利用惯量椭圆进行岩石有限应变分析

提出了利用惯量椭圆对任意形状矿物颗粒进行描述的方法,并利用惯量椭圆理论,计算了岩石薄片中任意形状矿物颗粒的惯量椭圆,通过颗粒面积对椭圆参数进行标准化,得到每一矿物颗粒的等效应变椭圆。等效应变椭圆能够有效地反映对应矿物颗粒的优选方位以及变形特征,进而利用椭圆的矩阵参数形式对等效应变椭圆进行统计分析,获得岩石的有限应变椭圆;同时给出了相应的数值计算方法,编制了软件Straindesk,并得到了成功的应用。该方法克服了先前应变测量中的局限性,方便实现计算机的自动分析,具有较强的有效性和广泛的适用性。     

Normalized center-to-center strain analysis of packed aggregates

The resolution of conventional techniques of center-to-center strain analysis is limited by the degree of original anticlustering of centers on the analyzed plane. However, the three-dimensional anticlustering of packed objects does not result in equivalent anticlustering on two-dimensional planes through these aggregates. Size variations due to imperfect sorting further decrease the anticlustering of natural aggregates. For the Fry all-object-object separations method, these problems are manifested in vague point-density distributions and ambiguously defined strain ellipses.Normalization of center-to-center distances allows more precise determination of small initial and tectonic anisotropies in packed aggregates. On planes through packed aggregates, object spacing is a function of object size, shape and the distance between object margins. Dividing the center-to-center distance between two objects by the sum of their average radii eliminates variations due to object size and sorting. Analyses of synthetic aggregates of packed spheres and statically recrystallized iron show that normalized Fry diagrams form better-defined vacancy fields and sharper rims of maximum point density regardless of the original sorting and anticlustering in the aggregate. Normalized strain analyses of deformed aggregates also show greatly increased resolution, with variable initial and tectonic ellipticity resulting in a wider ring of high point-density.     

Determination of the strain ellipsoid from measurements on any three sections

An ellipsoid is defined by, and may be re-constructed from, any three sections through it. In the field, calculation of the strain ellipsoid from general sections (two-dimensional strain ellipses determined from measured strain markers) is complicated by the fact that, due to experimental error and/or strain inhomogeneity, the three ellipses may not come from the same ellipsoid. The ellipses must first be adjusted to make them compatible. A method is suggested by which an adjustment ellipse is determined analytically for each of the three sections. Application of these adjustment ellipses makes the three sections compatible, and the strain ellipsoid may be determined. The principal axes of the ellipsoid are derived from the ellipsoid matrix by eigenvector analysis. Examples are given of practical applications of this method.     

Average properties of ellipsoidal fabrics: Implications for two- and three-dimensional methods of strain analysis

Many rocks contain ellipsoidal objects (such as pebbles or reduction zones) which display a variety of shapes and orientations. In deformed rocks such objects may be used for strain analysis by using the concept of an average ellipsoid (here called the “fabric ellipsoid”). Two fabric ellipsoids are defined which are the results of two different algebraic averaging processes. During deformation of ellipsoidal distributions, the fabric ellipsoids change as if they were themselves material ellipsoids and are therefore of fundamental importance in strain analysis.In most studies to date, such 3-D fabric ellipsoids have been obtained from 2-D average ellipses determined on section planes cut through the rock sample. Previous work has assumed that the average ellipses will approximate to section through a single fabric ellipsoid. I show here that this is not the case as sectioning introduces a systematic bias into the section ellipse data. This bias is distinct from the statistical errors (due to finite sample size and measurement errors) discussed in other work and must be considered in any method of strain analysis using section planes.     

Comparison of Fry strain ellipse and AMS ellipsoid trends to tectonic fabric trends in very low-strain sandstone of the Appalachian fold–thrust belt

In moderately to highly strained sandstones, both the long axis of the bedding-parallel finite-strain ellipse, as calculated by the normalized Fry method, and the projection of the long axis of the AMS ellipsoid on the plane of bedding, align well with local “structural grain” (trends of cleavage, folds, and faults). This relationship implies that results of both 2D Fry and AMS analyses represent the local layer-parallel tectonic strain component. Do both methods provide comparable results for very low-strain sandstone (e.g., <5%)? To address this question, Fry and AMS analyses were conducted in very low-strain sandstone from two localities in the Appalachian foreland fold–thrust belt: near Rosendale in New York and the Lackawanna synclinorium of Pennsylvania. We compared the map projections of both bedding-parallel Fry ellipses and AMS ellipsoids to the local structural grain. In both study areas, projections of the long axis of Fry strain ellipses do not cluster in a direction parallel to structural grain, whereas the projection of the long axes of AMS ellipsoids do cluster closely to structural grain. This observation implies that in very low-strain sandstone, AMS analysis provides a more sensitive “quick” indicator of tectonic fabric than does normalized Fry analysis.     

