Pile reinforcement mechanism of soil slopes

Stabilizing piles are widely used as an effective and economic reinforcement approach for slopes. Reasonable designs of pile reinforcement depend on the understanding of reinforcement mechanism of slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests were conducted on the pile-reinforced slopes and corresponding unreinforced slopes under self-weight and vertical loading conditions. The deformation of the slope was measured using image-based analysis and employed to investigate the pile reinforcement mechanism. The test results showed that the piles significantly reduced the deformation and changed the deformation distribution of the slope, and prevented the failure occurred in the unreinforced slope. The pile influence zone was determined according to the inflection points on the distribution curves of horizontal displacement, which comprehensively described the features of the pile–slope interaction and the characteristics of reinforced slopes. The concepts of anti-shear effect and compression effect were proposed to quantitatively describe the restriction features of the piles on the deformation of the slope, namely the reduction in the shear deformation and the increase in the compression deformation, respectively. The pile reinforcement effect mainly occurred in the pile influence zone and decreased with increasing distance from the piles. There was a dominated compression effect in the vicinities of the piles. The compression effect developed upwards in the slope with a transmission to the anti-shear effect. The anti-shear effect became significantly dominated near the slip surface and prevented the failure that occurred in the unreinforced slope.     

粉喷桩与土工格栅联合加固及其工程应用

桥坡段结构物处为防止结构物开裂、位移、基桩受剪破坏及控制工后沉降,采用粉喷桩与土工格栅联合加固软基。联合加固后,可约束地基侧向变形,减小路基挤出量及不均匀沉降,有效地减小了地表的总沉降量,对于预防桥头跳车有良好的效果。     

水位下降条件下土钉加固土坡破坏特性研究

水位下降是导致滑坡的重要原因之一,而土钉是加固土坡的有效手段。进行离心模型试验,再现了水位下降时土钉加固土坡的变形和破坏过程,测量了土坡的位移变化。试验结果表明,水位下降条件下土钉加固土坡的破坏模式以绕钉破坏为主,滑裂面从坡顶逐渐向下发展至坡面;土钉加固土坡的破坏过程与变形局部化过程表现出显著的耦合变化;土钉加固机制主要表现为通过土钉与坡体的相互作用,减小土坡的变形和变形局部化程度,从而提高土坡的稳定性。增加土钉长度使得滑裂面向坡内部移动,显著减小土坡的变形及变形局部化程度,从而提高了土坡安全性。     

Block reinforcement behavior and mechanism of soil slopes

In recent years, blocks created by pressure grouting of cement into soil were used to reinforce slopes by targeting specific weak areas. A clear understanding of the block reinforcement mechanism is essential for the accurate evaluation of the stability of block-reinforced slopes and reasonable design of block layouts. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the bearing capacity and the full deformation and failure behavior of block-reinforced slopes, with a focus on the influence of block layouts on the reinforcement effect. A block reinforcement with a reasonable layout was confirmed to increase the stiffness and the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope. The block reinforcement significantly changed the failure mode to the complex disturbance and destruction from slippage failure in an unreinforced slope. The block reinforcement restrained the deformation localization around the blocks and thus prevented the development of the coupling effect between the deformation localization process and the failure process in an unreinforced slope during loading. Such a reinforcement mechanism could be used to explain why the block reinforcement increased the bearing capacity and changed the failure mode of the slope. The blocks exhibited significant motion along with the development of deformation localization in the slope during loading. The block reinforcement effect was significantly affected by the rotation of blocks, which was determined by the block layout.     

静载作用下土工格栅加筋拓宽路堤土中应力特征试验研究

为探究荷载作用下软土地基直接拼接拓宽路堤受力和变形特征,利用自行设计制造的模型试验系统,通过改变软土地基差异沉降、土工格栅加铺层数对软土地基高速公路直接拼接路堤进行一系列模型试验,研究各种工况下旧路与新拓宽路堤土中应力变化。试验结果表明,拓宽路堤在荷载作用下新旧路各断面土中竖向应力随着荷载的增大而增大,受路堤填土边坡与下伏地基侧向约束条件的影响,荷载作用下土中竖向应力在填土路堤与地基内沿深度方向呈现先减小、后增大、再减小的分布特征;软土地基拓宽路堤差异沉降对新旧路结合部位土中竖向应力影响较大,土中竖向应力随着差异沉降增大而增大;旧路范围内土中竖向应力受差异沉降的影响不大;在拓宽路堤填土的顶部和底部各布设一层土工格栅加筋层时可明显减小路堤土中竖向应力和路堤沉降：相同荷载作用下对比无加筋路堤,铺设2层土工格栅加筋路堤的顶面沉降最大可以减少62%,土工格栅加筋对软土地基拓宽路堤沉降有较好的控制作用。     

