毛乌素沙地裸地与植被覆盖下非冻结期土壤水分时空分布特征

在水资源短缺的沙地生态系统中,土壤水分是植被恢复和水资源管理的主要控制因子,正确认识沙地土壤水分的分布特征及时空变化规律是促进沙地水资源可持续发展的基础。以毛乌素沙地为研究区,利用原位试验观测、经典统计学分析和聚类分析相结合的方法,揭示了有无植被覆盖下的土壤剖面水分时空变化特征,探讨了植物生长对土壤水分布的影响。结果表明：在2016年非冻结期内,地下水水位埋深较浅时,裸地与植被覆盖情况下土壤平均含水率均随土壤深度的增加而增大,可将0～350 cm土层划分为气候影响层、过渡层与地下水影响层。裸地剖面平均含水率为23.59%,变异系数为4.24%,属于弱变异,剖面含水率在观测期间明显上升,并在8月中旬强降雨时上升速率达到最大;植被覆盖下土壤剖面平均含水率为17.74%,变异系数为15.61%,属于中等变异,剖面含水率在观测期间显著下降,在8月沙柳发育成熟后剖面含水率下降最快。在垂向深度上,植被对土壤剖面含水率的影响近似呈高斯曲线变化,对过渡层含水率的影响最大,占总影响的50%以上,对气候影响层与地下水影响层的影响相对较小,且随着植物生长,气候影响层受到的相对影响逐渐减弱,地下水影响层受到的...     

新疆天山西部巩乃斯河谷积雪与森林/草地 覆盖条件下季节冻土特征分析

不同的覆盖条件下,季节冻土的特征会存在差异。为了分析积雪与森林/草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的特征,在新疆天山西部巩乃斯河上游的中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站的实验场地监测了森林-积雪,草地-积雪,以及草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度,并对有无积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土发育过程中的土壤温度和土壤含水量进行了跟踪测量。结果表明：森林-积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度最浅,草地-积雪覆盖条件下次之,草地覆盖条件下最深。积雪的存在可以改变季节冻土的冻结深度,还会影响土壤温度和土壤含水量变化。在季节冻土的发育阶段,积雪的隔热作用使得有积雪覆盖条件下土壤温度和土壤含水量较高;在积雪消融阶段,由于积雪融水的补给,土壤含水量也相应地增加,积雪消失后由于蒸发的存在导致土壤含水量减少。     

Research on the effect of straw mulching on the soil moisture by field experiment in the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains

To reveal the influencing effect of the long-term straw mulching on the soil moisture, this paper employed the field experiment data in 2010 of a typical area of Taihang Mountains plain, observed the soil moisture dynamic regularities under different mulching patterns by virtue of depressimeter and neutron probe, analyzed the characteristics of soil water content and storage in different depths and seasons under the long-term straw mulching. The results showed that the long-term straw mulching can keep the soil moisture conservation of the deep, while decreased the shallow. (1) The long-term straw mulching can changed the type of soil water movement. If no straw mulching, the type is mainly evaporation-infiltration. And with straw mantle the type would change into infiltration. The number of zero flux plane would be reduced or absent. (2) The long-term straw mulching can increase the soil water reserves of the whole soil profile with the depth between 0 cm and 220 cm. But the soil water content of the layer from 30 cm to 80 cm decreased and the soil water content of the layer from 80 cm to 220 cm increased instead., The effect of soil moisture conservation on winter wheat is not obvious; (3) With no straw mulching, the depth of infiltration recharge by rainfall or irrigation is shallower than 80 cm. In a straw mulching, the influence depth is can extend to 120 cm; (4) With no straw mulching , there is a deep layer on the depth of 220 cm between March and June, while this layer will disappear with a long-term straw mulching.     

垃圾填埋场传统封顶和ET封顶的比较研究

针对传统压实黏土封顶系统存在易干燥开裂的问题,提出了一种新型的ET（蒸发传输）封顶系统。分析了压实黏土封顶系统和新型ET封顶系统的工作机制。在降水和蒸发循环补给的条件下,建立了水分在两种封顶系统中迁移的一维数学模型。以9次降水和蒸发循环补给为边界条件,分别模拟了576 h的水分在两种封顶系统中迁移变化规律。计算结果表明,距补给边界越近,含水率受降水、蒸发的影响越显著,且随着深度的增加出现明显的峰值滞后现象。传统封顶中的压实黏土层由于具有低渗透性,致使整层不能得到有效的水分补给。ET封顶中整个土层可以有效地从边界降水中得到补给,同时在蒸发的条件下,把土层中的储水释放。数值计算结果与试验数据的对比表明,计算值和试验数据基本吻合。这些研究成果有助于垃圾填埋场封顶系统的设计作进一步的改进。     

