低温环境下Zn同位素分馏的若干重要过程

锌同位素是一种新的地球化学示踪剂,详细了解锌同位素分馏过程与机理是运用其解决科学问题的关键.本文对前人研究的吸附、沉淀、扩散、还原、生物过程中的锌同位素分馏研究结果进行了系统总结.在沉淀过程中.沉淀富集轻同位素;随着扩散距离增加,溶液Zn同位素组成变轻;还原生成的金属Zn富集轻同位素;在生物参与的Zn地球化学循环过程中,硅藻表面吸附重同位素,但生物本身优先利用轻同位素.     

Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo同位素示踪氧化还原过程

非传统稳定同位素（Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo）理论与数据相结合提高了科研工作者对地质体系氧化还原过程的理解。本文对这一相对较新的领域进行了综述,包括与氧化还原过程相关的同位素分馏理论和实验约束、时空尺度下的氧逸度以及同位素示踪氧化还原过程。稳定同位素理论预测,Fe-Cu-Zn-Mo同位素应该对氧化还原状态的变化能够做出响应。结果表明,Fe同位素作为岩浆过程、表生过程、俯冲带流体性质"氧逸度计"应用前景广阔;Cu同位素在岩浆、热液、陆地系统可以很好地示踪氧化还原过程;Zn同位素由于络合过程分馏已经被用在许多不同环境中作为含硫/碳流体迁移的敏感示踪剂;Mo同位素作为古氧逸度计可有效重建古海洋-大气氧化还原状态。     

低温环境下铜同位素分馏的若干重要过程

Cu同位素是一种新的地球化学示踪剂.正确运用这一同位素示踪技术的前提是对其同位素分馏机理和过程有足够的认识.本文报道了室温下CuSO4·5H2O结晶过程产生分馏的实验结果,并系统地总结了低温条件下Cu同位素分馏的一些重要过程,其中包括沉淀过程、还原过程、吸附过程、生物过程等.     

板块俯冲过程中的Mg-Li-Fe-Cr同位素分馏

金属稳定同位素体系是示踪板块俯冲对壳幔物质再循环影响的全新工具,因此其在俯冲带的地球化学行为备受关注.Mg同位素在俯冲过程中不发生显著分馏,但大陆玄武岩具有低于洋中脊玄武岩的Mg同位素,这可能是碳酸岩的俯冲再循环导致的.与角闪岩继承原岩的Li同位素组成不同,榴辉岩具有轻于原岩的Li同位素组成,可归因于俯冲折返过程中的动力学扩散、脱水反应或低Li同位素的流体交代.作为变价元素,Fe和Cr的同位素在榴辉岩的形成过程中均不发生显著分馏,但是蛇纹岩的Fe同位素和Cr同位素与氧逸度指标具有相关性,指示氧化还原条件变化时脱水过程或流体交代会导致同位素分馏.      

俯冲带蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中的Mg、Fe同位素分馏行为:进展与展望

蛇纹岩在俯冲带地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用.蛇纹岩是俯冲带中极富Mg和Fe的矿物,其变质脱水释放的流体含有显著量的Mg和Fe,对俯冲带中Mg、Fe元素的循环及其同位素的分馏行为起着重要作用.蛇纹岩脱水过程中的Mg、Fe同位素分馏特征与不同温度、压力条件下蛇纹岩体系的矿物组合、释放流体的氧化还原状态、流体中Mg、Fe的价态和种型等密切相关.本文在总结俯冲带蛇纹岩的产出特征、稳定性和主要脱水反应的基础上,系统评述了俯冲带蛇纹岩在变质脱水过程中Mg、Fe同位素分馏行为的研究现状和存在的关键科学问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

硒同位素地球化学研究进展与应用

多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC ICPMS)与氢化物发生系统(HG)在线联机自动测样的实现,极大提高了硒(Se)同位素的分析精度和效率,推进了Se同位素地球化学的发展。本文综述了Se稳定同位素研究的最新进展及其在地质与环境中的应用。自然界中Se同位素(δ82/76Se)的变化范围可达-12.40‰~11.37‰。其同位素分馏主要取决于硒氧阴离子团的氧化还原反应,而地表水体与氧化海洋环境中的硒同位素分馏极可能与铁氧化物吸附、浮游生物的吸收有关,均可引起约1‰的分馏,且在吸附/吸收相中均倾向富集Se的轻同位素。黑色岩系中Se同位素尚未明确对古海洋还原环境的指示,但近地表中Se同位素存在的强烈分馏,指示大陆地表发生的氧化还原事件极可能导致Se同位素的明显分馏,使河流相倾向富集Se的重同位素。因此,Se同位素有可能成为了解局域至区域沉积环境的氧化还原条件以及古海洋化学演化的潜在指标。随着其分馏机制的进一步阐明,Se同位素有可能在地球、环境与生命科学中得到更为广泛的应用。     