Adaption of polygonal strain markers

Two methods are presented whereby finite-strain data may be determined from naturally occurring irregular strain markers (polygons) which are of unknown pre-deformation shape and distribution, without assumptions as to the orientation of the finite-strain ellipse. The first method describes “construction” of ellipses within the polygons, these ellipses providing the basis for analysis by already developed techniques. The second method is a simple extension of Wellman's method, which graphically establishes a strain ellipse from angle and line data.     

高易溶盐非饱和伊犁原状黄土的临界状态特性

为探究伊犁地区高易溶盐含量黄土的临界状态特性,针对不同易溶盐含量的非饱和伊犁原状黄土,开展了控制吸力和净围压的三轴固结剪切试验。研究结果表明：在常吸力固结剪切条件下,非饱和伊犁原状黄土的强度随含盐量的增加存在峰值;含盐量一定,不同吸力非饱和土的q-p或e-p临界状态线均为平行直线,q- 临界状态线可归一为饱和土临界状态线表示的一条直线,其斜率随含盐量的增加呈幂函数降低;非饱和土e-p临界状态线的斜率 大于饱和土的斜率 ,两者均随含盐量的增加先减后增,相同有效净平均应力下非饱和土和饱和土的临界状态孔隙比之比 与气体饱和度1- 可以归一化;q-p平面上初始屈服曲线和后继屈服曲线均可近似假定为对称于 线的椭圆,吸力和应力对屈服曲线的硬化作用是等向的。     

江汉油田原油和生油岩有机抽提物中过渡族微量元素特征及其石油地球化学意义

运用中子活化分析方法对江汉油田原油和生油岩有机抽提物中过渡族微量元素Sc、V、CrMn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn等进行了重点研究,测定了这些元素的丰度值。研究了这些元素在原油和有机抽提物族组份:沥表质、非烃和芳香烃中的变化规律。在此基础上,讨论了这些微量元素的相关性,并运用它们的丰度比值对数分布和归一化对数分布,进行了油-源对比的尝试。     

Two-dimensional analysis of shape-fabric using projections of digitized lines in a plane

A method of two-dimensional shape-fabric analysis is presented which is based on the projection of lines or ellipses on the x-axis. If a set of lines or ellipses displays a preferred orientation, the average length of projection of the lines or ellipses on the x-axis changes with direction in the x-y plane. The proposed method involves use of Fortran programs which evaluate the average length of projection of lines (e.g., outlines of ooides, pressure solution seams) while the fabric is rotated by small increments in a counterclockwise sense about the origin of the x - y plane. Data acquisition is by digitizing the lines on an enlarged photograph. The sets of x-y coordinates that are thus obtained serve as input for the programs. The basic equations of the method are explained and application to a sedimentary fabric is demonstrated.The proposed method is both fast and sensitive. It is especially useful if the particle outlines are closely spherical or if the fabric is only weakly developed. Yet, the method is not restricted to weak fabrics only. Also, if the fabric is due to deformation this method yields the axes of the two-dimensional strain ellipse.     

Analysis of triaxial ellipsoids: Their shapes, plane sections, and plane projections

A method is presented for the determination of a triaxial ellipsoid (such as a strain ellipsoid)from three nonparallel plane sections of the ellipsoid. The sections need be neither orthogonal nor central sections of the ellipsoid. Measurement errors are used to adjust the observed plane ellipses so that they are exact sections of the nearest true ellipsoid, whose dimensions and orientation are then found by solution of a system of six linear equations. A solution of the inverse problem is also presented: given a triaxial ellipsoid with known orientation, to determine the shape and orientation of the ellipse on a plane section. The problem is solved by expanding the equation of an ellipsoid with rotated coordinates, then setting one dimension to zero. Also, a method is presented for the projection of a triaxial ellipsoid onto a plane surface. This is solved by taking the derivative of the ellipsoid equation in the direction of the normal to the plane surface.     

高压密封舱与磁场传感器的综合频响变异及其实验验证

大地电磁测深在陆地上的方法技术成熟, 但将其移植到海洋中却遇到了较多的技术问题.其中之一是如何将磁场传感器运抵海底实施测量.为抵御海水的侵蚀和抗衡海下的环境压力, 需要研发装载磁场传感器的密封舱.该舱体需满足测磁的技术要求, 即制造材料的非磁性, 且兼顾海洋作业设备轻便的特点.LC4超硬铝合金在可选的材料中性价比居高, 然而用它制成的高压密封舱并非十分完美.因它的弱磁性, 使得磁场传感器装入舱体后, 整体频率响应发生了部分变异.这种变异虽不影响磁场传感器的使用, 但要对其规律特征予以测定, 方能剔除由此产生的对磁场测量的不良影响.在所构思的实验装置中, 通过人为产生扫频磁场, 对密封和非密封条件下的磁场传感器进行激励.在响应输出端, 测取幅频特性和相频特性, 获得归一化的对比资料和频响异常曲线, 从而对密封前后磁场传感器的性能变化有较清楚的认识.实验结果揭示, 由高压密封舱引起的频响变异发生在中高频区段.实验数据可作为标定资料, 对海底大地电磁探测的实测信号进行校正后, 即可还原出真实的海底场源信息.      

