Notes on the effect of grain crushing on the granular soil behaviour

Two granular materials — alluvial quartzy Zbraslav sand and granular silica gel — were tested with the intention to demonstrate the effect of grain crushing. Stepwise transformation of the compression curve produced by progressive grain crushing was observed. Due to grain crushing, shear strength envelope became nonlinear, and the behaviour was no more physically isomorphous. The shear stress–strain diagrams acquire a typical wavy (garland-like) form, induced by periodic softening and hardening of the soil response. The intensity of grain crushing depends (in addition to stress level, grain resistance and time) on the shear path. In the crushing phase, initial porosity and angularity play a secondary role. Many other behavioural features common with granular soils (like increase in dilatancy with density and grain size) are suppressed. Grain crushing thus produces a qualitatively different feature of geomaterial behaviour with grave practical consequences (dense sand, e.g. starts to behave like loose).     

堆石料颗粒破碎特性试验研究

颗粒破碎是堆石料的一项基本特性,它对堆石体的变形和强度特性具有明显的影响。对于高堆石坝而言,在高应力场作用下堆石颗粒发生明显破碎,可导致坝体变形率增加。为了正确认识堆石体及堆石坝的变形特性和机理,研究了堆石颗粒破碎特性以及颗粒破碎的影响因素。采用大型三轴试验研究了堆石料的颗粒破碎特性,分析了堆石体干密度、级配特征、堆石颗粒强度等对颗粒破碎的影响,研究了应力状态对颗粒破碎率的影响,建立了颗粒破碎率的计算模型以及颗粒破碎引起的堆石体应变增量与颗粒破碎率的关系。     

Machine learning techniques applied to prediction of residual strength of clay

Stability with first time or reactivated landslides depends upon the residual shear strength of soil. This paper describes prediction of the residual strength of soil based on index properties using two machine learning techniques. Different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models and Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques have been used. SVM aims at minimizing a bound on the generalization error of a model rather than at minimizing the error on the training data only. The ANN models along with their generalizations capabilities are presented here for comparisons. This study also highlights the capability of SVM model over ANN models for the prediction of the residual strength of soil. Based on different statistical parameters, the SVM model is found to be better than the developed ANN models. A model equation has been developed for prediction of the residual strength based on the SVM for practicing geotechnical engineers. Sensitivity analyses have been also performed to investigate the effects of different index properties on the residual strength of soil.     

Effect of grain crushing on shear localization in granular bodies during plane strain compression

This article deals with the effect of grain crushing on shear localization in granular materials during plane strain monotonic compression tests under constant lateral pressure. The grain diameter and the initial void ratio were stochastically distributed using a spatial correlation. To describe the mechanical behavior of cohesionless granular materials during a monotonic deformation path in plane strain compression, we used a micropolar hypoplastic constitutive model that is able to describe the salient properties of granular bodies including shear localization. The model was extended by introducing changes to the grain diameter with varying pressure using formulae from breakage mechanics proposed for crushable granulates. The initial void ratios and grain diameters took the form of correlated random spatial fields described by both symmetric and nonsymmetric random distributions using a homogeneous correlation function. The field realizations were generated with the help of an original conditional rejection method. A few representative samples of the random fields selected from the generated set were taken into account in numerical calculations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

堆石料的临界状态与考虑颗粒破碎的本构模型

高应力水平时堆石料的颗粒破碎对其强度和变形机制有重要影响。临界状态土力学理论对重塑土的应力-应变关系的描述较为成功,但目前颗粒破碎对堆石料的临界状态的影响及其数学描述鲜有研究。对堆石料进行了固结应力从0.4 MPa到4 MPa的18组固结排水和固结不排水常规三轴压缩试验,以及6组等向压缩试验。试验结果表明：在排水条件和不排水条件下,不同的固结应力试样都趋于临界状态;堆石料的临界状态在q-p′平面和e-lgp′平面均为非线性变化。基于此试验结果,通过引入状态参数,在广义塑性力学的理论框架下,建立了考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。与长河坝料的试验进行了对比,结果表明所建议的本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料从低围压0.4 MPa到高围压 3.5 MPa下的应力-应变特性     

A generalized methodology for determination of crushing strength of granular materials

