地矿实验室认可及实施基本要求

论述了地矿实验室认可的意义,进行实验室认可的基本程序、步骤、要求以及在进行实验室认可前所需做的准备工作。指出应根据实验室自身的实际资源情况合理申报认可项目,并建立相应的质量体系,确保其顺利实施与运转。     

浅层岩土室内、外热物性测试的相关性

对于浅层岩土热物性参数测试中常用的实验室和现场热响应试验方法,结合上海某工程的实际情况,提出一种基于室内试验的岩土综合热物性参数确定方法。首先,根据室内、外试验测试结果的差异,选取地层厚度、含水率、密度及渗透系数作为影响二者热物性参数测试差异的主要因素,使用层次分析法确定各影响因素的权值,并按权值大小修正室内热物性参数测试结果。然后,分别模拟室外现场热响应试验和修正后的室内热物性参数以及实际地层的传热过程,得出三者在热量传导能力之间的差距分别为1.2%、1.1%及2.3%。最后,提出埋管深度和导热系数的乘积可代表岩土层的换热能力,且计算出修正后的室内热物性参数对应的均一导热系数与现场热响应试验测出的综合导热系数分别为1.832 W/(m·℃)和1.778 W/(m·℃)。     

关于地下实验室分类的讨论

论述了现有的地下实验室的分类,对普通地下实验室与特定场址地下实验室的主要特征进行了对比分析,论述了各国地下实验室的研究概况,对特定场址地下实验室的概念进行了讨论。鉴于在现行的地下实验室分类中,对特定场址地下实验室的定义似乎界定过宽,因为有些该类型的地下实验室,缺乏明确的历史定位,最终没有起到特定场址地下实验室应起的作用。笔者建议,只有建在经本国政府批准的最终处置库场址上的地下实验室,才可称作为特定场址地下实验室,如美国的WIPP和ESF以及芬兰的ONKALO。因为只有这类地下实验室,才能真正起到论证处置库场址适宜性和高放废物处置方案可行性的作用。     

金刚石钻进岩石可钻性研究新方法

摘要在比较了现有岩石可钻性研究方法的基础上,选择实验室徽钻法来研究金刚石钻进岩石可钻性,并选用综合参数(h/P)/q作为岩石可钻性指标,通过室内微钻试验,表明该参数确定岩石可钻性更为合理。      

江苏地矿实验室生存发展新思路

1949年以来,江苏地矿实验室为江苏地矿事业的发展做出很大贡献。跟随国家机构改革的步伐,地矿实验室实现了属地化改造,隶属于国土资源系统。由于上级主管部门的缺失,江苏地矿实验室的生存与发展面临困境,本着立足江苏为出发点,提出了几点发展新思路。     

新时期地质类实验室的管理

为了加强地质类实验室建设的管理和实验室质量检验的管理，使其全面实施《产品质量检验机构认证／审查认可评审准则》，阐述了地质类实验室在组织机构、人员素质、仪器设备、环境条件及相关管理制度与措施，并提出了新时期下实验室求得生存与发展的几点意见。     

Cuttability assessment of hard coal seams

Summary A number of field and laboratory tests have been carried out on more than 15 coal seams of compressive strengths ranging from 19 MPa to 44 MPa to evolve methods which would help in the selection of suitable coaling machines for hard coal seams. The effect of physico-mechanical properties on cuttability were studied in the laboratory for all these coal seams to identify the relevant parameters affecting the specific energy of coal cuttability. These data were subjected to regression analysis to find the best fit for estimation of laboratory specific energy of coal samples on the basis of simple laboratory and field tests for the strength parameters. Field studies were also conducted over a large number of active mechanized coal faces to study in situ cuttability along with the geo-mining conditions of the site. The field and the laboratory data so generated were correlated and an attempt is made to establish a relationship for estimating the field specific energy for a particular capacity of coaling machines by considering the geo-mining domain of the field in totality.     

地矿实验室信息管理系统Geo-LIMS 2.0

对中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心实验测试室开发的地矿实验室信息管理系统Geo-LIMS 2.0的功能、特点及应用进行了较详细的介绍。从地矿实验室实际工作出发,将信息技术与实验室现有质量保证体系相结合,Geo-LIMS 2.0系统实现了实验室从样品登录、任务分配、作业生成、数据记录与计算、数据汇总、质量监控,到分析报告生成的全流程信息的计算机自动处理,基本涵盖了地矿实验室管理工作的主要方面,精简和优化了实验室的运作环节和业务流程,有利于管理人员和分析人员更加专注于测试方法核心技术开发,大大提高了工作效率和工作质量。该系统数据输入量小,操作简单,数据查询、统计功能强大,具备完善的权限管理功能。系统维护简单快速,能够满足地矿实验室管理工作。     

