不同级配珊瑚砂水泥胶结体的破坏行为分析

为探究不同级配的珊瑚砂水泥胶结体在静、动荷载下的破坏行为,利用落锤冲击试验机对不同级配的珊瑚砂水泥胶结体试样进行了一系列冲击试验,并结合静力压缩试验,综合分析了珊瑚砂水泥胶结体的力学行为及破坏形态。试验结果表明：珊瑚砂的级配区间越广,其水泥试块的抗压强度越大、抗冲击性能越强、受冲击破坏程度越小且破碎角逐渐递减;珊瑚砂水泥试块在不同种类的荷载作用下展现出不一样的破坏形态,区别于混凝土试块。在此基础上,建立了三维离散元模型,以模拟的应力-应变曲线与静力试验结果相吻合作为PFC细观参数的选取原则,并利用该细观参数对试块冲击试验进行数值重现。通过细观分析可以看出：从裂隙分布角度分析,随着级配区间越广、平均粒径的增大,均匀且分散的冲击微裂隙会越来越集中往某个方向发展,使得试块的裂缝数量减小、破损程度减轻。从系统黏结力角度分析,级配区间范围窄的试块内部黏结力较小且分布均匀,级配区间范围广的试块内部黏结力较大且分布不均匀。     

火山灰增强微生物固化砂土效果的试验研究

为了提升微生物固化砂土的效果,考虑火山灰的多孔结构及活性特征,设计进行了火山灰增强微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）固化砂土试验,综合宏观物理力学试验和微细观检测,系统分析了火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强效果及增强机制。结果表明：（1）火山灰能够显著提高砂土微生物加固过程中的固菌率和胶结物产量,火山灰掺量在10%左右达到最佳,与常规MICP相比,固菌率提高了118.28%,胶结物生成量提高了29.55%。（2）火山灰的掺入提高了固化体的抗压强度和抵抗变形的能力,不同围压下固化体的抗压强度提升了52.26%～62.96%,破坏时的应变增加了100.00%～112.58%。（3）火山灰掺入后,固化体的孔隙大小及孔隙率明显减小,整体的密实性及抗渗性能进一步提升,孔隙率从20.12%减小为14.17%,渗透系数降低了一个数量级。（4）火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强机制主要包括3个方面,一方面,火山灰在砂颗粒间起到了良好的充填作用,大幅减少了颗粒间的大孔隙,使得固化体的密实性增强;另一方面,火山灰良好的吸附作用有效提高了试样内细菌的含量,使固化体碳酸钙的产量及分布的均匀性均增加;第3方面,火山灰中的活性物质参与反应生成的胶凝物质与碳酸钙晶体形成复合凝胶体,使得固化体的胶结性能和密实程度进一步增强。     

颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变及强度影响研究

为了探究加筋对钙质砂力学性质及颗粒破碎的影响,使用大型三轴仪对加筋钙质砂和素钙质砂进行了一系列不同加筋层数、加筋材料种类及围压的三轴固结排水试验。研究方法如下：首先通过三轴试验及筛分试验,得到了不同试验条件下钙质砂的主应力差-轴向应变曲线、体应变-轴向应变曲线以及试验后的级配曲线;其次通过试验结果,分析了加筋对钙质砂强度、变形及颗粒破碎的影响;最后通过将钙质砂颗粒破碎与输入能量相关联,得到了钙质砂颗粒破碎的规律。研究结果表明：加筋钙质砂强度明显高于素钙质砂,且加筋效果随加筋层数与筋材2%延伸率割线刚度的增加而增加,但随围压的增加而减少。加筋同时也可以有效抑制钙质砂的剪胀,且加筋层数越多抑制效果越明显。另外,试验结果也表明钙质砂颗粒破碎程度与输入能量之间存在特定的关系,输入能量越大颗粒破碎程度越大,且这种关系与钙质砂加筋与否关系不大。     

Unsaturated resilient behavior of a natural compacted sand

Granular materials are generally used in unbound layers of road pavement structures. The mechanical behavior of these materials is widely studied with repeated load triaxial tests (RLTT) in which the elastic response is defined as the resilient behavior. Usually observed under total stress conditions, the effect of pore pressure changes during loading are not usually included in design. Further, the unbound layers frequently exist under partially saturated conditions. The influence of the unsaturated state, i.e., the suction, on the mechanical behavior, of unbound granular materials for roads has not been sufficiently studied and is generally not taken into account in models used for these materials.     

