塔里木盆地轮南地区奥陶系潜山古岩溶及其所控制的储层非均质性

低孔低渗的碳酸盐岩通过长期的地表风化淋滤、溶蚀之后可能会成为较好的油气储集岩体。本文通过钻井、测井及岩心等资料探讨轮南地区奥陶系灰岩中的古岩溶及其对储集的控制作用。研究表明,区内古岩溶主要形成于早石炭世,岩溶作用所形成的角砾岩相是重要的储集岩类,无论是在横向上或垂向上这种储集岩体均表现出强烈的非均质性。     

The unconformity-related palaeokarst in the uppermost Ediacaran carbonate rocks in the northwestern Tarim Block,NW China: implication for sedimentary evolution during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition

ABSTRACT

The unconformity between the Ediacaran and Cambrian and its associated palaeokarst was well preserved within the Aksu area of the northwestern margin of the Tarim Block and provides new insights into the sedimentary evolution of the Tarim Basin during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. In this contribution, the typical palaeokarst features in the uppermost Ediacaran dolostones at nine outcrops in the Aksu area were documented, including palaeocaves, cave-sediment infills, solution vugs, and pores. Large-scale collapsed breccia assemblages in palaeocaves indicate that strong karstification had occurred in the south belt from the Xiaoerburak to Kule sections. Karst characterized by small-scale caves and solution vugs at the Chigebrak and Kakebashi sections suggests that the karstification in the north belt was not stronger than that in the south belt. Whereas sparse solution pores and small vugs can only be observed at the Sugetbrak and Yuermeinak sections, demonstrating that the karstification was weak in the middle belt. Combined with the thickness of sediments in the base of the Cambrian which subsequently overlay on the Ediacaran–Cambrian unconformity, it is speculated that the palaeo-upland was probably located in the middle belt from the Sugetbrak to Yuermeinak sections and the slope was developed in the south and north belts during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. The palaeokarst documented in the uppermost Ediacaran dolostones in the Aksu area illustrates an important sedimentary hiatus of the Tarim Block during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, which might be due to the sea-level fall at the end of the Ediacaran.     

Sulfide‐bearing palaeokarst deposits at Lune River Quarry,Ida Bay,Tasmania

The Lune River Quarry at Ida Bay, Tasmania exposes numerous palaeokarst features developed in the Ordovician Gordon Limestone. These palaeokarst features contain carbonate and siliciclastic deposits probably representing Late Devonian to early Late Carboniferous and Late Carboniferous karstification and sedimentation. Five facies of palaeokarst deposits are recognised, namely megabreccia, graded‐bedded carbonate, laminated sandstone/siltstone, diamictite/quartz‐lithic sandstone and coarse crystalline calcite. Pyrite, dolomite and sphalerite were emplaced in the palaeokarst deposits after the Carboniferous. These deposits are probably associated with a phase of hydrothermal cave development in Exit Cave, which adjoins the quarry. Pyrite weathering accounts for the abundance of gypsum speleothems and cave breakdown in Exit Cave.     

Cyclic palaeokarst surfaces in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions (Taurides, southwest Turkey): internal structure and response to mid-Aptian sea-level fall

The sedimentology and cyclic stratigraphy of palaeokarst structures in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions are interpreted using field and laboratory microfacies analyses of closely spaced samples from measured outcrop stratigraphic sections in southwest Turkey. Cycles displaying shallowing-upward metre-scale cyclicity are generally composed of lime mudstones/wackestones/packestones at the bottom and stromatolites or lime mudstones with charophytes and ostracods at the top. Subaerial exposure structures such as in situ karst breccias, dissolution vugs/pipes, mud cracks and sheet cracks are encountered at the top of the cycles. The presence of limestone layers between the successive karst breccia levels indicates that they are in situ palaeokarst structures, not recent karstifications or deep penetration from the upper palaeokarst surface down to the older strata. Palaeokarst breccia deposits are interpreted as mantling breccia formed as a result of epikarstification. Three main palaeokarst levels are recorded in nearly all sections. The sedimentology of the palaeokarst breccias, their position in cyclic peritidal carbonates and the biostratigraphic framework are used to trace the record of the global mid-Aptian sea-level fall in the southwest Taurides. The successive occurrences of three karst breccia levels close to the mid-Aptian sea-level fall correspond to falling periods of high-amplitude sea-level fluctuation within a late high-stand or early fall condition of a third-order sea level.     