基于地应力边界条件的复杂边坡抗滑桩支护设计研究

复杂边坡稳定性问题一直是岩土工程界重点研究的问题之一,提高复杂边坡安全系数的方法有很多,其中采用抗滑桩支护是常用手段之一。以安徽省某高速公路复杂边坡为研究对象,采用套孔应力解除法对该边坡岩土体进行了地应力测试,以测试结果作为有限元分析的边界条件,分别对该边坡加固前和采用抗滑桩加固后两种工况进行数值分析,得到有代表性的有限元分析结果;并对有限元的计算出位移结果和实测位移进行了对比。分析表明,未采用抗滑桩支护的边坡,会产生局部应力过分集中、整体变形和水平向位移较大、塑性区贯通等不利于边坡稳定的危险状况。采用了抗滑桩支护后,贯通的塑性区消失,边坡变形和位移减少,应力分布趋于均匀,安全系数大幅度提高。有限元计算出的位移结果和实测位移十分接近,匹合度较好,从而说明了有限元分析手段的可靠性。     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

土工格栅加筋砂土的变形与破坏机理解析

利用可考虑局部破坏的非线性弹塑性有限元，对无加筋和加筋砂土的平面应变压缩试验结果进行了从小变形到破坏的全过程数值解析。加筋砂土试验体用土工格栅分6层和11层进行加筋加固。将等价二维有限元解析所得到的解析结果与试验得到的实测值进行了较为伞面的比较，结果表明：合理的二维非线性弹塑性有限元解析，不仅可以较为精确的模拟加筋砂土的平均心力-应变特性，而且还可以全面地调查试验体的局部应力-应变分布以及剪切破坏发生状况，从而，对加筋砂土的变彤破坏以及加筋材的加州机理有一个更加全面合理的认识。     

格栅加筋路堤边坡性能的试验研究及有限元分析

基于2种路堤边坡坡比、2种土工格栅和3种加筋层数的不同组合的室内模型试验,比较分析了不同试验工况条件下加筋边坡在顶部载荷作用下的变形规律。结果表明:加筋能较大幅度地提高边坡的稳定性及承载能力;加筋边坡的沉降和侧向位移随着格栅抗拉强度增大、加筋层数增多和边坡变缓而相应的变小。将试验所得结果与有限元数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析,有限元模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

冻融循环下加筋膨胀土边坡稳定性模型试验

控制边坡在冻融循环中的劣化作用,可保障季节冻土区域膨胀土边坡长期稳定。为确定土工格栅对膨胀土边坡在冻融循环过程中的稳定效果与工程意义,本文开展了膨胀土边坡模型试验,对比冻融过程中边坡内土压力、含水率、位移、温度变化。结果表明：土工格栅可约束膨胀土冻融裂缝,使裂缝发育更为均匀一致,同时减小边坡位移;加筋材料能抑制边坡水分迁移与热传导并减小土压力变化;对膨胀土边坡加筋处理可显著降低含水率波动幅值,从而减小膨胀土受含水率变化引发的胀缩劣化;不同于普通黏土,膨胀土边坡冻融循环中呈现冻缩融胀特点,而边坡加筋可有效提升冻土区膨胀土边坡的冻融稳定性,具有工程应用价值。     