Determination of crushing strength of granular material is very important for assessing its suitability in various engineering and industrial applications. Laboratory investigations that would yield stress–strain behaviour, and hence, crushing strength of the granular material are extremely cumbersome and time consuming. Also, results obtained from these experiments get influenced by the aspect ratio of the sample, its density, strain rate, size and shape of the grains etc. These difficulties can be overcome by developing a generalized mathematical model, which is primarily based on the physical properties of the granular material such as particle-size and specific gravity, for estimating its crushing strength. With this in view, experiments were conducted on different types of granular materials such as sands, cenospheres (which are found in fly ash and bottom ash) and glass beads, and the results were used for developing such a model. Details of the testing methodology adopted to achieve this are also presented in this paper and validation of the proposed model has been done based on the experimental results and the results reported in the literature.     

Effect of micro and macro parameters in 3D modeling of grain crushing

Acta Geotechnica - Coarse granular materials exhibit important grain breakage in civil engineering structures, making it more complicated to predict the settlement and collapse of structures. A...     

堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法研究

围绕堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法展开研究。首先,基于FISH二次开发建立了堆石料的随机不规则单粒模型,充分考虑堆石料的形状特征和破碎现象;然后,建立了堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的等效模拟方法,以单粒强度随其粒径的变化规律为基础,推导了堆石料模型中细观黏结强度与堆石料等效粒径的负指数经验公式;其次,基于建立的数值模型对堆石料的室内单粒压缩试验进行仿真模拟,验证数值模型的正确性和合理性,并对较大粒径堆石料的单粒强度进行模拟预测,突出数值试验的优势;最后,基于建立的数值模型对相同粒径不同形状特征堆石料的单粒强度分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）堆石料内部缺陷含量和尺寸随粒径增加对其单粒强度所产生的尺寸效应,可通过堆石料模型中细观强度参数随粒径折减进行等效模拟;（2）形状特征对堆石料的破裂机制具有重要影响,方形颗粒为压剪破裂,单粒强度较高,而随机不规则颗粒和圆形颗粒为拉剪或劈裂,单粒强度相对较低;（3）拉剪或劈裂条件下,堆石料形状越不规则,其单粒强度的离散程度越高,反之则离散程度越低。相关研究成果可为进一步研究荷载作用下堆石体内各粒径段堆石料的破碎量奠定基础,从而更加真实地反映堆石体的级配演化规律。     

Effects of grain morphology on critical state: a computational analysis

We introduce a new DEM scheme (LS-DEM) that takes advantage of level sets to enable the inclusion of real grain shapes into a classical discrete element method. Then, LS-DEM is validated and calibrated with respect to real experimental results. Finally, we exploit part of LS-DEM potentiality by using it to study the dependency of critical state (CS) parameters such as critical state line (CSL) slope \(\lambda \), CSL intercept \(\varGamma \), and CS friction angle \(\varPhi _{\mathrm{CS}}\) on the grain’s morphology, i.e., sphericity, roundness, and regularity. This study is carried out in three steps. First, LS-DEM is used to capture and simulate the shape of five different two-dimensional cross sections of real grains, which have been previously classified according to the aforementioned morphological features. Second, the same LS-DEM simulations are carried out for idealized/simplified grains, which are morphologically equivalent to their real counterparts. Third, the results of real and idealized grains are compared, so the effect of “imperfections” on real particles is isolated. Finally, trends for the CS parameters (CSP) dependency on sphericity, roundness, and regularity are obtained as well as analyzed. The main observations and remarks connecting particle’s morphology, particle’s idealization, and CSP are summarized in a table that is attempted to help in keeping a general picture of the analysis, results, and corresponding implications.     

火烧迹地土壤根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响

作为火后泥石流典型起动物源,火烧迹地浅表层滑坡的发生与其所在部位根系特征改变密不可分。为了研究林火过后火烧迹地根系变化对土壤力学性质的影响,本文以四川省乡城县正斗乡仁额拥沟泥石流火烧区和未火烧区的土壤根系特征和抗剪强度进行对比研究,通过室内单根抗拉试验和根-土复合体直剪试验,旨在探究火烧迹地土壤根系特征的变化及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:火烧区浅表层土壤中根系的数量、根径、根质量密度和根长密度相较于未火烧区都有所降低,分别降低了23.15%,51.35%,62.98%,29.10%;单根抗拉力随着根系直径的增加而增大,抗拉强度随着根系直径的增加而减小,但在根径相同的条件下,火烧区土壤的抗拉力和抗拉强度均有所减小;火烧区根-土复合体的抗剪强度明显小于未火烧区根-土复合体,主要体现在根系抗拉力减小造成土壤黏聚力下降,而内摩擦角则变化不大,所得结果为火烧迹地浅表层滑坡形成机理剖析提供了依据。     