Ice-marginal environment and ecosystem prior to initial advance of the late Palaeozoic ice sheet in the Mount Butters area of the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

Basal rocks of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian Pagoda Formation at Mount Butters provide an unusual view of periglacial conditions in the central Transantarctic Mountains region prior to the initial advance of the Gondwanide ice sheet. These rocks were deposited on a high relief unconformity that developed on granite. Deposition within relief on the unconformity, possibly in the lee of a granite buttress, protected the rocks from erosion during subsequent overriding by the ice sheet. The succession reflects deposition in a glacial‐fed to ice‐contact lake that contained a freshwater crustacean fauna. Centimetre‐ to decimetre‐scale basal layers include breccia and coarse‐grained sandstone. The occurrence of breccia resting on weathered granite suggests sedimentation as scree and as mass flow deposits. Overlying decimetre‐to metre‐scale stratified diamictites interbedded with metre‐scale, coarsening‐upward successions of siltstone to cross‐laminated sandstone suggest lacustrine deposition by suspension settling, rain out of ice‐rafted debris, and deltaic progradation. Thin zones with abundant conchostracans and/or with prolific trace fossils, in addition to less common remains of other crustaceans, attest to the presence of a low diversity benthic fauna. Conchostracans are concentrated in a series of thin beds that reflect moderately lengthy, perhaps seasonal, periods of free‐flowing water. Patchy vertical and lateral distribution of intense bioturbation and profuse trace fossils probably reflect repeated colonization events during times of favourable environmental conditions. Massive diamictite overlies the basal rocks and indicates that the ice‐marginal lake was subsequently overridden by the late Palaeozoic ice sheet. Occurrences of lodgement till, glacitectonite and deformation till suggest deposition from temperate or warm‐based ice, whereas underlying lacustrine and deltaic deposits, along with a crustacean and trace fossil fauna, suggest temperate periglacial conditions. Previous studies have stressed that upper Palaeozoic glacigenic deposits in Antarctica, and in Gondwanaland, record deglaciation events. In contrast, rocks at Mt. Butters provide an unusual glimpse into an ice‐margin lake and its fauna just prior to ice sheet advance.     

Lower Miocene gypsum palaeokarst in the Madrid Basin (central Spain): dissolution diagenesis, morphological relics and karst end-products

Abstract The Miocene sedimentary record of the Madrid Basin displays several examples of palaeokarstic surfaces sculpted within evaporite formations. One of these palaeokarstic surfaces represents the boundary between two main lithostratigraphic units, the Miocene Lower and Intermediate units of the Madrid Basin. The palaeokarst formed in lacustrine gypsum deposits of Aragonian age and corresponds to a surface palaeokarst (epikarst), further buried by terrigenous deposits of the overlying unit. Karst features are recognized up to 5·5 m beneath the gypsum surface. Exokarst and endokarst zones are distinguished by the spatial distribution of solution features, i.e. karren, dolines, pits, conduits and caves, and collapse breccias, sedimentary fills and alteration of the original gypsum across the karst profiles. The development of the gypsum palaeokarst began after drying out of a saline lake basin, as supported by recognition of root tubes, later converted to cylindrical and funnel‐shaped pits, at the top of the karstic profiles. The existence of a shallow water table along with low hydraulic gradients was the main factor controlling the karst evolution, and explains the limited depth reached by both exokarst and endokarst features. Synsedimentary fill of the karst system by roughly laminated to massive clay mudstone with subordinate carbonate and clastic gypsum reflects a punctuated sedimentation regime probably related to episodic heavy rainfalls typical of arid to semi‐arid climates. Duration of karstification is of the order of several thousands of years, which is consistent with previous statements that gypsum karstification can develop rapidly over geologically short time periods.     

川东北地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段古岩溶作用与储层分布

四川盆地东北部雷口坡组四段中的油气突破显示了其重要的油气地质意义。本文通过岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、测井和录井资料以及包裹体、碳氧同位素和锶同位素等分析测试资料的综合分析,在雷口坡组顶部不整合面剥蚀残余地层雷四段中识别出了同生岩溶、表生岩溶和埋藏岩溶三种类型的古岩溶作用,认为它们是控制川东北地区雷口坡组四段储层形成的关键要素。同生岩溶作用控制了早期储层的形成和分布,平面展布具有局限性,受到高能滩相带展布的控制。表生岩溶作用是该储层形成的关键作用,与其有关的储层在垂向上主要局限于不整合面以下90m的深度范围内。根据风化壳岩溶的垂向与横向发育特征,认为其储层在垂向上主要分布于地表岩溶带呈碎屑支持的角砾灰岩和云岩、垂直渗流带半充填的高角度溶缝以及中小型溶蚀孔洞和水平岩溶带半充填的中小型溶蚀孔洞、溶缝、洞顶破裂缝和河成角砾中,平面上主要发育于岩溶斜坡区,又以岩溶残丘为最有利微地貌单元。埋藏岩溶与热液及有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐矿物有关,是储层优化改造的关键因素。     