Long-term thermo-mechanical behavior of energy pile in dry sand

A small-scale pile has been developed in the laboratory to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of energy piles subjected to a significant number of thermal cycles. The pile (20 mm external diameter), installed in dry sand, was initially loaded at its head to 0, 20, 40 and 60% of its ultimate bearing capacity (500 N). At the end of each loading step, 30 heating/cooling cycles were applied. The long-term behavior of the pile was observed in terms of head settlement, axial force profile, soil and pile temperature, and stress in soil. The results evidence the irreversible settlement of the pile head induced by thermal cycles under constant load head. In addition, the incremental irreversible settlement that accumulates after each thermal cycle decreases when the number of cycles increases. The evolution of irreversible pile head settlement versus number of cycles can be reasonably predicted by an asymptotic equation.     

冻融循环下粉砂土应力-应变归一化特性研究

为研究粉砂在不同冻融循环下的应力-应变关系特性,进行了粉砂土的不固结不排水三轴剪切试验,试验结果表明：在围压较低时,未冻融及经历较少次冻融循环的粉砂表现出一定的软化性,但软化程度较弱;而经历一定次数的冻融循环后,其逐渐由弱软化型转化成硬化型;在围压较高时,未冻融及冻融以后的粉砂都表现出应变硬化的特征,其应力-应变关系曲线为典型的双曲线。基于Konder双曲线模型,概述了土体应力-应变关系中常见的几种归一化因子及相应的归一化条件。提出了针对冻融循环下粉砂土的应力-应变关系的归一化因子,并给出了相应的归一化条件。基于新的归一化因子,建立了粉砂土在不同围压、不同冻融循环次数下的应力-应变特性的归一化方程,并对应力-应变曲线进行预测,其试验值与拟合值较为接近,预测效果较好。     

Triaxial tests on the fluidic behavior of post-liquefaction sand

Liquefaction-induced ground deformation is a major cause of structural damage during earthquakes. However, a better understanding of seismic liquefaction is needed to improve earthquake hazard analyses and mitigate structural damage. In this paper, a dynamic triaxial test apparatus was employed to investigate the fluidic characteristics of post-liquefaction sand. The specimens were vibrated to the point of liquefaction by dynamic loading, and then the liquefied sand was further sheared by triaxial compression in an undrained manner. It was found that a non-Newtonian fluid model can accurately describe the shear stress and the shear strain rate of post-liquefaction sand during undrained triaxial compression. The apparent viscosity, a major parameter in a constitutive model of a non-Newtonian fluid, decreases with an increase in the shear strain rate.     

循环荷载下砂土液化特性颗粒流数值模拟

利用PFC2D常体积循环双轴试验条件,对砂土在不排水循环荷载作用下的液化特性进行了颗粒流数值模拟,数值模拟按等应力幅加荷方式进行。颗粒流数值模拟的优点在于得到试样液化宏观力学表现的同时,通过不同循环加荷时刻试样内细观组构参量（包括配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、粒间切向接触力）的演化规律,分析砂土液化过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系,从而可进一步探讨砂土液化的细观力学机制。数值模拟研究结果表明,砂土液化现象在宏观力学表现上反映为超静孔隙水压力的累积上升和平均有效主应力的不断减小,在细观组构上对应于配位数的累积损失和粒间接触力的不断减小。砂土液化细观机制分析表明,试样配位数的减少与循环加荷过程中组构各向异性滞后于应力各向异性有关。     