城区与郊区土体湿度监测与对比分析——以南京市为例

由城市化进程改变的城市空间热环境对城区土体湿度产生了重要影响。为了了解城区与郊区土体湿度的差异,以南京市为例,分别在城区、郊区建立了土体湿度监测站,分析2009年6月1日至2010年6月7日南京城区、郊区地下1 m范围内裸土、草地及混凝土覆盖环境下土体湿度的时空演化特征。研究结果表明,南京城区土体湿度总体上小于郊区,存在显著的城市土体"干岛效应",年平均干岛强度为-7.4%。在时间尺度上,1月的干岛强度最小,为-2.1%;7月最大,达到-20.5%。在空间尺度上,郊区土体湿度随深度增加而增大,城区土体则无明显规律。在不同地面覆盖环境下,城区、郊区土体湿度变化规律不同:城区裸土环境下土体湿度日变化明显,而草地及混凝土下的土体湿度日变化相对较小,3种地面覆盖环境的年均土体湿度变化规律为草地(19.0%)<混凝土(26.4%)<裸土(29.5%);郊区3种地面覆盖环境下土体湿度日变化区间及变化频率均比城区大,且年均土体湿度为混凝土(27.4%)<草地(34.7%)<裸土(36.2%)。最后,分析了造成城区、郊区土体湿度差异的原因。     

冻结季沱沱河源多年冻土区活动层土壤水分含量分析

活动层含水量是表征多年冻土区气候、水文和生态过程的关键参数。长期以来,由于受多年冻土区活动层水分实测样点数量稀少的限制,各类基于遥感反演、模式模拟乃至数据融合和同化等手段生产的土壤水分空间数据均存在着较大的误差。2020年10—11月在青藏高原腹地（沱沱河源区）测定了 1 072组活动层土壤含水量数据并进行分析,探讨了该时段该区域活动层土壤水分的空间差异,并与全球陆面数据同化系统数据产品（GLDAS-Noah）和欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的第五代再分析资料（ERA5-Land）进行了对比分析。结果表明,在该区域平均厚度为2.72 m的活动层内,土壤质量含水量（总含水量）约为14.0%,活动层土壤含水量与植被发育情况存在正相关关系。除高寒沼泽草甸类型外,高寒草甸与高寒草原类型的活动层含水量随深度的增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。不同坡位类型的活动层含水量呈上坡位>下坡位>中坡位>平坡位,阳坡水分高于阴坡且两者活动层剖面水分变化相似。多年冻土区浅表层0~350 cm深度范围内的土壤含水量大于区内融区同深度的土壤含水量,两者土壤剖面水分分布均呈现出先增大后减小再增大的特征。该区域的GLDAS-Noah同化水分产品与实测数据对比的误差在10%以内,比ERA5-Land再分析土壤水分数据更为准确,但两种数据产品对土壤剖面上的水分垂直分布情况描述均与实测数据有较大差异。该研究结果可以为数据同化系统的模式冻融参数化方案优化及遥感水分产品研发提供科学依据。     

长江源区沼泽草甸多年冻土活动层土壤水分对模拟增温的响应

气候变化对高寒生态系统地气间水能循环过程产生强烈的影响, 因此, 气候变暖条件下的高寒生态系统水热过程和寒区流域水循环过程具有重要研究意义. 采用开顶式温室(OTC)对长江源沼泽草甸进行模拟增温试验, 分析了模拟增温对多年冻土活动层土壤水分的影响. 结果表明: 短期增温使得沼泽草甸生物量显著增加, 使得多年冻土活动层土壤冻结起始时间推迟、融化起始时间提前, 从而使融化期延长. 室外对比样地在65 cm深度存在明显的干层, 而OTC土壤水分随着深度加深不断降低. 增温使得多年冻土浅层土壤具有更高的含水量, 但并未导致表层土壤干化, 这与沼泽草甸土壤浅层密集的根系层和具有较强的持水和保水能力的有机质层有关.     

黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

田间试验研究了不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤含水量及小麦生长状况和水分利用效率的影响.试验包括4个处理:作物生育期秸秆覆盖600 kg/ha(M600)、秸秆覆盖300 kg/ha(M300)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖处理(CK).结果表明:覆盖处理下的土壤贮水量均高于不覆盖,M600处理能显著增加土壤含水量(0～1m和...     

Experimental study of particle migration under cyclic loading: effects of load frequency and load magnitude

The study of particle migration in porous media under cyclic loading is the key to understand the mechanism of mud pumping hazard in railway embankments. This paper presents a series of particle migration tests, in which soil particles migrate into an overlying gravel layer under cyclic loading. The results show that the increase in loading frequency and load magnitude leads to more particle migration upwards at a greater rate, implying that the train speed and axle loads affect the extent of mud pumping. The slurry turbidity in the gravel layer increases to a steady state value with time. Soil particles smaller than 5 μm have the potential to diffuse into the entire gravel layer, and larger particles tend to aggregate in the bottom layer of the gravel. The backward erosion gradually develops deeper into the soil layer, and there is a maximum erosion depth associated with each load frequency and load magnitude. As for the mechanism, the pore water pressure oscillates because of liquid sloshing. Its amplitude is much larger in the gravel layer than that in the soil layer due to their difference in permeability. The axial hydraulic gradient acts as a pumping effect to stimulate the migration of soil particles. Increasing load frequency is conducive to the generation of a stronger pumping effect at the gravel–soil interface. Increasing load magnitude does impact not only the extent of pumping effect, but also the development of an interlayer which plays an important role in promoting particle migration.

     

贵州喀斯特区域土壤水分时空分布特征

基于贵州喀斯特区域2011-2015年53个自动土壤水分观测站0~100 cm的逐日土壤水分、降水、气温资料,分析了不同农业气候区土壤水分时空分布特征、变异系数以及土层之间的相关关系。得出以下主要结论:（1）各区土壤水分的范围总体相差较小,据 0~100 cm层土壤水分相对小值区的分布形态,可分为持续性土壤干旱区、季节性土壤干旱区、土壤湿润区。（2）依据各区土壤水分的变异系数相对大值区的时空分布形态类似可分为变异一致区、季节变异区及持续变异区。（3）通过10~50 cm对其下层土壤水分的关系研究发现,温暖湿润区、温和湿润区、高寒区研究土层（10~50 cm）与其下层（20~90 cm）土壤水分相关系数均>0.60,其余各区土层只与其下20~40 cm土层相关系数较大,而对其下更深土层相关系数较小;从滑动日数来看,各区10~50 cm土层与其下10~20 cm、30~50 cm、60~100 cm层最大相关系数的滑动日数随深度的增加而增加,分别为3~10日、10~20日、20~30日。（4）通过对比各区土壤水分与其变异系数分布特征发现,土壤水分的低值区发生的层次及时间与变异系数大值区基本相对应,土壤水分的变化除与降水、气温直接关系外,还可能与土质及环境等其他要素有关。      

Impact of the new common agricultural policy of the EU on the runoff production and soil moisture content in a Mediterranean agricultural system

Soil moisture variability and the depth of water stored in the arable layer of the soil are important topics in agricultural research and rangeland management. In this study, we use the distributed rainfall-runoff (DR2) model to perform a detailed mapping of topsoil moisture status (SMS) in a mountain Mediterranean catchment. This model, previously tested in the same study area against the Palmer Z-index, is run at monthly scale for the current scenario of land uses and under three scenarios that combine the land abandonment and the application of the new common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union. Under the current conditions, runoff yield is scarce and presents a high spatial variability when monthly rainfall intensity and depth are low, and infiltration processes mainly lead to water storage in the soil. When rainfall intensity is high, runoff accumulation along the hillslopes controls the depth of available water in the soil, and SMS is more homogeneous. On average, scrublands and pasture have the wettest values, crops of winter cereal and abandoned fields have intermediate conditions, and areas of bare soil and forest have the driest conditions all the year around. The abandonment and no revegetation of the low productive fields located in steep areas and the collapse of their landscape linear elements (LLEs) produce not only an increase of 2.3 % of the overall SMS in the catchment in comparison with the current scenario but also an increment of the effective runoff that cross the cultivated areas of the lowlands and the runoff depth that reach the wetlands, increasing the soil erosion risk and compromising the conservation of the lakes. When the new green areas of the CAP are installed in the upper part of the fields of the lowlands and around the lakes, the runoff depth and thus siltation risk clearly decreases but also SMS decreases 1.7 and 1.1 % considering the current land uses and adding revegetation practices in the abandoned fields, respectively. Hence, a management scenario where: (1) abandoned fields are covered with a dense cover of shrubs, (2) the LLEs are preserved, (3) the green areas of the PAC are created, and (4) runoff harvesting practices are applied to partially compensate the water deficit, will help to preserve the humidity of the soil and will be of interest to keep the agricultural land use around the protected lakes of the study area.     