Molluscan assemblages from archaeological deposits

Research about the impact of prehistoric human subsistence strategies upon prey populations of shellfish is based on the assumption that trends in shell size are directly related to collection strategies. A shell midden on San Juan Island, Washington, where archaeological research is sponsored by the University of Washington and hosted by the National Park Service, provides large samples of shells from separate archaeological deposits. the shells from each deposit produce size-frequency distributions that vary in shape (modality). Because several factors (the original prey population, the method of collection and transport, the environment of deposition, and post-depositional processes) affect the size-frequency distribution differentially, the shell measurements do not provide the direct archaeological information expected.     

Rapid computation of vertical deflection effects on crustal deformation networks

In mountainous regions, the effect of vertical deflections vastly exceeds the accuracy of most geodetic measurements and causes systematic errors of some cm per km at steep sightings. Therefore, crustal movements may be veiled by the enlarged error ellipses.

This paper shows how to compute local vertical deflections to ± 1–2″ within 5 minutes per point, using a parabolic formula and a raw topographical map. For very asymmetrical peaks, by-valleys and irregular slopes, a simple correction is given. No astronomical observations or digital height models are necessary.     

黄土地层盾构隧道受力监测与荷载作用模式的反演分析

为探明黄土地层中地铁盾构隧道管片衬砌结构与周围土体的相互作用关系,以西安地铁2号线穿越老黄土地层盾构隧道为研究对象,对实际作用于管片衬砌结构的水压力、土压力及主体结构内力（轴力、弯矩）进行现场动态跟踪测试,分析施工过程中盾构机动态掘进及后期稳定后的土-水压力对管片结构受力的影响。结合利用管片内力的现场实测值,采用正交试验设计分析方法,定义优化分析函数,反演分析黄土地层中盾构隧道管片衬砌结构设计荷载的合理计算参数。通过对比分析表明,运用优化后的设计参数得出的计算内力值与实测值在量值与分布上均较为接近,证实了分析方法的可行性、合理性,其成果可供类似工程设计参考。     

Estimation of the Deformation Value in Terrigenous Rocks by the Random Cross-Section Method (Belaya River,Northern Slope of the Greater Caucasus)

The deformation value in the Lower and Middle Jurassic terrigenous rocks from the valley of the Belaya River (the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus) is quantified by the morpholology of the cleavage zones. The numeral determination of the axis ratios of the deformation ellipses by the Fry method is performed as well. It is shown that for a statistical sample of the random cross-sections of the thin sections in the terrigenous rocks with cleavage structure the deformation value can be estimated correctly. The method of random cross-sections described in this work can be used for the quantitative estimation of deformation in nonoriented samples of terrigenous rocks.     

Determination of fabric and strain ellipsoids from measured sectional ellipses—implementation and applications

Geologists examine fabrics to constrain models of formation or of deformation of rocks, and it is often convenient to summarise the results by a fabric ellipsoid. As fabric data are commonly collected on planar sections through the rock, estimating a fabric ellipsoid from sectional ellipses, often with arbitrary orientations, is an important task. An algebraic method to calculate such an ellipsoid, presented in an earlier paper, has been implemented with the program ellipsoid. It is used here on examples that illustrate questions and issues that arise when collecting, selecting and processing sectional fabric data, and when assessing the results. The quality of fit of the ellipsoid to the data is assessed in all cases. Examples include a case in which the average sizes of markers on individual sections can be used in the determination of the ellipsoid, and other cases in which such sizes are not useful; a case in which sectional ellipses are not obtained from closed markers; and a case in which data scatter and insufficient coverage of section orientations lead to a hyperboloid instead of an ellipsoid.     

