?1/k with k = 1.4 ± 0.1, which can be used to infer the corresponding core shift and estimate the core-region magnetic field as B _{1 pc} = 0.5 ± 0.1 G. This approach is preferable to other methods, since it does not require multi-frequency VLBI observations and is a simple and effective tool for studying Active Galactic Nuclei.     

Influence of matric suction on shear strength behavior of a residual clayey soil

In this paper, the shear strength with respect to the matric suction of unsaturated soils was studied. For this purpose, unsaturated triaxial testing procedures were applied to the undisturbed residual soil specimens. An apparatus for performing triaxial tests was designed and constructed. In the tests, matric suction was controlled by using the axis translation technique, and pore water volume changes were measured by means of a volume change transducer with 10⁻⁸ m³ sensitivity. The test results indicated that the matric suction contributes to the shear strength of unsaturated soil specimens, and this contribution called suction strength varies non-linearly with respect to the matric suction. The logarithmic model needing to know the air-entry value and the internal friction angle of a soil specimen for prediction of the suction strength were presented and compared with the test results. It was found that suction strength values predicted from the proposed model were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.     

非饱和地震滑坡堆积体降雨破坏水-力耦合行为试验

降雨滑坡的水-力耦合过程和机制研究是开展准确预测预报的基础和前提。选取典型滑坡模型,采用足尺人工降雨模型试验模拟了典型砾石土滑坡堆积体破坏过程,并采用Brooks-Corey(BC)和Van Genuchten(VG)模型分别建立了降雨入渗吸湿过程的土-水特征曲线,再通过一维非饱和无限边坡稳定性分析模型对滑坡开展应力状态和稳定性分析,揭示了斜坡破坏过程是优先流和基质流的双渗流场共同作用的结果,而VG模型适用于吸湿条件下宽级配砾石土优先流的土-水特征曲线的重构;稳定性计算和试验过程的对比分析表明,试验中斜坡的变形破坏过程中观测到的含水率、基质吸力和地表倾斜角度的变化过程与计算的吸力应力、稳定系数的演进过程有显著的对应关系。通过试验还揭示了非饱和滑坡堆积体渗流潜蚀现象,定量分析了细颗粒迁移程度。基于物理模型试验,揭示了降雨激发条件下滑坡堆积体形成优先流作用的土-水特征曲线和变形破坏的水力耦合过程,可为地震滑坡堆积体非饱和失稳的预测预警提供参考和基础。     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.