地下水系统中砷活化的钼同位素地球化学指示

砷在天然环境中的迁移富集与氧化还原状态密切相关.盆地环境地下水中砷的活化迁移机制主要为沉积物中铁/锰氢氧化物由氧化还原条件变化导致发生还原性溶解进而释放吸附在其表面的砷.钼及钼同位素为氧化还原环境的重要指示参数, 且铁/锰氢氧化物对钼同位素分馏有着重要的控制作用.将地下水的钼同位素应用于砷的活化迁移规律研究.大同盆地地下水中钼同位素比值(δ98Mo)范围为-0.12‰~+2.17‰, 相比于淡水中钼同位素组成偏重.桑干河河水的δ98Mo为+0.72‰, 与文献报道的河水平均钼同位素比值+0.7‰相当.大同盆地地下水中δ98Mo与硫化物之间存在正相关关系, 表明Mo-Fe-S复合物可能形成于特定条件下, 并优先利用水溶液中轻的钼使地下水中δ98Mo比值升高.砷浓度与钼浓度之间的微弱负相关以及砷浓度与钼同位素之间的正相关说明, Mo-Fe-S的形成过程可能与同环境中As-Fe-S的复合物的形成存在竞争关系, 进而使得地下水中砷富集.地下水中相对偏高的δ98Mo可能来源于铁的氢氧化物对溶液中轻的钼的吸附速率高于先前吸附在铁的氢氧化物的钼的释放, 且铁的氢氧化物对水溶液中钼的再吸附这一循环过程会导致地下水中钼浓度降低及钼同位素比值的升高.钼同位素指示的循环性的铁的氢氧化物的还原溶解及再氧化过程对砷的富集也有重要影响.      

高温下地幔矿物之间的Cr同位素分馏

<正>铬(Cr)是过渡金属元素,其同位素主要有50Cr、52Cr、53Cr和54Cr。与其它变价元素(Fe、Se、Cu)的同位素类似,生物作用和低温氧化还原过程是目前已知的导致Cr同位素分馏的主要因素[1-3],这使得Cr同位素常被用作示踪古大气氧化还原环境[4-6]以及地表水系统中Cr(VI)污染的还原和沉降[1]。到目前为止,高温地质过程中Cr同位素行为研究非常有限。Schoenberg等[7]第一次系统地对全球的     

地下水系统中砷活化的钼同位素地球化学指示

砷在天然环境中的迁移富集与氧化还原状态密切相关.盆地环境地下水中砷的活化迁移机制主要为沉积物中铁/锰氢氧化物由氧化还原条件变化导致发生还原性溶解进而释放吸附在其表面的砷.钼及钼同位素为氧化还原环境的重要指示参数,且铁/锰氢氧化物对钼同位素分馏有着重要的控制作用.将地下水的钼同位素应用于砷的活化迁移规律研究.大同盆地地下水中钼同位素比值(δ98 Mo)范围为-0.12‰~+2.17‰,相比于淡水中钼同位素组成偏重.桑干河河水的δ98 Mo为+0.72‰,与文献报道的河水平均钼同位素比值+0.7‰相当.大同盆地地下水中δ98 Mo与硫化物之间存在正相关关系,表明MoFe-S复合物可能形成于特定条件下,并优先利用水溶液中轻的钼使地下水中δ98 Mo比值升高.砷浓度与钼浓度之间的微弱负相关以及砷浓度与钼同位素之间的正相关说明,Mo-Fe-S的形成过程可能与同环境中As-Fe-S的复合物的形成存在竞争关系,进而使得地下水中砷富集.地下水中相对偏高的δ98 Mo可能来源于铁的氢氧化物对溶液中轻的钼的吸附速率高于先前吸附在铁的氢氧化物的钼的释放,且铁的氢氧化物对水溶液中钼的再吸附这一循环过程会导致地下水中钼浓度降低及钼同位素比值的升高.钼同位素指示的循环性的铁的氢氧化物的还原溶解及再氧化过程对砷的富集也有重要影响.     

Fe同位素分馏机理及其在地学应用中的研究进展

<正>随着同位素分析测试技术方法的重大突破,Fe同位素体系已经在地学研究领域显示出优越性,成为具有巨大应用前景的一种新的地球化学手段。下面就Fe同位素的分馏机理,及其在地学方面的应用作简要论述。1 Fe同位素的分馏机理Skulan等(2002)研究了在98℃时,酸性的Fe(Ⅲ)aq水解1¹00 d生成赤铁矿的过程中Fe同位素的分馏情况,发现沉淀速率越大同位素分     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861