The influence of grain-size analysis methods and sediment mixing on curve shapes and textural parameters: Implications for sediment trend analysis

To this day, deterministic physical models capable of explaining the evolution of grain-size distributions in the course of transport are still lacking. For this reason, various attributes of particle frequency distributions, in particular curve shapes and textural parameters, have for many decades been investigated for potential information about transport behaviour and size-sorting processes of sediments in numerous environments. Such approaches are essentially conceptual and hence rely heavily on the validity of the assumptions on which they are based. A factor which has to date been largely ignored in this context, is the fact that different methods of grain-size analysis (e. g. sieving, laser absorption and diffraction, settling velocity measurements), when applied to the same sample material, produce variable curve shapes, and hence incongruous textural data. This is illustrated by selected examples showing the differences between sieving and settling results, conversion of settling velocities into equivalent settling diameters (psi-phi-transformations), and the influences of particle shape, particle density, and water temperature. It is demonstrated that particle-size distributions are not only method-dependent but also dependent on the adopted post-processing procedure. As a result, only frequency curves generated by the same method and subsequently processed by identical computational procedures can be meaningfully compared. Furthermore, the computation of textural parameters from bi- or multimodal size distributions produces spurious results which are unrelated to the processes leading to the mixing of different size populations frequently observed in nature. In such cases, only the decomposition of such distributions into individual populations and the spatial comparison of such populations makes any sense. Because a physical explanation for the generation of size distributions is lacking, a particular curve shape of a grain-size population has no meaning on its own. Only a systematic comparison of progressively changing curve shapes (and associated textural parameters) of sediments collected on a closely spaced grid can yield data suitable for sediment trend analysis.     

Some applications of the Mohr diagram for three-dimensional strain

The Mohr diagram for strain is rarely used in its full form, as a representation of three-dimensional strain. Recent attention has focused on various uses of the Mohr circle to express two-dimensional strain tensors. This contribution redescribes the Mohr diagram for three-dimensional strain and illustrates some new applications. The Mohr diagram for any strain ellipsoid provides an immediate method for ellipsoid shape classification. However, its greatest new potential is considered to be in the representation of strain ellipses as sections of ellipsoids.Any plane section of a strain ellipsoid can be plotted on the ellipsoid's Mohr diagram: it is here called a ‘Mohr locus’ because it is constructed as a locus of points representing the sheaf of lines which can be considered to define the plane. Mohr loci for sectional ellipses have a variety of forms, according to their orientation in the strain ellipsoid. Generally oblique sections are represented by loops bounded by the three principal circles. Their most leftward and rightward points are the plane's principal axes. Any Mohr locus can be transformed into a Mohr circle for the sectional ellipse.Mohr diagrams with Mohr loci have considerable potential as a graphical method of deriving best-fit strain ellipsoids from natural strain data. This is illustrated in three examples.     

Analysis of three-dimensional, homogeneous, finite strain using ellipsoidal objects

It has been suggested (Oertel, 1971, 1972;Owens, 1974; Shimamoto and Ikeda, 1976) that some methods for analysis of finite homogeneous strain from deformed ellipsoidal objects (Ramsay, 1967; Dunnet, 1969a; Elliott, 1970; Dunnet and Siddans, 1971; Matthews et al., 1974) require sections to be cut in principal planes of the finite strain ellipsoid. A mathematical model is presented which enables the homogeneous deformation of a randomly oriented ellipsoid to be investigated. In particular the elliptical shapes that result on any three mutually perpendicular sections through the ellipsoid, in the deformed state, can be computed, together with the corresponding strain ellipses. The resulting ellipses can be unstrained in the section planes by applying the corresponding reciprocal strain ellipses. It is shown that these restored ellipses are identical with the elliptical shapes that result on planes through the original ellipsoid when the planes are parallel to the unstrained orientation of the section planes.The model is extended to investigate the finite homogeneous deformation of a suite of 100 randomly oriented ellipsoids of constant initial axial ratio. The pattern of elliptical shapes that result on any three mutually perpendicular section planes, in the deformed state, is computed. From this data the two-dimensional strain states in the section planes are estimated by a variety of methods. These are combined to recalculate the three-dimensional finite strain that was imposed on the system. It is thus possible to compare the results of the two- and three-dimensional analyses obtained by the various methods. It is found that providing all six independent combinations of the two-dimensional strain data are used to compute a best finite strain ellipsoid, the methods of Dunnet (1969a), Matthews et al. (1974) and Shimamoto and Ikeda (1976) provide accurate estimates of the three-dimensional finite strain state.It is concluded that measurement of the two-dimensional data on section planes parallel to the principal planes of the finite strain ellipsoid is not necessary and that all six independent combinations of the two-dimensional strain data should always be made and used to compute a best finite strain ellipsoid.     

利用分层分类法进行厦门岛城市地表分类研究

本文利用分层分类法把厦门岛城市地表分为七类,并对分类结果进行了验证。在TM图像光谱特征分析和归一化差异型指数分析结论上,提出分层分类法的分类步骤。利用ERDAS的专家分类器逐类地提取地表类型,并利用掩膜法将原图像上新提取地类所对应区域掩膜掉,使得分类过程越来越容易。分层分类法避免了一次划分多种类别方法,在选择波段组合上的矛盾。精度评价结果表明,总分类精度90．9％,达到分类要求标准。