Variable style of transition between Palaeogene fluvial fan and lacustrine systems, southern Pyrenean foreland, NE Spain

Two Palaeogene fluvial fan systems linked to the south‐Pyrenean margin are recognized in the eastern Ebro Basin: the Cardona–Súria and Solsona–Sanaüja fans. These had radii of 40 and 35 km and were 800 and 600 km² in area respectively. During the Priabonian to the Middle Rupelian, the fluvial fans built into a hydrologically closed foreland basin, and shallow lacustrine systems persisted in the basin centre. In the studied area, both fans are part of the same upward‐coarsening megasequence (up to 800 m thick), driven by hinterland drainage expansion and foreland propagation of Pyrenean thrusts. Fourteen sedimentary facies have been grouped into seven facies associations corresponding to medial fluvial fan, channelized terminal lobe, non‐channelized terminal lobe, mudflat, deltaic, evaporitic playa‐lake and carbonate‐rich, shallow lacustrine environments. Lateral correlations define two styles of alluvial‐lacustrine transition. During low lake‐level stages, terminal lobes developed, whereas during lake highstands, fluvial‐dominated deltas and interdistributary bays were formed. Terminal lobe deposits are characterized by extensive (100–600 m wide) sheet‐like fine sandstone beds formed by sub‐aqueous, quasi‐steady, hyperpycnal turbidity currents. Sedimentary structures and trace fossils indicate rapid desiccation and sub‐aerial exposure of the lobe deposits. These deposits are arranged in coarsening–fining sequences (metres to tens of metres in thickness) controlled by a combination of tectonics, climatic oscillations and autocyclic sedimentary processes. The presence of anomalously deeply incised distributary channels associated with distal terminal lobe or mudflat deposits indicates rapid lake‐level falls. Deltaic deposits form progradational coarsening‐upward sequences (several metres thick) characterized by channel and friction‐dominated mouth‐bar facies overlying white‐grey offshore lacustrine facies. Deltaic bar deposits are less extensive (50–300 m wide) than the terminal lobes and were also deposited by hyperpycnal currents, although they lack evidence of emergence. Sandy deltaic deposits accumulated locally at the mouths of main feeder distal fan streams and were separated by muddy interdistributary bays; whereas the terminal lobe sheets expand from a series of mid‐fan intersection points and coalesced to form a more continuous sandy fan fringe.     

辽河西部凹陷雷家地区古近系沙四段混合沉积特征研究

雷家地区古近系沙四段广泛发育湖相碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积。通过对研究区混合沉积的区域地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等分析,认为该区混合沉积特征为结构混合和互层混合,其中结构混合（狭义的混积岩）在不同构造部位混积岩岩石成分不同,西部以内源型混合沉积为主,中东部以陆源型混合沉积为主,局部为火山岩型混积岩。混合沉积作用类型包括渐变式混合沉积和复合式混合沉积Ⅰ类,局部发育突变式混合沉积。最后,分析本区白云岩的成因,进而探讨形成混合沉积的地质条件和沉积环境。     

Recognition and significance of sharp‐based mouth‐bar deposits in the Eocene Green River Formation,Uinta Basin,Utah

Sandstone bodies in the Sunnyside Delta Interval of the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, previously considered as point bars formed in meandering rivers and other types of fluvial bars, are herein interpreted as delta mouth‐bar deposits. The sandstone bodies have been examined in a 2300 m long cliff section along the Argyle and Nine Mile Canyons at the southern margin of the Uinta lake basin. The sandstone bodies occur in three stratigraphic intervals, separated by lacustrine mudstone and limestone. Together these stratigraphic intervals form a regressive‐transgressive sequence. Individual sandstone bodies are texturally sharp‐based towards mudstone substratum. In proximal parts, the mouth‐bar deposits only contain sandstone, whereas in frontal and lateral positions mudstone drapes separate mouth‐bar clinothems. The clinothems pass gradually into greenish‐grey lacustrine mudstone at their toes. Horizontally bedded or laminated lacustrine mudstone onlaps the convex‐upward sandstone bars. The mouth‐bar deposits are connected to terminal distributary channel deposits. Together, these mouth‐bar/channel sandstone bodies accumulated from unidirectional jet flow during three stages of delta advance, separated by lacustrine flooding intervals. Key criteria to distinguish the mouth‐bar deposits from fluvial point bar deposits are: (i) geometry; (ii) bounding contacts; (iii) internal structure; (iv) palaeocurrent orientations; and (v) the genetic association of the deposits with lacustrine mudstone and limestone.     