水中填土坝和水坠坝抗剪强度指标整理分析与选定的探讨

作者对大量的室内试验与原型观测等资料作了论证,提出了室内试验资料的整理方法和采用室内试验、原型应用期核算、滑坡反算、宏观调查对比等多种途径,来分析与选定抗剪强度指标。     

生产型地质实验室管理信息化解决方案探讨

实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)是实验室利用现代信息技术改进业务流程和组织结构,不断提高经营管理和决策的效率和水平,达到提高实验室经济效益、市场竞争力和改进实验室管理、降低运行成本、为客户提供更具价值服务为目的的一个有效的技术手段。根据生产型地质实验室管理需求和信息流特点,结合现今IT技术和LIMS的发展状况,文章提出了生产型地质实验室LIMS的解决方案,即一套以业务管理体系、质量保证体系、组织管理体系三大体系为支撑,包括技术管理、流程管理、质量管理、文档管理、系统管理和基础管理6个子系统所组成的实验室信息管理系统。     

A numerical and laboratory investigation into the behaviour of a dry underclay beam

A simple and inexpensive laboratory device has been developed and used to simulate the behaviour of a dry underclay beam as the floor of an underground roadway subjected to a uniformly distributed uplift pressure. The Airy stress function method proved to be a useful means of expressing and predicting of the uplift of such beams. This method has been related to both classical beam theory and laboratory investigations. It was found that the Airy stress function method, utilizing polynomial equations, provides a closer fit to the mechanism of beam deformation and stress developments under dry laboratory conditions.     

Use of the Marine Prophage Induction Assay (MPIA) to detect environmental mutagens

The prophage induction assay provides a biologically based carcinogen-screening tool for environmental samples grounded in the parallel mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prophage induction. We developed an assay using a previously characterized marine bacterialPseudomonas aeruginosa isolate designated as P94-4S3 for the detection of potentially genotoxic contamination in marine and estuarine environments. To perform the assay, the lysogenic isolate was exposed to either a known genotoxic compound or an environmental sample of interest. The response was considered positive when a statistically significant amount of prophage induction occurred in comparison to negative controls. Initial development of the assay for enviromental samples included testing under a range of salinities and optimizing the method for the processing of water column and sediment samples. The assay has been field-tested over 2 yr in the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida. The Marine Prophage Induction Assay (MPIA) was performed concurrently with laboratory toxicological analysis. There was good correspondence between positive MPIA results and detection of potentially toxic compounds by laboratory analysis. Five positive laboratory detections of known toxic compounds in natural samples occurred in conjunction with positive MPIA results. Two laboratory detections of compounds that are not genotoxic were accompanied by a negative MPIA response. Eight of the sediment samples contained detectable levels of arsenic. Four of these samples demonstrated a positive MPIA response, which may be due to the oxidation state of the arsenic within the sediment. One detection of a known toxic compound by the analytical laboratory was not accompanied by a positive induction response. Nine positive induction responses occurred without concurrent laboratory detection. This was possibly due to the limited range of compounds included in the laboratory testing performed, although false positive assay results cannot be ruled out.     

Thermal conductivity of soft Bangkok clay from laboratory and field measurements

This paper presents the results of a study on the thermal conductivity of a soft saturated clay (Bangkok clay) carried out in relation to an investigation into using thermal treatment to enhance the consolidation process of soft soils. The thermal conductivity of clay specimens was measured in the laboratory using a steady state method (divided bar test) and a transient state method (needle probe test). In general, the laboratory test results show that the thermal conductivity increased with the increase in soil density. However, the needle probe test was found to yield greater thermal conductivities than those derived from the divided bar test. Furthermore, to assess the validity of the laboratory test results, the heat transfer results obtained from a full-scale embankment test that employed prefabricated vertical thermo-drains (PVTD) were simulated numerically using the laboratory determined thermal conductivity values. The numerical analysis indicates that the field thermal conductivity was close to the value obtained from the needle probe test. However, it was also found that the changes in thermal conductivity values obtained from the two laboratory methods did not impact significantly on heat flow behaviour, suggesting that the two methods are acceptable for characterizing the thermal conductivity of soils.     

Effect of chemical affinity on feldspar hydrolysis rates in two natural weathering systems

Recent studies of alkali-feldspar hydrolysis kinetics have shown that, in the near-neutral pH range, weathering rates in natural systems are up to three orders of magnitude slower than laboratory rates. It has been hypothesized that decelerated rates may result from lower thermodynamic affinities for the hydrolysis reaction in natural systems than in laboratory systems. However, the chemical affinities for the feldspar hydrolysis reaction in two well-constrained natural systems are significantly higher than the threshold value at which affinity would exert detectable influences on the reaction rates. Thus, the hypothesis is rejected, and closer proximity to thermodynamic equilibrium in natural weathering systems does not account for the observed discrepancy between natural and laboratory rates of feldspar hydrolysis. Differences in feldspar weathering rates between natural and laboratory systems are most likely due to a combination of experimental preparation artifacts, loss of reactive surface to the formation of etch pits in naturally weathered feldspars, and inhomogeneous access of reactive fluids to those surfaces.     