黄土中水分迁移规律现场试验研究

黄土地区降雨诱发滑坡是不争的事实,但黄土地区地下水位很深,降雨入渗地面后如何运移,与地下水有无直接联系,目前还不是很清楚。为此设计了人工滴水试验模拟天然降雨条件,通过在一深度为10 m的探井井壁上埋设土壤水分计,观测人工滴水入渗过程中不同深度土体含水率随时间的变化情况,以确定其入渗影响深度。监测结果显示：降雨量为3.82 mm/d (小雨)时,0.5 m内土体含水率变化明显,0.5 m以下土层含水率几乎没有变化;降雨量为10.31 mm/d(中雨)时,1 m内土体含水率有所增加;降雨量达25.21 mm/d(大雨)时,1 m内土体含水率增长明显,1.0～1.6 m范围内有微弱增长;随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。这说明在干旱的黄土地区,若无明显入水通道,短期内降雨的入渗深度有限,很难到达地下水位;但深部古土壤层的观测结果表明,即使在其上部黄土中含水率变化极其微弱的情况下,古土壤中的含水率上升明显,表明黄土中非饱和渗流或水汽迁移是存在的。通过试验还表明,陇东黄土高原地区土壤中水分循环主要发生在浅层0.7 m以内的蒸发带。降雨入渗到蒸发带以内,若无后续降雨补给,则向上蒸发排泄;若入渗至蒸发带以下,则不受蒸发影响,得以继续向下迁移;当遇到不透水面时,会在层面附近富集,有限元模拟也较好地反映了这一规律。     

季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融循环期湿度与温度变化研究

在黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心的综合实验观测场, 利用2011年11月-2012年4月一个冬季冻融循环期的实测黑土耕层剖面土壤湿度和温度数据, 对典型中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤湿度与冻结融化期土壤温度变化进行研究. 根据阳坡的黑土耕层土壤浅层1 cm、 5 cm、 10 cm及15 cm四种不同深度, 对冻融循环过程中土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化特征进行分析, 研究黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 了解降水和温度对不同深度土壤湿度变化的影响. 结果表明: 在北京时间08:00、 14:00及20:00, 阳坡15 cm、 10 cm、 5 cm及1 cm深度黑土耕层土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化的线性相关可决系数分别为0.9298、 0.9216、 0.5989、 0.7281, 斜率平均标准偏差分别为0.017、 0.019、 0.095、 0.056, 截距平均标准偏差分别为0.17、 0.25、 1.31、 0.83. 阳坡10 cm及15 cm深度的黑土耕层土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化呈十分显著的线性相关关系. 阳坡5 cm深度的黑土耕层土壤湿度在冻结融化期与土壤温度变化线性关系稍微显著. 在整个冻结融化期, 因受太阳辐射、 降水及蒸发的强烈影响, 阳坡浅层1 cm深度黑土耕层土壤湿度与土壤温度线性相关性不如10 cm及15 cm深度的关系显著, 但比5 cm深度的关系显著.     

季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化

利用黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心综合实验观测场2011年11月-2012年4月整个冻结融化期的实测野外黑土耕层土壤温度和水分数据, 对中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中冻结和融化特征分阴、阳坡进行了分析, 研究了冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 并探讨了降水对不同深度耕层土壤含水量变化的影响. 结果表明:黑土耕层土壤冻结融化过程分为5个阶段, 历时164 d, 约5.5个月. 阶段I, 秋末冬初黑土耕层土壤开始步入冻结期; 阶段II, 黑土耕层土壤整日处于冻结状态, 阴坡比同样深度的阳坡土壤温度低; 阶段III为黑土耕层土壤稳定冻结期; 阶段IV, 黑土耕层土壤步入昼融夜冻的日循环交替状态, 冻融循环的土层逐渐向深部发展, 阳坡比阴坡融化得更深、更早, 阴坡比阳坡经历冻融循环次数更多; 阶段V为稳定融化期, 在融化过程不存在冻融交替的现象, 直到整个冻层内的土壤全部消融. 各深度位置阴坡土壤温度的最高值出现时间比阳坡晚约0.5 h. 经过整个冻结融化期后, 阴、阳坡各层土壤含水量均大于冻结前, 阴坡土壤含水量比阳坡整体偏低. 在整个冻结融化期, 阳坡地下1 cm、5 cm、10 cm 及15 cm处含水量最大值出现在地下5 cm; 阴坡的含水量整体趋于平稳且在融化期受降水影响明显.     

