The Ocean Community

Development of ocean community systems relating to the Taiwan Strait Tunnel (TST) project, with regionalization and multistage approach is proposed. The purposes of these systems are to assist the development of coastal marine lands and harbor facilities and to develop connecting isolated islands into an organized community by means of embankment roadways, tunnels, bridges, ferryboats, and so on. The major aim of such an approach is to develop the isolated abandoned islands into useful land improvement, expand the forest, agriculture, and fishing industries and other resources to generate additional revenue to subsidize some of the cost for building the TST. This article points out the systems' importance, outlines the general procedures, and discusses a possible transportation network connecting islands with land; and the outlines development of the knowledge-based expert system computer program to be applied to the ocean community systems relating to the TST project.     

中国海洋环境观测系统的建设与发展

根据海洋减灾防灾工作的需要,建设与发展中国海洋环境观测系统已成我国海洋事业发展的当务之急。为此,本文就建立一个完整的海洋环境体观测框架的结构,加速开发与研究观测技术所需的仪器装备和建产一个现代化的观测资料通讯网络提出概要介绍,供有关部门和同行参考。     

海洋环境立体自动监测系统

863计划海洋领域海洋监测技术主题“海洋环境立体自动监测系统技术和示范试验”专题（编号818－010是国家863计划“九五”期间重大项目（编号Z40）,在主管部门领导,专家,责任专家的领域,协调和指导下的,经过本专题各课题组主持单位和课题组成员的共同力,已经完成了本专题的研究任务,并通过了由国家863计划联合办公室组织的专家验收,通过本课题的实施,取得了一批有知识产权的高新技术成果,使我国的海洋环境立体自动监测技术与世界发达国家的先进水平的差距缩短了10－15年,达到了90年代中期的国际先进水平,为我国海洋环境监测技术的进一步提高和建立我国整个管辖海域的海洋环境监测服务系统奠定的坚实的技术基础。     

海洋、海洋经济与人类未来

正确认识和理解海洋,对规划海洋经济是有参考价值的。从海洋资源的分类、储量与合理开发利用,海洋环境与可持续性发展的辩证关系,阐述了海洋、海洋经济与人类未来的关系。合理开发海洋资源与保护海洋环境是维护人类生存的需要,是全人类共同的义务与责任。     

我国海洋环境科学与海洋监测技术的发展问题

阐述了海洋环境科学和海洋监测技术的国家需求和技术特点,介绍了"九五"海洋监测技术的发展和产业化的起步情况.     

海底可视技术在大洋科考中的应用和发展趋势

海底可视技术是一种直观地进行海底调查的手段,在大洋科考调查中发挥着重要的作用。文中介绍了海底摄像、电视抓斗和无人缆控潜水器(ROV)等海底可视设备在大洋科考中的应用情况,并提出了自治水下机器人(AUV)在大洋科考中的应用趋势。     

基于小波分析的海洋锋形态特征提取

遥感影像中海洋锋具有弱边缘(Weak Edge)信息特性,其空间尺度在不同的空间位置存在较大的差异。针对传统边缘算子只能提取某一尺度的海洋锋信息,而损失其他尺度信息不足,本文利用小波多尺度分析特性,探讨了海洋锋信息在各尺度间的分布的继承性,提出最佳尺度确定的算法框架,设计出最佳尺度确定算法的流程,进一步进行海洋锋各尺度信息的提取。最后以海面温度锋-墨西哥湾流为实例进行形态特征提取,并与典型的边缘提取算子效果在信息量、抗干扰性、定位精度、连续性和对比度上进行对比分析。试验结果表明了该算法在提取多尺度的海洋锋信息上的可行性和实用性。     

海洋水声环境调查数据处理系统的设计与实现

针对目前海洋环境调查现状,结合国内现有的技术条件和现有的处理方法、原理,详细论述了海洋水声环境调查处理系统软件主要功能的设计及关键技术,该系统软件满足海洋调查的需求,极大提高了海洋环境数据处理的自动化、数字化和信息化程度。     

交互式VR-Ocean虚拟海洋环境与生命仿真

从底层研究和构建一个虚拟海洋场景快速编辑平台。对平台的整体组成结构、工作流程和用户交互功能进行了设计,使用水面水下分开渲染、以方向确定路线的海洋生命路径规划以及水下刻蚀动态纹理叠加等关键技术和方法,基于VC++、OpenGL和GPU对海洋环境中海上、海面及海下各种可见要素进行3D虚拟,重点在海洋生命行为模拟、行为仿真和海洋特效动态展示。平台的运行满足实时性和交互性的各项要求。最后,还对VR-Ocean平台应用和技术拓展进行了论述和展望。     