新集矿区煤的孔渗性实验室测定研究

采用新集矿区煤样进行实验室条件下孔渗性测试分析,研究该区煤在不同围限压力下有效孔隙度和气体渗透率的动态变化趋势;同时,对孔渗性的实验室测试方法的可行性,结合该区试井测试结果分析比较,提出测试结果适用性评价。      

Full-scale linear cutting test in Chongqing Sandstone and the comparison with field TBM excavation performance

In this study, determination of some machine parameters and performance prediction for tunnel boring machine (TBM) are conducted based on laboratory rock cutting test. Firstly, laboratory full-scale linear cutting test is carried out using 432-mm CCS (constant cross section) disc cutter in Chongqing Sandstone. Then, the input parameters for TBM cutterhead design are extracted; some TBM specifications are determined and then compared to the manufactured values. Finally, laboratory full-scale linear cutting test results are compared with the field TBM excavation performance data collected in Chongqing Yangtze River Tunnel. Results show that laboratory full-scale linear cutting test results, combined with some engineering considerations, can be used for the preliminary and rough design of TBM machine capacity. Meanwhile, combined with some modification factors, it can also well predict the field TBM excavation performance.

     

Comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess

Rendell, H.M., 1988. Comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess. Eng. Geol., 25: 229–233.

Preliminary results of a comparison between naturally consolidated and laboratory consolidated loess are presented. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to compare nominal pore size distributions of loess before and after laboratory consolidation with those for samples that had undergone “natural” compaction. Although changes in density appear to be modelled well by the oedometer tests, the pore size distributions approach, they do not mirror exactly those for naturally consolidated loess.     

LIU TUNGSHENG'S PALAEOMAGNETIC LOESS RESEARCH IN SWITZERLAND

编者按　11月22日是刘东生先生的生日,在先生离开我们的一年多时间里,我们时刻在怀念他。这里我们刊登了刘先生的密友之一、瑞士的Heller教授的短文,怀念与刘先生一起研究黄土磁学的点点滴滴。本文是Heller教授为刘先生的纪念文集撰写的,但因故未及在文集中刊出。现在本刊补登,除了表示对先生的深切怀念,也表示对Heller教授的感谢和歉意。     

Comparison of laboratory testing protocols to field observations of the weathering of sulfide-bearing mine tailings

A laboratory weathering study using a humidity cell procedure was conducted on two sulfide-bearing tailing samples from a metallurgical site in Ontario (Canada). The test was accompanied by microbiological studies to enumerate the major groups of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and determine their potential role at different stages during the oxidation process. To evaluate the utility of this method, results were compared with those of previous laboratory and field studies on the same materials. The mineralogy of the laboratory samples differs only by the addition of a small amount of hydronium-bearing natrojarosite [(Na,H₃O)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] to one sample. The progress of sulfide oxidation and the rates of solute release were determined to evaluate the extent of mineral dissolution. These processes were influenced strongly by the capacity of the material to generate acidity, which was enhanced by the presence of hydronium-bearing natrojarosite. Acid-neutralization processes occurring during the laboratory tests were affected by reaction kinetics, consistent with field observations. In particular, the extent of carbonate-mineral dissolution appears to be different in the laboratory than in the field, where more prolonged rock–water interaction allowed more complete chemical equilibration. As a consequence, the capacity of this test procedure to predict weathering reactions in mine tailings is limited by its inability to reproduce the weathering sequence observed in the field. The results of the microbiological study showed that distinct groups of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria operate at different stages of the oxidative process, as was observed in field studies where tailings oxidation occurred under natural conditions, suggesting that microbiological tests performed for laboratory studies are reflective of field conditions.     

Further details on the applicability of Thellier paleointensity method: The effect of magnitude of laboratory field

Twenty years after Tanaka and Kono's pioneering contribution (Tanaka and Kono, 1984), we give some new details on the effect of applied field strength during Thellier paleointensity experiments. Special attention is paid to the relation of magnitude of laboratory field and Coe's quality factors (Coe et al., 1978). Full thermoremanent magnetizations were imparted on natural samples containing low-Ti titanomagnetites of pseudo-single domain structure in a 40-μT magnetic field from 600?°C to room temperature. The samples were subjected to the routine Thellier procedure using a wide range of applied laboratory fields. Results indicate that values of laboratory fields may be accurately reproduced within 2% of standard error. The quality factors, however, decrease when the magnitude of ‘ancient’ field does not match to applied laboratory fields. To cite this article: J. Morales et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).