大兴安岭秋季冻结期土壤水热变化对多年冻土泥炭地可溶性有机碳的影响北大核心CSCD

土壤温度和含水量是影响可溶性有机碳(DOC)变化的重要因素。然而,多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC变化对秋季冻结期土壤水热变化的响应尚不明确。本研究选取大兴安岭3种多年冻土泥炭地[小叶章泥炭地(CP)、兴安落叶松-泥炭藓泥炭地(LP)、白毛羊胡子苔草泥炭地(EP)]作为研究对象,开展野外原位试验探究秋季冻结期土壤水热变化对多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC变化的影响。结果表明:秋季冻结期土壤DOC含量表现为EP>CP>LP,平均含量分别为83.99、45.75和43.13mg·L^(-1)。在秋季冻结前期3种类型多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC含量均呈波动下降趋势,中、后期CP,LP土壤DOC变化较平缓。在秋季冻结前期,CP整体土壤DOC含量随浅层土壤温度的降低而减少;在后期CP浅层和整体土壤DOC含量随浅层土壤含水量的增加而增加。在秋季冻结中期,LP浅层土壤温度升高和含水量的减少,降低了土壤DOC含量;LP整体土壤DOC的变化随着浅层温度的升高逐渐降低。在秋季冻结后期,EP深层和整体土壤DOC含量随深层含水量增加而增加。在整个秋季冻结期,LP浅层土壤DOC主要受地表温度驱动,深层土壤DOC则主要受深层含水量的影响;整体土壤DOC则受地表温度影响较大。研究表明秋季冻结期多年冻土泥炭地土壤水热变化驱动土壤DOC含量的变化。研究结果为多年冻土区碳循环和“双碳”背景下的碳排放研究提供基础科学数据。     

风沙堆积对下伏多年冻土影响的数值模拟

青藏高原沙漠化所产生的风沙堆积作为一种重要局地因素,其对下伏多年冻土的具体影响目前尚未清楚。通过数值方式,模拟了红梁河沙害严重地区高温退化型多年冻土在13种厚度的干湿风积沙覆盖下10年内的变化情况。结果表明：在土体浅层,沙层越厚,地温较差越小,且干沙下地温较差变化幅度明显大于湿沙;干沙越厚,最大季节融深越小,湿沙则对最大季节融深影响微弱;积沙无论干湿,沙层越厚,冷暖季年热循环量均越小,且干沙下年热循环量变化幅度明显大于湿沙。因此,风积沙对其下伏多年冻土退化有不同程度减缓,沙层越厚,减缓作用越强,且干沙减缓多年冻土退化的能力明显强于湿沙。     

Oxygen influx and geochemistry of percolate water from reactive mine waste rock underlying a sloping channelled soil cover

An ideal engineered soil cover can mitigate acid rock drainage (ARD) by limiting water and gaseous O₂ ingress into an underlying waste rock pile. However, the barrier layer in the soil cover almost invariably tends to develop cracks or fractures after placement. These cracks may change water flow and O₂ transport in the soil cover and decrease performance in the long run. The present study employed a 10-cm-wide sand-filled channel installed in a soil barrier layer (silty clay) to model the aggregate of cracks or fractures that may be present in the cover. The soil cover had a slope of 20%. Oxygen transport through the soil cover and oxidation of the underlying waste rock were investigated and compared to a controlled column test with bare waste rock (without soil cover). Moreover, gaseous O₂ transport in the soil cover with channel and its sensitivity to channel location as well as the influence of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel material were modeled using the commercial software VADOSE/W. The results indicted that the waste rock underlying the soil cover with channel had a lower oxidation rate than the waste rock without cover because of reduced O₂ ingress and water flushing in the soil cover with channel, which meant a partial soil cover might still be effective to some extent in reducing ARD generation. Gaseous O₂ ingress into the covered waste rock was more sensitive to the channel location than to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the material filling the channel. Aqueous equilibrium speciation modeling and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that secondary minerals formed as a result of the oxidation of the waste rock included gypsum and goethite in the covered waste rock and schwertmannite and other Fe oxides in the uncovered waste rock. The findings of the study provided insight into the effect of channel flow on O₂ transport and oxidation of the covered waste rock, which may help to improve soil cover design and construction to minimise the generation of preferential flow in the barrier layer.     

