海洋地球物理研究与海底探测声学技术的发展

海洋地球物理以物理学的思维与方法研究占地球三分之二面积的海洋系统.20世纪地球科学迅猛发展,它的重大进展是海底扩张说与板块构造说的出现和海底大洋的发现,以及前者所引发的地球科学思想革命,从固定论向活动论的思维转变.海底研究对于20世纪地球科学发展的贡献极为巨大,而海洋地球物理是推动海底科学研究的重要原动力.海洋地球物理在20世纪地球科学的发展中有过辉煌的成就,占有十分重要的地位;在新的21世纪里,海洋地球物理研究仍然保持着前沿科学的地位,继续推动着地球科学的进展.目前的海底探测主要还是依赖于声学探测技术.水下声学定位技术是实现水下探测系统精确定位和海底高精度探测的基础.传统性的海洋地震探测技术是研究海底构造与海洋岩石圈深部结构和寻找海底矿产的主力技术,它近年来无论在海上采集技术还是数据处理技术方面都发展得很快.多波束测深、侧扫声呐测图和海底地层剖面测量等则是近数十年快速发展起来探测海底浅部结构信息的技术.这些技术已经在当代海底科学研究、海底资源勘查、海洋工程和海洋开发,以及海洋军事活动等方面发挥出极其重要的作用.     

我国海洋地球物理探测技术发展现状及展望

海洋地球物理场是一个四维的动态复杂变化系统,涉及多物理场、多界面和多尺度问题,受内外因素的共同制约.基于海洋地球物理场特征,海洋地球物理探测是揭示地球内部构造与性质的重要技术手段.通过回顾国内外海洋科学研究历史以及海洋地球物理探测技术的发展历程,对我国海洋地球物理探测技术发展进行了分析,现今的技术发展受科技进步驱动,反映国家与时代发展的需求.探讨了技术发展与需求之间的关系,依据各种地球物理探测手段及其探测平台的特点,提出了以下技术展望:优化传统的海洋地球物理勘探技术;加速并完善多样式探测平台的建设和科学载荷的研究;构建"空-天-海-潜"海洋地球物理立体探测体系;海洋地球物理探测技术与"大数据"和"人工智能"等技术深度融合.     

关于编制海洋油气调查标准的几点思考

海洋油气地球物理调查的标准制定非常重要,这是促进海洋地球物理产业化的重要标志与进程.既是对技术事项制定技术标准,也是对海洋地球物理采集、处理及解释建立统一的事项管理标准,同时也是协调工作过程、提高质量及效率而制定的工作标准.需要注意的是:(1)海陆油气勘探采用的方法体系不同,不能盲目套用.(2)海陆地球物理的采集的设备、采集工作方式、资料处理的方式都是不同的,分别属于两种不同范畴,应该区别对待.建议相关职能部门尽快出台海洋油气地球物理调查的标准,确保海洋油气调查工作有序进行,保障国家的权益落实到位.     

无源导航定位技术研究现状及发展趋势

无源导航定位技术由于其隐蔽性和自主性等优点已成为21世纪战略武器导航的热点和前沿问题,是下一代战略武器高精度导航系统.本文在进行了一般性地球物理场辅助惯性导航概述之后,详细介绍了与无源导航定位技术相关的技术手段、研究内容、基本原理;从惯性导航、地形辅助导航、磁力/重力辅助导航三个方面详细介绍了其国内外研究现状,总结了地...     

天然气水合物的海洋地球物理研究进展

赋存于大陆边缘的天然气水合物是20世纪后期海洋地球物理的一个重要研究对象。本文从地震，测井，地热，岩石物性4个方面阐述天然气水合物的海洋地球物理研究现状，并展望其发展前景。     

海洋地球物理中的电磁法

海洋地球物理是地球物理学的一个重要分支。海洋地球物理学的研究成果曾为现代地球科学的发展做出过重大贡献。本文综述了适用于海洋地球物理学研究的电磁方法,详细讨论了海洋中电磁场的特征、测量仪器和测量方法等,最后介绍了海洋电磁法的应用方面及应用效果。     

海洋重力辅助导航的研究现状与发展

海洋重力辅助导航是近几年舰船导航研究的热点和前沿问题,是下一代舰船高精度导航系统.本文在进行了一般性辅助导航方法的概述之后,详细介绍了与辅助导航相关的重力场基本概念、重力辅助导航系统的主要研究内容、基本原理;从重力传感器、重力图数据处理及重力图匹配理论与算法三个方面详细介绍了其国内外研究现状,重点介绍了重力梯度仪辅助导航、重力辅助惯性导航和通用重力模块三种系统的体系结构和研究成果;总结了重力辅助导航涉及的关键技术及其发展趋势;最后给出了我国开展海洋重力辅助导航研究的若干建议.     