On the cyclic failure mechanism of soil slopes

Dynamic loads, such as earthquakes, triggered a large number of landslides with more complicated failure mechanism due to their significant rate effect and cyclic effect. Thus, the failure mechanism is essential for an accurate evaluation of the dynamic stability of slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the progressive failure behavior of slopes under cyclic loading conditions with different amplitudes. The cyclic effect was quantitatively analyzed in view of the deformation and failure behavior of slopes and was discovered equivalently induced by different combinations of the amplitude and the number of loading cycles. For example, the slope failure was induced by a cyclic loading with an increasing amplitude as the number of loading cycles decreased, with an extreme case of the monotonic loading with a larger magnitude. The slope exhibited a significant progressive failure with a downward sequence from the top. The slip surface became shallower as the amplitude of the cyclic loading increased and was shallowest under the monotonic loading condition. Cyclic loading induced deformation localization and the localization developed to cause local failure in the slope. The local failure, together with the effect of cyclic loading, contributed to new deformation localization that determined the development of the slip surface. The amplitude of the cyclic loading affected the propagation of deformation localization in slopes, resulting in the observed variation of the slip surfaces under different loading patterns.     

黄土边坡开挖与支护效应的离心模拟试验研究

黄土边坡在开挖卸载过程中的稳定性分析及其防护在边坡工程中占有重要地位。采用西南交通大学土工离心机进行了1组非支护边坡和2组土钉支护边坡的离心模型试验,研究了开挖卸载过程中黄土边坡的变形特性、稳定性变化规律及土钉的加固效应。离心模型试验研究表明,土钉能够显著提高黄土边坡的稳定性。土钉支护的边坡土体,因土钉的锚固效应,边坡的变形范围更大,但变形量较小,最大变形量并不在坡面,而是发生在坡面下的锚固区域内,非支护黄土边坡的潜在滑移面产生于距坡顶约40 cm处,土钉支护后,黄土边坡基本不会发生破坏。对于抵抗边坡发生变形而言,不等长土钉支护的效果要优于等长土钉支护,研究成果为黄土边坡的开挖与防护提供了参考。     

基于ABAQUS仿真分析的高填粗粒土路基边坡稳定性研究

高填方粘性土边坡的稳定性以往研究较多,为了研究变形特性与强度都不同于粘性土的高填方粗粒土边坡,运用ABAQUS软件,采用强度折减法对多级加筋粗粒土边坡工程做了有限元数值模拟,分析了整个边坡的稳定性.研究结果表明,加筋不仅提高了各个台阶的局部稳定性,也加强了边坡的整体稳定;边坡中都存在水平位移,最大值出现在边坡底部坡脚附近,在坡脚处出现小部分沿x轴正向的负位移;水平位移随着填土高度的增加而减小,第一台阶的水平位移最大;越靠近边坡,土工格栅和土体的位移均越大,变大的趋势近似一致,但土体的水平位移明显大于土工格栅的水平位移.     

储油罐环形加筋防护墙变形特征及其影响因素

储油罐环形加筋防护墙是由填土、筋体、格栅返包式面板组成的一个环形整体复合结构,具有明显的空间特性及其与储油罐之间复杂的相互作用,相关研究理论明显滞后于工程应用。由于环形加筋防护墙无法忽略其空间特性的影响,通过Plaxis 3D三维有限元软件进行数值模拟,采用小应变土体硬化模型作为加筋土体本构模型,研究储油罐环形加筋防护墙墙体的变形特征及加筋材料的受力特征,探讨墙体高度、厚度、墙面坡度及土工格栅刚度、加筋间距等因素对墙体变形特征的影响。结果表明:防护墙墙面侧位移随着防护墙高度、厚度和墙面倾斜角度的减小而减小,但墙体厚度过小和加筋间距过大将导致防护墙倾覆趋势增大,过小的土工格栅刚度会导致墙侧位移过大,因此需严格控制以上设计参数;加筋防护墙墙体的修筑将加大储油罐边缘处地基沉降,储油罐内燃油的装载状态不影响加筋防护墙地基沉降情况,但油罐地基最大沉降差随着储油罐内装载燃油的增多而减小;根据格栅最大拉应力位置所推测的加筋防护墙破坏面经过墙趾曲线,墙后土压力受墙面坡度影响巨大,设计时应根据坡度选择合适的设计方法。     