中国南方上震旦统灯影组中的古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩

晚震旦世,在中国南方存在一个大的碳酸盐台地,即大扬子台地。近来,在大扬子台地的次级单元-鄂西台地南北两侧边缘带的灯影组白云岩中发现古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩。北缘以湖北省南漳县的王家堡为代表,古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩不规则地分布于自灯影组上、下段之间的侵蚀面到其下约70m范围内。位于台地南缘的湖南大庸张家溪,古喀斯特洞穴磷块岩也产于灯影组下段白云岩内,据古生物学及地层学研究,张家溪灯影组下段上部白云岩中的洞穴磷块岩形成于早寒武世早期。古洞穴磷块岩的发现,证明灯影早期末有一次普遍而强烈的地壳运动,灯影晚期海侵的初期是晚震旦世除陡山沱期外的又一重要成磷期。     

Geochemical exploration methods for gold in areas with mountain glaciation in Siberia,U.S.S.R.

In the mountainous areas of Siberia intensive destruction of ore deposits occurs as a result of Pleistocene mountain glaciation and, as a consequence, element dispersion trains form in the eroded material and in the stream sediments. In these areas, cirques and glaciated valleys are incised as much as 250–600 m into ore deposits. Geochemical anomalies in the stream sediments in the glaciated valleys form as water washes through the till and lacustrine sediments. The surface erosion processes result in the removal of fine gold from talus-covered cirque walls from where it is deposited in channels and lakes. Secondary dispersion halos may either be localized entirely within cirques, or they may be found in the drift within the outwash or glaciolacustrine environments downstream of the cirques. Intermittent accumulations of gold are specifically concentrated in glacially-fed stream sediments in those glaciated valleys characterized by smooth, flat bottoms and abundant lakes: gold in such cases tends to be concentrated in the lake muds. After the lakes have silted up, gold will be found in the fluvial deposits. In general, the complete elemental composition of the ore under discussion (Au, Ag, Pb and Zn) is reflected in only short dispersion trains within the fluvial and lacustrine deposits. Gold anomalies, on the other hand, are extensive (up to 6 km) in the stream sediments within the glaciated valleys and will occur sorbed onto hydrous iron oxides and clays, as well as in the form of flattened (thin) gold particles. In the glaciated valleys, the gold geochemical anomalies in moraine, lacustrine and stream sediments properly reflect the mineralization in the drainage basin.     

The role of karst in the genesis of sulfur deposits, Pre-Carpathian region, Ukraine

 Most of exogeneous epigenetic sulfur deposits are clearly associated with intensely karstified carbonate and sulfate rocks. This paper demonstrates, using the Pre-Carpathian region as an example, that karstification is one of the most important processes controlling the formation of sulfur deposits. This is determined by a coincidence of some major prerequisites of these two processes. In the Podol'sky and Bukovinsky regions the Miocene aquifer system is well drained by erosion valleys; the giant network caves known here in gypsum formed under past artesian conditions. In the region of sulfur deposits, associated with the same karstified gypsum strata, true artesian conditions still prevail. Hydrogeologic data show that abundant cavities detected in the vicinity of sulfur deposits can be interpreted as having the same origin as the fossil caves of the Podol'sky and Bukovinsky regions. The current widespread belief that the gypsum/anhydrite stratum in the region is aquifuge separating the Miocene aguifers is inadequate. This belief caused much controversy with regard to the genetic interpretations of sulfur deposits in the region. Caves formed by the upward water flow through the gypsum/anhydrite stratum govern the water exchange between the aquifers within the aquifer system. A new karst model for the formation of sulfur deposits is suggested. It agrees well with the hydrogeological features of the Miocene sequence and with biogeochemical mechanisms of sulfur origin in low-temperature diagenetic environments. Received: 16 February 1995 · Accepted: 4 June 1996     