海洋地球物理在国家安全领域的应用

要建设海洋强国,首先要“知海、懂海”.只有认识海洋,才能从战略上部署好海洋,才能因势利导,走向海洋,开发海洋.海洋地球物理有着极为重要的作用,特别是海防和海洋地质灾害预警这些关系到国家安全的领域更是意义重大.通过对海洋地球物理环境的“全局、精细、实时”监控,及早发现,及时预警,达到维护国家安全的目的.和平时期,唤醒全民...     

试论中国海的地球物理监控

构筑中国海地球物理三维立体监控体系,建立海防的"千里眼"和"顺风耳",实现基于地球物理的监控、预警与预测的战略部署与方法研究,是海洋军事地球物理的重要组成部分.海洋强,国则强.要建设海洋强国,首先要"知海、懂海".只有认识海洋,才能从战略上部署好海洋,才能因势利导,走向海洋,开发海洋.推动海洋地球物理场的研究,拥有详细...     

地球物理学报

《地球物理学报》创刊于１９４８年,是由中国地球物理学会和中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所联合主办的有关地球物理科学的综合性学术刊物．刊登固体地球物理、应用地球物理、空间地球物理和大气、海洋地球物理,以及与地球物理密切相关的交叉学科的研究论文．主要报道创...     

Seafloor seismic acquisition using autonomous underwater vehicles

Although narrow-azimuth towed-streamer data provide good image quality for structural interpretation, it is generally accepted that for wide-azimuth marine surveys seabed receivers deliver superior seismic reflection measurements and seismically derived reservoir attributes. However, seabed surveys are not widely used due to the higher acquisition costs when compared to streamer acquisition. In recent years, there have been significant engineering efforts to automate receiver deployment and retrieval in order to minimize the cost differential and conduct cost-efficient seabed receiver seismic surveys. These engineering efforts include industrially engineered nodes, nodes on a rope deployment schemes and even robotic nodes, which swim to and from the deployment location. This move to automation is inevitable, leading to robotization of seismic data acquisition for exploration and development activities in the oil and gas industry. We are developing a robotic-based technology, which utilizes autonomous underwater vehicles as seismic sensors without the need of using a remotely operated vehicle for deployment and retrieval. In this paper, we describe the autonomous underwater vehicle evolution throughout the project years from initial heavy and bulky nodes to fully autonomous light and flexible underwater receivers. Results obtained from two field pilot tests using different generations of autonomous underwater vehicles indicate that the seismic coupling, and navigation based on underwater acoustics are very reliable and robust.     

地壳磁异常的全球模型

从全球磁场减去地核主磁场和变化磁场及其感应磁场后,就得到岩石圈磁场,又称地壳磁场,或地磁异常.地壳磁场是地磁场的重要组成部分,对导航、通信、地球物理勘探等有重要意义.本文简要综述近年来在地壳磁场基本信息获取方面取得的重大进展,特别是Oersted、CHAMP等卫星磁侧的最新成果,介绍在此基础上建立的全球磁异常模型,展望地壳磁场研究的发展趋势和应用前景.     

Geophysical-Archaeological Survey in Lake Tequesquitengo,Morelos, Mexico

In August 2009, a marine geophysical survey was conducted in Lake Tequesquitengo (located in the state of Morelos, Mexico) to delineate the extent of the remains of a small town that has been submerged since the mid 19th century. The survey consists of the acquisition and mapping of magnetic, single beam bathymetric and side-scan sonar data. A dual receiver marine GPS navigation system was used to position the boat during the survey. Except for the larger structural remains that are visible on the side scan sonar images, the magnetic anomaly map proved to be most useful in delineating the extent of the town. These anomalies exhibit short wavelength components in the area surrounding a submerged church, with the shortest wavelength components being confined to the area immediately east of the church. These short wavelength components are only observed near the church; therefore, we propose that they delineate the buried remnants of the submerged town.     