基于底摩擦试验的硬岩岩质边坡变形过程及破坏机制研究

针对不同倾向、不同倾角条件下,边坡变形破坏特征不同但缺乏相互对比分析研究的现状,在充分考虑硬岩岩质边坡变形破坏特征的基础上,配制硬岩相似材料,采用底摩擦试验方法,分析不同倾向、不同倾角边坡变形破坏模式,并借助PIVlab技术进行分析。结果表明:顺倾和反倾边坡变形破坏模式和破坏范围有明显区别。在45°坡度条件下,当顺倾边坡倾角由30°→45°→60°→80°转换时,变形破坏模式由滑移-拉裂→轻微滑移-弯曲（或滑移-剪切）→未有明显变形（整体稳定）→浅表部倾倒-拉裂逐渐演化。在45°坡度、反倾边坡条件下,变形破坏模式由岩层倾角30°和45°条件下无明显变形,逐渐向60°和80°条件下的倾倒-拉裂演化。当岩层倾角较陡时,反倾边坡破坏范围相对顺倾边坡更大,倾倒弯曲转折端更深。PIVlab结果反映出不同结构边坡条件下,不同位置的速度和位移矢量特征不同,且与宏观观察结果相吻合。研究成果能够为同类边坡的稳定性评价和治理设计提供一定参考。     

Integrated analysis of a coupled mechanism for the failure processes of pile-reinforced slopes

A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the failure mechanism of pile-reinforced slopes under self-weight loading and vertical loading conditions. An integrated analysis method was proposed based on the image-based measurement results of the displacement of the slope in the tests. The failure process of a pile-reinforced slope was quantified based on the measured deformation process over the entire slope, which was shown to depend primarily on the loading conditions. The deformation localisation was discovered in the slope during loading and was effectively described using a newly introduced index, the Diversity Factor of Displacement (DFD). The deformation localisation of the slope developed and caused the progressive formation of the slip surface. At the same time, a local failure at a point on the slip surface resulted in new deformation localisation, and the influence expanded with the centre of the failure point and waned with increasing distance from the failure point. The deformation localisation process and the deformation-failure process of the piles interacted as both cause and effect and developed alternately. The failure mechanism of the pile-reinforced slopes was used to explain the effects of several influencing factors on the bearing capacity of the reinforced slope, such as the pile spacing, pile location, and gradient of the slope.     

国道108线K15+760~K15+980段路堤边坡稳定性研究及处治效果监测

对国道108线广南段K15+760~K15+980段高路堤边坡稳定性的分析与计算,分析了路堤产生变形的原因,并提出了相应的处治加固措施,同时进行了包括表面位移监测、路面沉降监测等监测,总结了边坡不稳定情况下路堤表面位移及路堤沉降变形的规律,从而掌握了路堤的变形动态,控制了处治施工活动带来的超量位移,进而确保了路堤及边坡的稳定。     

挖填交界区格栅加筋路堤的试验和数值模拟分析

在对半挖半填路堤病害及成因分析的基础上,分析了加筋路堤格栅工作机制。通过现场试验,对采用格栅加筋法处理的路堤挖填交界区域进行了原位观测,观测了路堤填土完成时路面沉降、竖向土压力及格栅变形情况。通过建立有限元分析模型,对路堤填筑完成时格栅的拉力及位移进行了分析,并对不同路面荷载和格栅刚度条件下,格栅的拉力与位移进行了计算。结果表明：路堤挖填交界处铺设格栅后,路面局部差异沉降较小。填方区域格栅底部土压力与填土自重应力相当,格栅存在有效加筋长度,在挖填交界面附近产生较大变形和拉力。上层格栅比下层格栅沉降曲线平缓,下层格栅的拉力在交界区域会陡然增大。路面荷载对格栅拉力和位移有一定影响,随埋深增加影响减小,格栅的竖向位移随着荷载增大略有增大,格栅在挖填交界面附近拉力增大。随格栅刚度增大,其拉力也增大,而位移变化很小。     

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.     

土工格栅加筋路堤边坡结构性能模型试验研究

通过室内小比尺模型试验,模拟了两种边坡坡比、两种格栅以及3种加筋层数共计10种边坡结构在坡顶荷载作用下边坡和土工格栅的变形规律。研究了土工格栅加筋参数对路堤边坡结构性能的影响。试验结果表明,加筋能大幅提高边坡的稳定性和承载能力,并得出了土工格栅埋在土中的力学特征,对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。