滇西北衙地区热水岩溶作用及其伴生的地质灾害

报道了滇西北衙地区新发现的热水角砾岩及其显示的热水岩溶与伴生地质灾害的特征。北衙地区热水角砾岩和热水岩溶可分为 4种类型和层次,即①地表相爆发-沉积作用形成的沉积凝灰-角砾岩、热水沉积鲕状灰岩与钙华胶结角砾岩;②与近地表洞穴沉积和垮塌作用有关的热水沉积砾岩和汽爆射流角砾岩;③与热水通道相蚀裂和爆破角砾化作用有关的网络状灰岩角砾岩筒和热水隐爆角砾岩筒;④深部相热水浸煮-蚀变灰岩。除深部相浸煮蚀变作用外,其余 3种热水岩溶作用都可伴生和引起地质灾害。万洞山-五里排一带呈席状覆盖于第三系河湖相的砂砾岩和粘土沉积之上的灰岩质热水角砾岩为一套从陈家庄角砾岩筒滑覆过来的热水角砾岩滑体,其可能是造成金沙江古河道淤塞并使古金沙江改道和形成大拐弯的主要原因。     

古岩溶流域内地表河与地下河成因联系与储层特征——以塔河油田奥陶系岩溶为例

在岩溶缝洞储层精细描述过程中,利用钻井校正地震的方法恢复岩溶末期的岩溶地貌,发现塔河油田奥陶系岩溶区内东西两侧发育由走滑断裂形成的地貌高带（分水岭）,其间为一向南开口的喇叭口状洼地,南接岩溶盆地;利用钻井、测井与地震综合解释方法,发现洼地北部较陡（坡度为2.9°左右）、南部较缓（坡度为1.5°）,发育由众多支流汇聚的2条岩溶水系,西侧一条在北部以地表河为主,在南部转入地下河,东面一条地表河与地下河交替发育,由3段地表河和2段地下河组成。由于强烈的侵蚀与溶蚀作用,形成了不同规模及充填物的5种地表河,但多数地表河内没有发现河流砂岩充填,只有岩溶湖泥灰岩沉积;而地下河溶洞内充填了大量的砂岩和泥岩,成为重要的油气储层。地表河原本是有砂泥沉积的,当下游发育地下河时,洪水把原有的砂泥岩冲入地下河,形成了溶洞砂泥岩沉积,除少数下游地表河残留砂泥岩外,塔河地区奥陶系岩溶地表河基本不存在砂质储层。      

Spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sediment transport pathway of deltaic deposits in a rift basin: an example from Liaodong Bay sub-basin,Bohai Bay,China

The Liaodong Bay sub-basin is a classic non-marine rift sub-basin in the Bohai Bay, northeastern China. The study area is located on the east side of Liaoxi uplift in the west slope of Liaodong Bay sub-basin. It sits on a draped anticline zone above the paleo-uplift and contains the second biggest offshore hydrocarbon field found in China to date. The sub-basin is bound to the west by the TanLu fault zone, the most active and largest fault active zone in eastern of China, and has been active from the Mesozoic to present. The spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the depositional systems in the lacustrine rift basin were significantly controlled by topography of paleo-uplift and the distribution of sediment transport pathways. Using 3D seismic and densely spaced well data, we systematically analysed the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sediment transport pathway of the deltaic deposits in the SZ36-1 oilfield in the eastern slope of the Liaozhong sag. Two types of sediment transport pathway, including the fault relay ramps and erosional valleys, were recognised: (i) the fault relay ramps between two sub-parallel faults; and (ii) a series erosional valleys on the uplift, with ‘V-’, ‘U-’ or ‘W-'shaped cross-sectional patterns. Seismic stratal slices reveal that the erosional valleys branch and converge from upstream to downstream. The paleomorphology of the Liaoxi uplift (e.g., erosional valleys and sub-uplifts) and their evolution control the depositional systems and the pattern of sediment dispersal in the rift lacustrine basin area. The research indicates that paleogeomorphology controlled the direction of sediment transport, the capacity and position of sediment accommodation, influenced the type of sedimentary micro-facies and the spatial distribution pattern of the sediments. Seismic stratal slices and paleogeography maps reveal the erosional valleys shrunk progressively with sedimentary fills, resulting in decreasing gradients of the depositional slope, and provide a gentle geomorphology for a large-scale fluvial-delta depositional system to develop.     

角砾岩型金矿床——种值得重视的金矿床类型

角砾岩型金矿床是一种重要的金矿床类型。中国角砾岩型金矿床分为四种主要类型:与小侵入岩体有关的角砾岩型金矿床;与斑岩系统有关的角砾岩型金矿床;与火山- 次火山岩有关的角砾岩型金矿床;产在不整合面或沉积间断面上的角砾岩型金矿床。文章在对每类矿床实例进行矿床地质特征描述后,分析了中国角砾岩金矿床的找矿前景并指出寻找角砾岩型金矿床最有希望的地区。     

广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组的风暴岩

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