POSITIONING OF MARINE SURVEYS WITH AN INTEGRATED SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM*

For almost two years, satellite navigation has been used in reconnaissance exploration. However, only in the last six months has it been demonstrated that an “integrated” system provides navigational accuracy for all geophysical prospecting. This paper describes the accuracy of the integrated system and illustrates its merits. The primary objective of the integrated system is to provide continuous, accurate, geodetic position information. This is accomplished by integrating instantaneous position, velocity and heading from outputs of the Doppler sonar, gyrocompass, velocimeter, vertical references with periodic updates obtained from the Navy Navigation Satellite System. Each of the subsystems, their operations and functions will be discussed. Satellite navigation offers many advantages for marine surveys. Features for point-to-point automatic steering, onboard plotting of shotpoint data, firing of seismic energy source as a function of exact distance and real-time data logging onto digital tape have been implemented. With the onboard computer all navigation, gravity and magnetic information is recorded on tape and some preprocessing and filtering of gravity and magnetic data may be accomplished.     

Lagrangian floats as sea floor imaging platforms

There is a persistent need for high resolution photographic images of the sea floor and associated biota for marine habitat classification and fisheries stock assessment. This paper presents a novel low cost Lagrangian imaging platform that offers high quality images with reduced operational demands in comparison to existing methodologies such as diver surveys, drop cameras, ship towed systems and dedicated remote or autonomous underwater vehicles. The platform consists of a recently developed bottom following Lagrangian float fit with down looking stereo cameras and strobe lighting. The float can use active ballasting to perform constant altitude photographic drift surveys in coastal waters over varying bathymetry. Images from the float can be used to create large photomosaics, stereographic bathymetry estimates and image-derived current measurements. Test data are presented to demonstrate the operation of the Lagrangian float and summarize the data products.     

鄂霍茨克海的地球物理场与地质构造

鄂霍茨克海位于西太平泮边缘海最北部，受欧亚大陆板块和太平洋板块的作用，有十分复杂的地质地球物理特征，鄂霍茨克海不仅有海隆，还有三个著名的盆地，其中的千岛盆地，是研究鄂霍茨克海的一个窗口，本文通过对大量相关资料的二次开发，详细地讨论了鄂霍茨克海的地球物理场特征，沉积特点、热流分及深部结构特点，并对该边缘海的形成演化进行了初步的探讨，我们认为，对鄂霍茨克海研究的结果，将对中国边缘海地质特征的研究起到帮助和借鉴作用。     

Concept design and hydrodynamic optimization of an innovative SWATH USV by CFD methods

The paper presents the main characteristics of an innovative platform which has been conceived and designed to extend the operational capabilities of current unmanned surface vehicles in terms of platform stability in waves and of powering requirement at a relatively high speed. The main idea which rules the project is the realization of a small autonomous surface unit (about 6 m in length) capable of undertaking several tasks in the marine environment even with moderate rough sea conditions. The designed vessel has the ability to locate, recover, and launch other members of the autonomous fleet (like AUVs or other underwater devices) and at the same time could carry out a surveillance service of the surrounding areas. To manage these tasks, the vehicle is designed to provide a fairly good autonomy which is needed to face intermediate-range missions (100 nautical miles). The choice of a small waterplane area twin hull (SWATH) form has been motivated by its excellent properties of seakeeping qualities, combined with a non-conventional low resistance underwater hull shape, currently under patenting process, which is able to reduce to a minimum the resistance of the vessel especially at higher speeds. To obtain the most efficient profile of the underwater bodies, a systematic optimization with an automatic procedure based on a parametric definition of the geometry, a state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow solver, and a differential evolution global minimization algorithm have been created and used. As expected, all the final CFD computations on the best design have demonstrated the superior efficiency of the developed unconventional SWATH technology with respect to different alternatives of current hull typologies.     

Sub-kilometer length scales in coastal waters

Patchiness or spatial variability is ubiquitous in marine systems. With increasing anthropogenic impacts to coastal resources and coastal systems being disproportionately large contributors to ocean productivity, identifying the spatial scales of this patchiness, particularly in coastal waters, is of critical importance to understand coastal ecosystem dynamics. The current work focuses on fine scale structure in three coastal regions. More specifically, we utilize variogram analyses to identify sub-kilometer scales of variability in biological and physical parameters measured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, Monterey Bay, and in San Luis Obispo Bay between 2001 and 2004. Critical scales of variability in density, turbidity, fluorescence, and bioluminescence are examined as a function of depth and distance offshore. Furthermore, the effects of undersampling are assessed using predictive error analysis. Results indicate the presence of scales of variability ranging from 10s to 100s of meters and provide valuable insight for sampling design and resource allocation for future studies.     

Pressure-resistant instruments

Prospects of using case-free pressure-resistant instruments for geophysical work and marine research are briefly considered.