Relationship among fatigue strength,mean grain size and compressive strength of a rock

Fatigue tests carried on three sets of samples having different mean grain sizes revealed that fatigue strength is a function of mean grain size of the rock. Samples having smaller grain size show higher value of fatigue strength. Graywacke samples from Flagstaff formation having mean grain sizes of 1.79 mm, 1.35 mm and 0.93 mm showed fatigue strengths of 87%, 88.25% and 89.1% respectively. Since the mean uniaxial compressive strength also varied with varying grain size, i. e. higher mean strength value for samples having finer grain size; the fatigue strength of a rock also shows a converse relation with mean uniaxial compressive strength.     

细粒含量对冰碛土抗剪强度影响的实验研究

为研究细粒组颗粒在浸水/降雨条件下产生迁移对冰碛土抗剪强度的影响,从西藏林芝市帕隆藏布嘎隆寺沟流域内采取冰碛土样品,进行7种不同细粒（粒径小于2 mm）含量情况下的冰碛土比重和相对密度的测试,开展了不同围压下的大型饱和固结不排水三轴（CU）实验。结果表明：（1）细粒含量对干密度的影响较小,不同细粒含量的冰碛土孔隙比大致相同,细颗粒对孔隙具有改造作用,不同细粒含量会引起孔隙结构的差异,从而导致冰碛土的结构差异,最终导致抗剪强度的不同;（2）细颗粒迁移导致冰碛堤坡脚和内部一定深度细粒含量较高,达到一定的量值时,抗剪强度明显降低,冰碛堤容易发生剪切破坏;（3）细粒含量对抗剪强度参数的变化具有重要影响,从中还可以反映出冰碛土结构控制的变化：粗颗粒控制→粗细颗粒共同控制→细颗粒控制。研究结果对于评价冰碛堤的稳定性具有重要意义。     

颗粒破碎及剪胀对钙质砂抗剪强度影响研究

钙质砂是海洋沉积物中的一种,富含碳酸钙或其他难溶碳酸盐类物质的特殊介质。由于其颗粒质脆,受力后易产生破碎,表现出与常规陆源砂不同的力学性质。通过对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行三轴剪切试验,分析了钙质砂颗粒破碎与剪胀对其抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,颗粒破碎与剪胀对钙质砂强度有着重要影响,低围压下剪胀对其强度的影响远大于颗粒破碎,随着围压的增加,钙质砂颗粒破碎加剧,剪胀影响越来越小,而颗粒破碎的影响则越来越显著;颗粒破碎对强度的影响随着围压的增大而增大,当破碎达到一定程度后颗粒破碎渐趋减弱,其影响也渐趋于稳定。     

Rock interface strength influences fluid-filled fracture propagation pathways in the crust

Rock interface strengths have often been assumed to be zero in numerical and analogue models of fracture propagation and magma intrusion in the crust. Rock strength tests were performed to explore the role that rock interfaces have on the geometry and propagation dynamics of fluid-filled fractures in the crust. We used a 1 kN test machine to study 5 mm thick cuboidal specimens cut from a sandstone-siltstone rock core, where the strata were known to host magma intrusions and the rock interface between the units was intact. By measuring the load required to grow a crack running along the lithological contact between the layers we calculate its fracture toughness K_c. The siltstone had an average K_c of 0.56 ± 0.03 MPa m^1/2 compared to the sandstone at 0.42 ± 0.02 MPa m^1/2. The rock interface had intermediate average fracture toughness to the parent units at 0.45 ± 0.03 MPa m^1/2. These results have important implications on fracture propagation pathways through rocks, as well as for the geometry and propagation dynamics of magma intrusions in the crust.     

Crushing strength of artificial single-particle considering the effect of particle morphology

Acta Geotechnica - Particle geometry is a result of natural processes, such as the genesis of parent rock, particle transportation and depositional history. For granular materials, the particle...     