青藏高原高寒草甸区土壤水分的空间异质性

通过网格(10m×10m)取样,用地统计学方法研究了青藏高原高寒草甸覆盖区域(110m×90m)浅层剖面(0~40cm)土壤水分的空间异质性特征。结果表明:在高寒草甸覆盖区0~30cm深度范围内,土壤水分均存在高度空间异质性,其中87.3%~74.9%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在201m以下尺度,10m以下随机因素对空间异质性作用较小;30~40cm土壤水分空间异质性由10m以下尺度随机因素导致的占42.3%,而自相关部分的空间异质性(57.7%)体现在10~87.2m尺度。随土层深度的增加,分维数D有逐渐增大的趋势,说明随深度增加高寒草甸区土壤水分自相关空间异质性程度在降低,而随机因素导致的空间异质性程度在增加。从4层的C₀/(C+C₀)值来看,10~20cm这一层的值最小,表明在这一层的系统变量的空间自相关性程度最高。说明高寒草甸区0~30cm土层的土壤水分含量是受降水、植被发育、根系分布、土壤特性和人为干扰等影响,其空间异质性主要受自相关因素控制,而30cm以下的土壤水分受自相关因素和随机因素共同控制。     

降雨蒸发作用下膨胀土湿热和裂隙特性室内模拟试验

以广西白色强膨胀土为研究对象,对有、无植被覆盖的膨胀土样进行蒸发、降雨再蒸发试验,研究降雨、蒸发过程对膨胀土湿热和裂隙拓展特性的影响。结果表明,植被覆盖土样表面的反射量比无植被覆盖土样小100 W/m2左右,土样表面温差小5～6 ℃。无植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面裂隙率由1.28%增加到3.82%,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.42%增加到11.17%,脱湿速率由0.59%/d增加到1.44%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由13.1 ℃增加到14.9 ℃。可见,降雨、蒸发过程使得土体水量变化加大,水分迁移速率增加,温度变化加剧,土体趋于破碎。植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面并未出现明显裂隙,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.16%变为2.36%,脱湿速率由0.58%/d变为0.37%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由0.58 ℃变为0.37 ℃。可见,短期降雨、蒸发过程对植被覆盖下膨胀土的持水能力影响不大。     

The impact of land use and land cover changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the karst hillslopes of southwest China

The understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture and hydraulic property is crucial to the study of several hydrological and ecological processes. Karst environments are extremely fragile because of thin soil and small soil water holding capacity. A marked intensification of agricultural land use and deforestation due to increase of population and thus expansion of agricultural areas has made the karst environment even more delicate. In this study, the soil moisture contents (SMC) and hydraulic conductivities (K) along four karst hillslopes were measured in situ by time domain reflectometry and the Guelph Permeameter, respectively, at test plots, each of which has a different vegetative cover, landform, land surface slope, soil property and content of rock fragment. The statistical results from the measurements show that land cover changes strongly affect the distribution of soil moisture and hydraulic properties. Compared with SMC in the bare soil areas, SMC values are 30.5, 20.1 and 10.2% greater in the forest, shrub and grass areas, respectively. Vegetation roots significantly increase permeability of low-layer silt soils. Measured K values were 0.8, 0.6 and 0.01 cm/min for the forest, agriculture and bare soil areas, respectively. When the forest was destroyed by fire or cut to become an agricultural area or bare soils, SMC would be reduced by 13.1 and 32.1%, respectively. If deforestation leads to strong rock desertification, SMC was reduced by 70%. Bedrock fractures significantly reduce the SMC in the overlying layer, but increase K values. SMC values of 30–45% would be reduced to 17–30% for the soil layer embedding rocks with and without fractures, respectively. K values could be increased from 1.0 to 8.5 cm/min. SMC are sensitive to terrain. A slope angle increase of 1° would reduce SMC about 0.82%. These changes resulting from land cover and land use alterations offer useful information to further investigate the response of ecosystem evolution to hydrodynamic processes.