Compressional behavior of clayey sand and transition fines content

Clayey sand can be considered as a composite matrix of coarse and fine grains. The interaction between coarser and finer grain matrices affects the overall stress–strain behavior of these soils. Intergranular void ratio, e_s (which is the void ratio of the coarser grain matrix) can be utilized as an alternative parameter to express the compressive response of such soils. Oedometer tests conducted on reconstituted kaolinite–sand mixtures indicate that initial conditions, percentage of fines, and stress conditions influence the compression characteristics evidently. Tests showed that, up to a fraction of fines, which is named as transition fines content (FC_t), compression behavior of the mixtures is mainly controlled by the sand grains. When concentration of fines exceeds FC_t, kaolinite controls the compression. It was found that FC_t varies between 19% and 34% depending on the above mentioned factors. This range of fines content is also consistent with various values reported in literature regarding the strength alteration. Performed direct shear tests revealed that there is also a close relationship between transition fines content and shear strength, which is harmonic with the oedometer test results.     

Comparison of antimony behavior with arsenic under various soil redox conditions

Antimony （Sb） is a toxic element and belongs to group 15 of the periodic table, under arsenic （As）. The geochemical behavior of Sb in the environment is still largely unknown. Since the behavior of Sb in the environment depends on its oxidation state, Sb analysis in environmental samples requires quantitative measurement of Sb （Ⅲ） and Sb （Ⅴ）. The aim of this study is the speciation of Sb in both solid and water phases to understand the reaction and dynamics of Sb in soil-water system. Accordingly, we employed X-ray absorption fine structure （XAFS） analysis to determine the Sb and As species in soil in laboratory and natural systems, while we also determined the oxidation states in soil water by the conventional HPLC-ICP-MS method. Natural soil and soil water samples containing Sb and As were collected around the Ichinokawa mine pithead, Ehime, Japan. To observe the species under various redox conditions, the soil and soil water samples were collected at four depths. Soil containing Sb and As were incubated for 7 days at 25℃ to observe their oxidation states under various redox condition by changing the total amount of water in the soil. Antimony K-edge XAFS spectra were measured at the beamline BL01B 1 at SPring-8 （Hyogo, Japan） and K-edge XAFS spectra of As, Fe, and Mn at the beamline BL12C in Photon Factory, KEK （Thukuba, Japan）. In the natural soil-water system, Sb was present exclusively as Sb （Ⅴ） over a wide redox range （from Eh=-140 to 360 mV; pH 8）, while As was present as a mixture of As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）. This trend was confirmed in the laboratory experiments. These results suggest that Sb （Ⅴ） is a very stable form in the environment and that Sb is oxidized under more oxic condition than As. Combining the results of Fe and Mn XAFS analyses and a positive correlation among Sb, As, and Fe abundances in the soil, the host phases of Sb and As in soil were Fe （Ⅲ） hydroxide. EXAFS analyses of Sb and As are also consistent with this fact. Under reducing conditions, the concentrations of As in the soil water increased whereas those of Sb decreased in both the natural and laboratory systems.     

不同埋深砂土盾构隧道掘进开挖面前方土拱效应研究

盾构施工过程中,开挖面前方土拱效应与掌子面盾构机推力大小和埋深密切相关。通过室内模型试验,研究不同砂土密度和不同隧道埋深条件下,盾构开挖面前方土拱效应,分析了砂土颗粒位移变化模式和土拱发展的时变特征,并揭示了不同埋深下土拱的发展规律和对失稳破坏机制的影响;同时基于室内模型试验,采用颗粒流程序进行模拟,从细观角度进一步研究了土拱效应。结果表明:不同埋深条件下,土拱发展规律一致且与支护力大小,地表沉降密切相关;低密度时土体破坏模式呈漏斗状,高密度为条带状,且土拱范围随埋深比增大而增大;颗粒流模拟得到不同埋深条件下,颗粒接触力、孔隙率和平均土压力变化规律一致。最后得出室内试验和PFC~(2D)颗粒流模拟得到的土拱效应相似的结论。     

Laboratory investigation on strengthening behavior of frozen China standard sand

Acta Geotechnica - In this paper, a series of triaxial cyclic loading–unloading (L–U-C), triaxial cyclic loading–unloading–holding (L–U–H-C) and triaxial cyclic...     