KSS 31海洋重力仪配套接口子系统开发

介绍一种采用VC 语言开发成功的KSS 31型海洋重力仪导航系统适配的接口应用程序,对如何解决引进新型号设备与现有的系统(设备)集成(连接)问题有一定的借鉴作用。     

海洋环境立体监测系统的设计方法

“九五”和“十五”期间,在国家海洋863计划的支持下,我国分别在上海和台湾海峡及毗邻海域建立了两个区域性海洋环境立体监测示范系统。在这两个示范系统的技术研究成果的基础上,通过分析国际海洋立体监测系统的设计模型,提出了区域性海洋环境立体监测系统的设计原则和设计方法,包括:系统结构、数据与信息服务通信网络、数据处理中心、数据流程以及系统功能等方面的设计方法。     

侧扫声纳系统及其在海洋环境监测和保护中的应用

总结了侧扫声纳系统在海洋环境监测和保护中的应用,介绍了侧扫声纳基本工作原理及其发展情况,并且对其以后的发展进行了简单探讨。     

海洋环境信息在海上搜救中的应用

在分析海上搜救过程的基础上,构建了海上搜救辅助系统的基本结构和应具有的主要功能,并对系统所涉及的各类数据加以较为详细的分析,指出了数据信息的可能来源,以及数据处理方法;分析了影响海上漂浮物运动的各种海洋环境因素;利用POM模式模拟的东海8个主要分潮的潮流预报结果,以及ECCO大洋环流模式的计算结果,在只考虑潮流和准定常海流的情况下,编程实现海上漂浮物漂移轨迹追踪软件。     

广州海洋观测网规划建设及观测数据应用探讨

阐述了广州海洋观测网建设的迫切性和必要性,对海洋观测网建设在海洋防灾减灾、海岸工程建设及海水养殖等方面的重要意义进行了分析说明。总结广州市海洋观测网建设现状和成果,并利用已有观测数据对2017年台风^“天鸽^”和^“帕卡^”期间广州海域水文气象特征、2015—2017年枯水期咸潮入侵特征进行了分析。研究表明, 现有观测数据对台风和咸潮活动均具有较明显的反应,且对海洋防灾减灾工作具有重要的意义;为更有效地利用已有观测数据,将观测数据价值最大化,对观测网建设及运行过程中观测工作机制及业务化流程、数据质量控制、观测站布设合理性以及数据应用分析这几个方面存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了广州海洋观测网的优化、改进措施及未来发展方向。     

科学技术革命背景下的我国海洋管理对策

分析了新科学技术革命背景下海洋科技与海洋经济、海洋科技与海洋管理的关系以及我国海洋管理面临的形势。因此,我国海洋管理应加强海洋综合管理的科学基础研究,完善海洋综合管理的法规体系,改革和完善海洋综合管理体制,构建符合海洋发展形势的海洋管理规划体系。     

一种新型海洋环境长期连续监测系统及其防生物附着装置的设计

主要介绍了一种海洋环境连续监测系统的设计与实现。现有的水下监测仪器一般长时间放置在水下,不可避免地会遭受海洋生物附着和损坏,通常3个月到6个月左右需要清理或者更新一次。设计采用新型监测结构,将被测海水抽样到舱内进行相关参数的检测,检测完成后,将海水排回海中,舱内仪器采用消毒液和清水自动冲洗。通过这种方式,避免了海洋生物的附着和污染,检测仪器可以长期可靠地运行,减少了设备的维护次数,在海洋监测领域具有重要的意义。     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

海洋生产总值核算方法研究

在分析借鉴国内外海洋经济核算相关方法的基础上,研究探索了我国海洋经济核算的模式,以海洋生产总值核算为突破口,系统提出了我国海洋生产总值(GOP)核算的三种基本方法,即剥离法、扩展法、外推法。同时,对几种核算方法进行了综合分析和评估。为我国开展海洋经济核算工作打下了良好的基础。     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

海洋热能的利用

海洋热能是一种重要的可再生能源,对其进行开发利用是解决当前人类所面临的能源短缺和由于矿物燃料燃烧和大量使用空调所造成的环境效应的有效途径。文章综述了海洋热能利用的3个领域：海洋温差发电、海水冷却和海水源空调,介绍了几种利用方式的现状、优缺点及其应用前景。重点对海水作为空调热源的可行性进行分析和讨论,在对空调系统进行yong分析的基础上,针对间接换热和热泵方式的缺点,提出了两种高效的节能环保海水空调的应用方案,即海水直接换热供冷供热和热泵 直接换热方案。