Grainsize reduction, grain boundary sliding and the flow strength of mylonites

Most mylonitic rocks are characterized by a fine grainsize and it is now widely accepted that the grainsize reduction commonly takes place by dynamic recrystallization. This reduction in grainsize will favour a number of deformation mechanisms whose strain rate depends inversely on grainsize (e.g., diffusion flow, grain boundary sliding — GBS). We have constructed deformation maps to illustrate the effect of these mechanisms, especially GBS, on flow strength. It is shown that, if the recrystallized grainsize equilibrates with the steady state dislocation flow stress, the grainsize reduction is insufficient to cause extensive strain softening. In general, a monomineralic rock that has undergone dynamic recrystallization by dislocation creep will continue to deform by the same basic mechanism with limited strainrate acceleration (1–10 times) due to GBS. Extensive diffusion flow will only take place if the grainsize is held below the equilibrium value by some means (e.g., impurity pinning of grain boundaries).Several microstructural characteristics of mylonites are found to be consistent with flow by dislocation creep-accommodated GBS. It is suggested that the strain softening implied by the geometry of mylonite zones is the result of a variety of phenomena that are generally only indirectly related to the reduction in grainsize.     

Excess pore pressure and grain crushing of sands by means of undrained and naturally drained ring-shear tests

An investigation of excess pore-pressure generation of a weathered granitic sand, taken from the source area of a typical landslide caused as a result of liquefaction, and a fine silica sand was conducted, in which grain crushing within the shear zone of ring-shear test specimens was examined as the key phenomenon of rapid long-runout motion of landslides. In order to investigate and explain the low average apparent-friction angle, mobilized in a liquidized landslide, speed-controlled ring-shear tests were conducted under undrained conditions on weathered granitic-sand specimens, formed under a wide range of initial void ratios. It was revealed that very small steady-state shear resistances were obtained irrespective of the initial void ratios, which can explain the low average apparent-friction angle. In addition, two series of ring-shear tests on weathered-granitic and fine-silica sands were conducted under naturally drained conditions by keeping the upper drain valve of the shear box open during the tests. The first series of tests was performed under differing total normal stresses, but at the same shear speed, and the second series was conducted at differing shear speeds, but under the same total normal stress. In order to investigate and analyze excess pore-pressure generation and dissipation within the shear zone that is associated with grain crushing, permeability analyses were conducted by passing water through the sample box of the ring-shear test apparatus before and after shearing. In addition, grain-size distribution analyses of samples taken from the shear zone after shearing were carried out. For the weathered granitic-sand samples, a significant change in bulk permeability and large amount of grain crushing were observed. In these tests on the above soil, a considerable reduction of shear resistance, which increased proportionally to the total normal stress and shear speed, were obtained. It was observed that due to grain crushing, finer grains that lowered the permeability of the soil in the shear zone, were formed. It is likely that the decrease in permeability facilitated the generation of high excess pore pressures by reducing the pore-pressure dissipation rate from the shear zone; thus, flow behaviour was exhibited even under naturally drained conditions.     

基于贝叶斯优化机器学习超参数的滑坡易发性评价

利用机器学习模型进行滑坡易发性评价时,不同的超参数设置往往会导致评价结果的不同.采用贝叶斯算法对4种常见机器学习模型(逻辑回归LR、支持向量机SVM、人工神经网络ANN和随机森林RF)的超参数进行了优化,探索了该算法对滑坡易发性机器学习模型的优化效果.以湘中地区4县(安化县、新华县、桃江县和桃源县)滑坡易发性评价为例说...     

抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应影响的数值模拟

为揭示抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效应的影响规律,引入抗滑桩护壁外壁形态系数h,采用平面应变有限元方法,在不同抗滑桩外壁形态参数h下,研究了桩周及桩后土体位移、应力等因素的变化规律。研究结果表明：土拱效应的发挥程度,桩周土体的应力和变形与桩体外壁的形态有关。在h为4 cm、8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量最大,增强了土拱的抗滑效用;当h大于8 cm时,桩周土体的应力、位移变化量随着h的增加逐级递减;当h接近极值时,桩周土体中的应力、位移变化不大,此时抗滑桩护壁外壁形态对土拱效用起不到积极作用。