砂与粘土接触界面的力学特性试验

利用DSJ-2型电动四联等应变直剪仪分别进行了不同粒径砂和粘土(方案1)、不同含水量砂和粘土(方案2)的直剪试验,揭示了其接触面的力学特性。试验结果表明:法向应力(σ_n)、砂粒径大小、砂含水量对接触面的力学特性有着重要的影响。方案1和方案2接触面的抗剪强度和达到剪切应力峰值时的剪切位移随着法向应力的增大而增大,当σ_n为100 kPa时,粘土和不同粒径砂的接触面剪切应力和水平剪切位移(τ-δ)关系曲线呈现应变软化现象;方案1接触面抗剪强度随砂粒径的减小而降低,方案2在σ_n为100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加而降低,σ_n>100 kPa时,接触面抗剪强度随砂含水量增加先降低后变大;方案2在低法向应力下,接触面抗剪强度对应的含水量敏感区间为[10%,15%],且较明显。     

DEM study on the undrained mechanical behavior of gassy sand

Exploitation of gas hydrate requires an improved understanding of the behavior of gassy soil. In this study, a numerical simulation technique is proposed that uses the discrete element method (DEM) to evaluate the undrained mechanical behavior of gassy sand, which consists of three phases—sand particles, water, and gas. The governing equation of gassy sand under undrained condition is derived and incorporated into the DEM simulation, in which gas solution and exsolution are considered. Undrained isotropic unloading and undrained triaxial compression tests on gassy sand samples with dissolved methane and carbon dioxide are simulated. Reasonable consistency is found when the simulation results are compared with experimental observation and theoretical calculation. The simulation highlights the significant influence of the gas solubility on the undrained behavior of gassy sand. The micro-responses of the observed phenomenon are also investigated.

     

Multi-laminate non-coaxial modelling of anisotropic sand behavior through damage formulation

A modified multi-laminate model, to predict non-coaxiality in anisotropic sand, is proposed in this paper. The model can easily be extended to other geo-materials only with implementing some minor provisions. To consider anisotropy of sand, two ellipsoids are utilized to summarize shear and compressive stiffness of material in different directions. Damage concept is used to take into account degradation of material through loading procedure. Ellipsoid of rigidity factors is being changed in both size and dimension, under applied strain path. Variation of ellipsoids results in change of stiffness distribution over different planes. In other words, fabric evolution in material is considered through variation of ellipsoids of rigidity factors. A simple rule is proposed for shear stress-strain relationship in loading-unloading and reloading, which captures most of the natural characteristics of sand behavior. In multi-laminate models, depending on stiffness distribution over sampling planes, stress and strain are not coaxial essentially. To achieve better results, non-coaxiality of shear stress and strain on sampling planes is considered by applying vector field concept. Shear stress in different directions of a sampling plane is considered as a vector field. This field is obtained from strain field, considering shear stiffness in various orientations. The model parameters are calibrated using uniaxial compressive test data in different directions, with respect to bedding plane on an anisotropic sand sample. To investigate capability of the model to predict non-coaxiality, results of the model are compared to experimental results obtained from pure principal stress rotation. Ultimately, good accuracy is observed in results.     

不同颗粒级配的某火山灰的力学性质试验研究

以吉林省靖宇县的红色火山灰为原材料,配制了5种不同级配的试样,通过比重、直剪和一维压缩试验测试了该火山灰材料的相对密度、剪切强度、压缩性等物理与力学特性,分析了颗粒级配对该火山灰的剪切和压缩力学特性的影响,为该材料的进一步应用提供参考。试验发现,所配制的火山灰试样的剪切特性与干砂土的抗剪性质类似,压缩特性都属于中压缩性土。     

Undrained behavior of silty sand: effect of the overconsolidation ratio

This experimental study deals with the effect of the overconsolidation ratio on the monotonic undrained shear behavior of silty sand. The study is based on the undrained monotonic triaxial tests for the overconsolidation ratios (OCR?=?1, 2, 4, and 8), with different silt contents ranging from 0% to 40%. The laboratory tests were carried out at an initial relative density of Dr?=?50%. The paper is composed of two parts. The first one presents the tested soils; the second one gives an analysis of the test results and discusses the influence of the overconsolidation ratio on the shear strength of the soil. The test results indicate that the shear strength of the soil increases with the increase of the overconsolidation ratio resulting in an increase of soil dilatancy. The increase in the amount of fines from 0% to 40% increases the phase of the contractancy and consequently reducing the phase of dilatancy of the tested material     

三明治形加筋土筋-土界面动力剪切特性

三明治形加筋土是一种在黏土中加入加筋砂层形成的混合填料形式的新型加筋土。为了研究不同条件下三明治形加筋土筋-土界面的动力剪切特性,采用大型直剪仪对三明治形加筋土进行了一系列循环剪切试验,研究了不同薄砂层厚度、循环剪切幅值和竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：筋-土界面的剪应力峰值随着循环次数的增加而增加,循环周次为10时,薄砂层厚度为5、6、7、8、9 mm的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为24.84、27.4、27.94、26.33、24.68 kPa,表明薄砂层厚度为7 mm时,筋-土界面在循环剪切阶段的峰值剪应力最大;剪切幅值越大,界面循环剪切的最终剪缩量越大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度和阻尼比越小;在不同竖向应力下,界面在循环剪切过程中都发生了循环剪切硬化现象,循环周次为10时,竖向应力为30、60、90 kPa的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为20.4、25.14、32.96 kPa,表明剪应力峰值随竖向应力的增大而增大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度也随竖向应力的增大而增大。     

Anisotropic behavior of the Bushehr carbonate sand in the Persian Gulf

The anisotropy effect is exhibited more prominently in sedimentary depositions, and it relates the soil’s mechanical specifications to the directions of imposed loads. Even though this phenomenon has been comprehensively explored in silica sands, few research has been conducted for studying the anisotropic behavior of marine carbonate sands. To bridge this gap, the present study investigates the anisotropy effect on the mechanical behavior of Bushehr carbonate sand acquired from the north shelf of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Toward this end, some undrained principal stress rotation tests are conducted using a hollow cylinder shear torsional apparatus in such a manner that the direction of the applied principal stresses are fixed along a desired orientation and the total mean stress and intermediate principal stress ratio are kept constant. Furthermore, prior to shearing, the samples are consolidated under three confining pressures and two isotropic and anisotropic states. The results show that dilative behavior is observed in all loading directions after initial contraction; this contradicts the response observed in silica sands. The anisotropy response of soil follows two different trends in the contractive and dilative phases. The relation of soil’s mechanical properties shows a descending trend with the angle of maximum principal stress in the contractive phase; on the other hand, the anisotropy behavior shows a dominant parabola trend in the dilative phase, where the maximum ultimate pore pressure and minimum soil strength occur in the stress direction with an angle of α?=?30°. By increasing the confining pressure in the soil element, the intensity of the anisotropy in some mechanical properties except the soil deformation is reduced. Furthermore, the deviatoric-to-effective mean stress ratio in the phase transformation state from contraction to dilation is independent of the loading direction and consolidation stress state, and it is considered one of the intrinsic properties of sand.